Pemukiman Awal Sungai Kapuas

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Pemukiman Awal Sungai Kapuas Vol. 15, No. 1 Tahun 2018 | 71-78 Pemukiman Awal Sungai Kapuas Yuver Kusnoto a, Yulita Dewi Purmintasari b,1 a,b Program Studi Pendidikan Sejarah, IKIP PGRI Pontianak 1 [email protected] Informasi artikel ABSTRAK Kata Kunci: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kodisi geografis Kalimantan Pemukiman, Sungai Barat dan Sungai Kapuas, dan mengetahui pola pemukiman Kapuas, Kalimantan masyarakat Kalimantan Barat di sepanjang Sungai Kapuas. Barat Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode sejarah. Metode sejarah adalah prosedur sejarawan Untuk melukiskan kisah masa lampau berdasarkan jejak-jejak yang ditinggalkan pada masa lampau dengan langkah-langkah penulisan sejarah sebagai berikut: (1) heuristik, (2) kritik, (3) interpretasi dan (4) historiografi. Berdasarkan penelitian yang dilakukan maka dapat ditarik kesimpulan bahwa: (1) sebagian besar di wilayah borneo barat ditutupi oleh hutan- hutan tropis, dan aliran-aliran sungai yang panjang. Sungai-sungai tersebut merupakan jalur transportasi penghubung antar daerah. Sungai merupakan sumber kehidupan masyarakat borneo. (2) Terbentukanya pola pemukiman masrayarat di pinggirian aliran sungai kapuas adalah proses utuk membentuk suatu kawasan yang terencana yang kemudian dapat mengantur kehidupan masyarakat yang pasti suatu saat nanti semakin kompleks. ABSTRACT Keywords: The research aims to understand condition geographical west Settlement, Kapuas River, kalimantan and kapuas river, and he knows pattern settlement west West Kalimantan kalimantan along the kapuas. Methods used in research this is the method history.A method of history is procedure historian to figure the story of the past based on traces of left in the old time by steps the writing of history as follows: ( 1 ) a heuristic, ( 2 ) criticism, ( 3 ) interpretation and ( 4 ) historiografi. Based on research conducted so a conclusion can be drawn that: ( 1 ) the majority of in the borneo west covered by tropical forests, and flows river that long. The rivers is the road transport links between regions.The river is a source of life the community borneo.( 2 ) terbentukanya pattern settlement masrayarat in pinggirian the river kapuas is the process of to form a the planned that can then be mengant. PENDAHULUAN geografis yang hampir dikelilingi air, tidak Negara Indoesia dikenal dengan menutup kemungkinan di daratan juga negara kepulauan. Lebih dari 1000 pulau memiliki aliran air yang begitu banyaknya yang berada di indonesia yang terletak juga atau yang biasa disebut sungai. diberbagai penjuru negara ini baik dari Peradaban manusia, sungai menjadi wilayah barat maupun timur. Kondisi unsul yang paling penting alam sumber Yuzer Kusnoto, Yulita Dewi Purmintasari | Pemukiman Awal Sungai Kapuas kehidupan. Suangai memiliki aliran yang wilayah nusantara, menggunakan panjang dijadikan sumber kehidupan utama transportasi suangai dan laut untuk oleh manusia. Seperti mandi, mencuci, dan berhubungan dagang dengan masyarakat lain sebaginya mata pencarian. Sungai yang lainnya. mengalir dan menjangkau ke setiap wilayah Kalimantan barat, terdapat sungai- menjadikan sungai sebagai jalur untuk sungai yang mengalir melewati wilayah- berpindah dari tempat yang satu ke tempat wilayahnya. Sungai Kapuas yang lain. Perpindahan tersebut akan membentuk merupakan sungai terpanjang di indonesia suatu struktur kehidupan yang menjadikan ini membentang luas ke penjuru wilayah sebuah pemukiman yang awalnya wilayah kalimantan barat. Sungai kapuas dijadikan tersebut tidak berpenghuni, dan menjadi sumber kehidupan utama bagi masyarakat suatu pemukinan yang cukup besar. kalimantan barat. Selain sebagai jalur Indonesia dulunya dikenal dengan transportasi, sungai kapuas dijadikan mata gugusan pulau-pulaunya sehingga disebut pencarian untuk swadaya perikanan, dan dengan Nusantara yang pada saat itu juga untuk keperluan rumah tangga lainnya. mengalami masa kejayannya sebagai Sungai memiliki peran penting wilayah maritim. Dimasa jayanya ini lah dalam kehidupan masyarakat Kalimantan perairan dan laut indonesia menjadi jalur Barat. Sehinga adanya sungai ini akan transfortasi perdagangan internasional. Di mempengaruhi keberadapan kehidupan abad pertengahan, perdangan terbesar sosal yang terdapat ditepian sungai. Hal ini dikuasai oleh kerajaan Sriwijaya yang disebabkan sungai menjadi sasaran berhasil menguasai semua wilayah di perhubungan yang paling memungkinkan nusantara baik di laut jawa, laut banda, dan saat itu untuk berpindah dari satu tempat ke wilayah lainnya. tempat lain. Penyebaran peradaban manusia Sejarah indonesia mencatat bahwa di tepian sungai terlihat dari berbagai sungai dan laut menjadi jalur transportasi peninggalan-peninggalan yang ada di utama yang digunakan masyarakat daerah aliran sungai. indonesia. Peran kerajaan-kerajaan dinusantara dalam berhubungan dagang ke METODE wilayah nusantara lainnya menggunakan Sejarah sebagai ilmu terikat pada transportasi laut dan sungai. Hubngan prosedur penelitian ilmiah. Metode antara kerajaan-kerajaan dinusantara tidak penelitian sejarah adalah seperangkat aturan hanya dibidang perdangangan, akan tetapi atau prinsip sistematis untuk hubungan sosial dalam perkawinan yang mengumpulkan sumber-sumber sejarah menimbulkan efek terhadap aktifitas secara efektif serta melakukan penilaian lainnya seperti penyebaran agama. secara kritis dalam bentuk tulisan. Masuknya kolonial atau bangsa Menurut Nugroho Notosusanto, asing diindonesia juga melalui transportasi tahapan penelitian sejarah terdiri dari laut seperti yang diungkapkan oleh Riclafh heuristik, verifikasi, interpretasi dan (2008) menyebutkan jalur utama diselat penulisan (Notosusuanto, 1975: 35). malaka melupakan salah satu jalur utama Heuristik, Langkah awal dalam metode untuk masuk di wilayah nusantara yang sajarah adalah heuristik menemukan atau dilakukan oleh bangsa lain untuk mengumpulkan sumber-sumber sejarah melakukan hubungan dagang dengan yang berupa jejak-jejak masa lampau kerajaan-kerajaan diwilayah tersebut. Jika melalui studi Pustaka, sumber lisan maupun kita tarik pada masa islamisasi indonesia lewat pengamatan lapangan baik yang yang sistem pemerintahan pada masa itu primer mapun yang sekunder. Verifikasi, masih didominasi oleh sistem pemerintahan Kritik Sumber merupakan kegiatan meneliti kerajaan. Kerajaan-kerajaan yang ada di untuk menentukan validitas dan reliabilitas 72 | SOCIA: Jurnal Ilmu-ilmu Sosial Yuzer Kusnoto, Yulita Dewi Purmintasari | Pemukiman Awal Sungai Kapuas sumber sejarah melalui kritik ekstern dan budaya melayu dikota pontianak semakin intern (Kuntowijoyo, 2003: 100-101). waktu semakin berkembang. Kritik eksternal dilakukan dengan melihat Secara umum, kalimanatan barat fisik dokumen yang digunakan, apakah dikenal dengan nama Borneo, yang salinan asli atau tidak. Kritik ekstern dipandang oleh masyarakat dunia digunakan pula untuk melihat tanggal, merupakan pulau terbesar yang pernah ada. tahun pembuatan dokumen, serta digunakan Ada yang berpendapat bahwa pulau borneo untuk mencermati tanggal, tahun penulisan ini tiga kali lipat atau lebih dari pulau jawa. dan pengarang pada sumber sekunder. Walaupun belum banyak pengetahuan Kritik intern berkaitan erat dengan masalah mengenai pulau yang luasa ini belum kredibilitas yang digunakan untuk banyak dituliskan dalam naskah. mengetahui sejauh mana kebenaran sumber Perhitungan luas borneo dinyatakan bawah tersebut. 12.962 mil persegi, dengan demikian luas Proses interpretasi dibagi dalam dua pulau borneo ini luasnya melebihi luas tahap, yaitu analisis dan sintesis. Dengan Negara Peracis yang hhanya 9.748 mil interpretasi penulis menafsirkan fakta persegi, dan bahkan luas borneo adalah dua sejarah yang telah ditemukan yang telah puluh sati kali luas negeri belanda (Veth: melalui proses verifikasi, dengan demikian 37). hasil penelitian ini akan menjadi sebuah Pulau borneo terletak antara 7 karya sejarah.Historiografi, Historiografi derajat LU dan 4,2 derajat LS, serta di merupakan kegiatan penyampaian sintesis antara 100 dan 116 derajat bujur timur. dari penelitian yang ditulis secara Sedangkan panjang pulau ini kronologis. Historiografi merupakan diperhitungkan sekitar 250 jam erjalanan kegiatan menyusun fakta-fakta menjadi dan lebarnya sekitar 200 jam. Wilayah sebuah kisah sejarah setelah melakukan pantai borneo terdapat banyak teluk-telu pencarian sumber, penilaian sumber dan yang menjorok ke dalam, sehingga panjang penafsiran sumber yang kemudian garis pantainya banyak hal kurang dituangkan menjadi sebuah kisah sejarah dibandingkan dengan panjang garis pantai dalam bentuk tulisan. pulau jawa atau sumatra. Walaupun demikian kekurangan itu bisa ditutup HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN dengan keberadaan sungai sungai yang A. Kondisi geografis Kalimantan Barat indah, namun menjadikannya kurang cocok dan Sungai Kapuas untuk pelayaran laut. 1. Kondisi Geografis Kalimantan Pulau borneo ini memiliki daerah Barat pedalaman yang sangat luas yang sebagian Kalimantan Barat yang merupakan besar belum dikenal yang hanya bisa salah satu provinsi di indonesia yang dikenal melaui kunjungan penjelajahan beribukotakan pontianak. Pontianak yang memakan waktu yang cukup lama. merupakan jalur masuknya negara luar a. Kependudukan dalam melakukan perdagangan ataupun Belum diketahui berapa besar wisatawan ke wilayah kalimantan barat. jumlah jiwa yang pasti pada penduduk Lokasi yang dilewati garis khatulistiwa ini di kaliamantan, dan terutama di pesisir memiliki karakteristik, sejarah dan budaya sungai kapuas. Hasil temuan oleh tuan yang layak untuk diketahui. Karakteristik Melvill van Carnbee (dalam
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