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00 000-010 Titelsidor, Förord Mm.Indd THE MEDIA FOR A Cross National Study of Leading News Media To what extent do the structures and conduct of leading THE MEDIA news media correspond with their specific democratic role? Authors from 10 countries provide empirical evidence based on the 26 indicators included in the Media for Democracy FOR DEMOCRACY Monitor. D E MONITOR M OCRACY MONITOR A Cross National Study of Leading News Media > EDITED BY JOSEF TRAPPEL, HANNU NIEMINEN & LARS NORD H E dited by Josef dited by Josef annu NORDICOM N Nordic Information Centre for Media and Communication Research ieminen & Lars University of Gothenburg Box 713, SE 405 30 Göteborg, Sweden Telephone +46 31 786 00 00 (op.) | Fax +46 31 786 46 55 T www.nordicom.gu.se | E-mail: [email protected] rappel, N ord NORDICOM’s activities are based on broad and extensive network of contacts and collaboration with members of the research community, media companies, politicians, regulators, teachers, librarians, and so forth, around the world. The activities at Nordicom are characterized by three main working areas. • Media and Communication Research Findings in the Nordic Countries Nordicom publishes a Nordic journal, Nordicom Information, and an English language journal, Nordicom Review (refereed), as well as anthologies and other reports in both Nordic and English languages. Different research databases concerning, among other things, scientific literature and ongoing research are updated continuously and are available on the Internet. Nordicom has the character of a hub of Nordic cooperation in media research. Making Nordic research in the field of mass communication and media studies known to colleagues and others outside the region, and weaving and supporting networks of collaboration between the Nordic research communities and colleagues abroad are two prime facets of the Nordicom work. The documentation services are based on work performed in national documentation centres attached to the universities in Aarhus, Denmark; Tampere, Finland; Reykjavik, Iceland; Bergen, Norway; and Göteborg, Sweden. • Trends and Developments in the Media Sectors in the Nordic Countries Nordicom compiles and collates media statistics for the whole of the Nordic region. The statistics, together with qualified analyses, are published in the series, Nordic Media Trends, and on the homepage. Besides statistics on output and consumption, the statistics provide data on media ownership and the structure of the industries as well as national regulatory legislation. Today, the Nordic region constitutes a common market in the media sector, and there is a widespread need for impartial, comparable basic data. These services are based on a Nordic network of contributing institutions. Nordicom gives the Nordic countries a common voice in European and international networks and institutions that inform media and cultural policy. At the same time, Nordicom keeps Nordic users abreast of developments in the sector outside the region, particularly developments in the European Union and the Council of Europe. • Research on Children, Youth and the Media Worldwide At the request of UNESCO, Nordicom started the International Clearinghouse on Children, Youth and Media in 1997. The work of the Clearinghouse aims at increasing our knowledge of children, youth and media and, thereby, at providing the basis for relevant decision-making, at contributing to constructive public debate and at promoting children’s and young people’s media literacy. It is also hoped that the work of the Clearinghouse will stimulate additional research on children, youth and media. The Clearinghouse’s activities have as their basis a global network of 1000 or so participants in more than 125 countries, representing not only the academia, but also, e.g., the media industries, politics and a broad spectrum of voluntary organizations. In yearbooks, newsletters and survey articles the Clearinghouse has an ambition to broaden and contextualize knowledge about children, young people and media literacy. The Clearinghouse seeks to bring together and make available insights concerning children’s and young people’s relations with mass media from a variety of perspectives. www.nordicom.gu.se Media for Democracy Monitor Leading News Media Compared Media for Democracy Monitor Leading News Media Compared Josef Trappel, Hannu Nieminen & Lars W. Nord (eds.) NORDICOM Media for Democracy Monitor Leading News Media Compared Josef Trappel, Hannu Nieminen & Lars W. Nord (eds.) © Editorial matters and selections, the editors; articles, individual contributors ISBN 978-91-86523-23-7 Published by: Nordicom University of Gothenburg Box 713 SE 405 30 Göteborg Sweden Cover by: Daniel Zachrisson Graphic designer: Henny Östlund Printed by: Litorapid Media AB, Göteborg, Sweden 2011 Environmental certification according to ISO 14001 Contents Josef Trappel , Hannu Nieminen & Lars W. Nord Editorial 7 Chapter 1 Josef Trappel Why Democracy Needs Media Monitoring 11 Chapter 2 André Donk & Josef Trappel Indicators and Definitions 29 Chapter 3 Beate Josephi Australia: Committed to Investigative Journalism 51 Chapter 4 Manuela Grünangerl & Josef Trappel Austria: Informal Rules and Strong Traditions 79 Chapter 5 Kari Karppinen, Hannu Nieminen & Anna-Laura Markkanen Finland: High Professional Ethos in a Small, Concentrated Media Market 113 Chapter 6 Frank Marcinkowski & André Donk Germany: The News Media are Still Able to Play a Supportive Role for Democracy 143 Chapter 7 Auksė Balčytienė Lithuania: Mixed Professional Values in a Small and Highly Blurred Media Environment 175 Chapter 8 Leen d’Haenens & Quint Kik The Netherlands: Although there Is No Need for Dramatization, Vigilance is Required 203 Chapter 9 Joaquim Fidalgo Portugal: A Young Democracy Still in Progress 235 Chapter 10 Torbjörn von Krogh & Lars W. Nord Sweden: A Mixed Media Model under Market Pressures 265 Chapter 11 Werner A. Meier, Alexandra Gmür & Martina Leonarz Switzerland: Swiss Quality Media. A Reduced Protection Forest for Democracy 289 Chapter 12 Peter Humphreys UK: UK News Media and Democracy. Professional Autonomy and its Limits 319 Chapter 13 Lars W. Nord, Hannu Nieminen & Josef Trappel Democratic Functions under Pressure: Conclusions 347 The Authors 365 Editorial When the global financial markets lost their balance following the US subprime markets crisis in 2008, when South Africa hosted the Soccer World Championship in the summer of 2010 and when Wikileaks heated up global diplomacy in fall 2010 – the mass media acted as core transmission belts between the events and the global public. But did the mass media do a good job? Why had the US mass media never scrutinized the financial sustainability of Fanny Mae and Freddy Mac before the crash? Does the world audience understand South Africa and its socio-economic framework better now than before the world championship? Did the mass media demonstrate responsibility when they published whistleblowers’ material? Mass media are essential elements of all forms of democratic societies. Their performance may differ from country to country and each democracy may expect different services, but there are common denominators equally applicable to all or at least the vast majority of democracies. In this book, we argue that freedom, equality, and control are the core fields of media performance in the service of democracy. We therefore ask to what extent the core news media live up to these democratic requirements. Do mass media make the best out of media freedom or do media companies interpret media freedom merely as the freedom to maximize corporate profits? Do leading news media mediate between groups and interests in times of conflict; do they explain social tension and global inequalities? Do the core news media effectively control the possible abuses of those in power? The examples quoted above show that there is room for improvement. The news media might argue that they lack the resources to follow closely all strands of society for abuses of power; they might claim that readers and viewers are less interested in the socio-economic development of South Africa than in soccer games, and that democracy as an institution is external to them and does not control their business. Despite such claims, the news media do have an impact on the development of contemporary democracies, irrespective of whether they accept their responsibilities. It is therefore of interest to try to discover to what extent leading mass media in contemporary or mature democracies contribute to freedom, equality and control. The purpose of the Media for Democracy Monitor, therefore, is to monitor the structure and performance of the leading news media with regard to these three dimensions. What is taken for granted, notably, is the existence of a stable and reliable legal frame- work allowing for extensive media freedom with no fundamental shortcomings such as censorship, the state as the major media owner or any other form of legal barriers to professional journalism. This instrument is therefore limited in scope, and would require adaptation if applied to countries with less or little formal media freedom. 7 JOSEF trappel, HANNU NIEMINEN & lars NORD Each of the three dimensions is divided into several indicators and for each indica- tor empirical evidence is provided. Ten countries have participated in this exercise and in each country a team of researchers collected empirical evidence. The present research project follows up on its initial empirical implementation in 2006. At that time, the pilot exercise
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