FACT SHEET September 2020

Education in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah 2 Education in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah 3 2 1 curriculum was implemented by 1985 (Ridge,2009). to standardize theeducation system, theMOElaunchedcountry’s NationalCurriculum Project in1979, andanational Suliman, 2009). Basic education was alsomadecompulsory for allchildren (Ridge,2014). Aspartofthecontinued effort diverse mixofschoolsandconsolidated 47 schoolsthathadpreviously beenrunby Kuwait andotherentities(Ridge,2009; Table 1for alistofallMinisters ofEducation until2020). At thistime,thenewly created MOEbeganto unifythenation’s same year, HisExcellency SheikhSultan binMohammedAlQasimi was appointed thefirst Minister of Education (see After the formation ofthe UAE in 1971, theMOE was formally established,creating thefirst nationaleducation system. That available to children from privileged backgrounds (Ridge,2009). texts andcurricula.Despite theestablishmentofseveral schoolsduringthistimeperiod,education was stillprimarily education system) Egypt, India,Iran, Saudi Arabia, andQatar inthe1960s (seeBox 1for anoverview ofEgypt’s impactontheUAE’s While someschoolswere fundedby Kuwait, additionalschoolswere establishedby othernationssuch as Bahrain, Sabah alsoledto theopeningofcountry’s first modernpublicschoolinSharjah 1953 (MOE, 2013; Ridge, 2013). curricular support andfundingfor expatriate teachers (Davidson, 2008). Thefundingfrom SheikhAbdullahSalem al of Kuwait’s SheikhAbdullahSalem alSabah, as hesoughtto develop theTrucial States’ education system by providing By the 1950s, the economic situation had improved and schoolingbeganto expand. This was done with thesupport developments were stifledwhenthepearling industry collapsed inthe 1940s (Davidson, 2008). more secularandvocational education thatexiststoday (Alhebsi etal.,2015; Davidson, 2008). However, theseearly States hadopenedschoolsusingcurriculaandteachers from nearby Arab nations,whichbegantheshift towards the who hadbeenexposedto modernschoolsduringtheirtravels (AlNaqbi, 2009). By the1920s, many oftheTrucial opened in Dubai and Sharjah (Davidson, 2008). These schools were independent initiatives started by pearl traders With thenew wealth from pearling, demandfor education increased. In1912, thefirst private schoolsinthe Trucial States fundamental shiftin education as the region experienced greater wealth following aboomin thelocal pearling industry. religious preacher, orthe theGulf Arabian in mosques,whichfocused onIslamicteachings andthebasics ofreading andwritingintheformer sheikdoms of The earliest forms ofeducation intoday’s United Arab Emirates (UAE) were the Historical Development ofEducation intheUnited Arab Emirates Bahgat, 1999; Brooks etal.,2012; Davidson, 2008; Suliman, 2009 The sheikdoms of the Arabian Gulf were later known as the Trucial States and eventually as the United Arab Emirates. This sectiononthehistorical development oftheUAE islargely adopted from Divide intheGulfStates: Embracing theGlobal,IgnoringLocal influential (Ridgeetal., 2017). system, itistheenduringpresence ofEgyptian teachers andtheirteaching stylesthatremain most has since changed.Whileremnants oftheEgyptian curriculumcan stillbefound intheUAE’s publiceducation teachers came to the Gulf region as contract workers hired through theEgyptian MinistryofEducation, butthat with themteacher-centered approaches to teaching andlearning (Davidson, 2008). Historically, many Egyptian In additionto advisoryroles, many Egyptians migrated to theUAE to become teachers. Theseteachers brought than Western models(Findlow, 2001). established education sector andbecause theircurriculum was perceived to offer amore “localized” education advisors to counsel therulers oftheemirates. Egyptians were selected for theseadvisoryroles dueto Egypt’s more system intheearly 1970s, itdidnothave aninternal modelfor moderneducation, soitbrought inexternal educational the greatest impactonthecountry’s nationaleducation system. WhentheUAE started to modernize itseducation While many different curricula were imported to the UAE inthe early days ofeducation, the Egyptian modelhad Egypt’s ImpactontheUAE’s Education System 2 (AlNaqbi, 2009). At thistime,students,primarily young boys, were taught by2009). thelocal (AlNaqbi, 3 . Typically, thecountries thatfinancially backed theschoolsalsostaffed themandusedtheir own fiqi , avisitingreligious teacher (Ridge,2009). At the endofnineteenth century, there was a (Ridge,2014). Education andthe Reverse Gender katateeb , extensions ofeducation 1

mutawa’a

BOX 1 , a , a education sector as well as scientific research policies. established in addition to the MOE to oversee the higher Education andScientific Research (MOHESR) was taken place as aresult. In1992, theMinistryofHigher the nation,andmany notabletransformations have have beenmadeto address theeducational needsof priority for thegovernment. Considerable investments development oftheeducation system has beenakey Since theUAE’s establishment, thecontinued Source: Ridgeetal.,2017 Table 1: • SEC: SharjahEducation Council •SPEA:SharjahPrivate Education Authority •RAKEZ:Ras AlKhaimahEconomic Zone • ADEK:AbuDhabiDepartmentofEducation andKnowledge •DEC: DubaiEducation Council •KHDA: Knowledge and HumanDevelopment Authority • MOE:MinistryofEducation •MOHESR: MinistryofHigherEducation andScientific Research •ADEC: AbuDhabi Education Council -- Table 2: 2014-Present 2009-2014 2006-2009 2004-2006 1997-2004 1990-1997 1983-1990 1979-1983 1973-1979 1971-1973

Denotes amerger, renaming, and/or larger reform regarding therespective parties Regulatory Level Abu Dhabi Year Khaimah Sharjah Federal Overview ofRegulatory BodiesintheUAE Ministers ofEducation intheUAE (1971-Present) Ras Al Ras Al Dubai Level 1971 Hanif Hasan AliAlQasim Sheikh Nehyan binMubarak AlNahyan Ali AbdulAzizAlSharhan Hamad binAbdulrahman AlMedfa’h Faraj AlMazrouei Saeed Salman Abdullah binOmran Traim Sheikh Sultan binMohammedAlQasimi Hussain Ibrahim AlHammadi Humaid MohammedObaidAlQatami Ministers 1995 2000 UAE’s larger, nationalstrategy called Vision2021. The Strategic Plan for 2017-2021 undertheumbrella ofthe below. Responding to thistrend, theMOEpublished a has grown continuously, whichishighlighted inFigure 1 Over the past decade, enrollment across allschoollevels education institutions(Pennington, 2016). aligning the“thinkingandculture” ofschoolsandhigher merger as beingto encourage greater cooperation by Education, describedpartofthemotivation behindthe Hussain binIbrahim AlHammadi,the10thMinister of Higher Education andAdvanced Skills. His Excellency Abdullah HumaidBelhoulAlFalasi, Minister ofState for of State for Public Education, andH.E.Dr. AhmadBin H.E. Jameela BintSalem Mesbeh AlMuhairi,Minister Hussain binIbrahim AlHammadi,Minister ofEducation, Currently, theMinistryisserved by three Ministers: H.E. the UAE over time,refer to Table 2. significant creations andmergers of regulatory bodiesin (UAE Government, 2020a). For anoverview ofthe form one Ministry responsible for all levels of education and theMOHESRwas combined withtheMOE to now In 2016, thestructure oftheeducation system changed 2020a). to achieve thesustainable development goals(MOE, knowledge-based economy as well as to contribute higher education and research capacities to create a MOE’s strategic plangenerally focuses onimproving Years 2005 DEC KHDA 2010 MOHESR 2015 MOE ADEC ADEK SEC MOE RAKEZ SEC SPEA 2020 3 Education in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah 4 Education in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah Figure 1: this trend isreversed inAbuDhabiandthe remaining also have more private thanpublicschools.Incontrast, 2). Similarto Dubai, theemirates SharjahandAjman two private schools for every publicschool(seeFigure most pronounced inDubai,where there are more than of publicschoolshaddecreased to 50.4%. Thistrend is schools had increased to 49.6% while the percentage By the2018–19 academic year, thepercentage ofprivate schools were private and61% were public(MOE,2011). at a faster rate than the public sector. In 2010-11, 39% of the private school sector in the UAE is currently growing Schools). Ageneral trend in theUAE’s K-12 system is that (ACTVET), and Appendix B on Emirates National for Technical &Vocational Education and Training the country (seeAppendixAon the AbuDhabiCentre there are alsosemi-government schoolsoperating in public (government) andaprivate sector. However, The education system intheUAE consists ofbotha The K-12 SchoolSystem intheUAE Source: UNESCO Institute ofStatistics (UIS), 2020a; MOE,2018 Number of Students Enrollment Rates intheUAE (2013-2017) 376,649 389,755 132,709 2013 Primiary Total 143,060 389,705 409,776 2014 public school students were Emirati, withthemajorityof 16 academic year, 82% (227,000 students)ofallUAE schools intheUAE differ substantially. During the 2015- The student demographics of public and private University (ZU) (UAE Government, 2020b). The Early ChildhoodLearning Center (ECLC) ofZayed (ECA), Dubai Early ChildhoodDevelopment Centre, and entities includeAbuDhabiEarly ChildhoodAuthority years old.Othersignificant early childhoodeducation and offer early childhoodeducation to children from 0-4 (MOE, 2018). Nurseries are licensed through theMOE accounted for about80%ofenrollment in2017-2018 trend towards privatization as private providers Pre-primary education isanotherarea withanoteable Al Khaimah,Fujairah, andUmmAlQuwain. two to four timesas many publicas private schoolsinRas private schoolsinthecityofAbuDhabi,there are between emirates. Whilepublicschools onlyslightlyoutnumber Secondary Total 426,904 460,975 156,613 2015 Year Tertiary Total 441,510 159,553 , 3 2 7,7 6 4 2016 486,086 528,480 191,794 2017 Figure 3: 3: Figure 123,000 Emirati studentscompared to 588,000 non- the 2015-2016 schoolyear, there were approximately increasingly attending private schools as well. During school students,amore recent trend isthatthey are Although Emiratis comprise themajorityofpublic Government, 2020c). being thelanguageofinstructioninpublicschools(UAE non-Emirati, seeFigure 3).Thisisprimarilydueto Arabic largely beingcomprised ofexpatriate Arab nationals(or the remaining 18% (50,500 students)inpublicschools Source: Federal Competitiveness andStatistics Authority (FCSA), 2019a Figure 2: Number of Students Number of Schools Source: FCSA, 2018a 500,000 300,000 100,000 700,000 SchoolTypes Across theUAE, by Region (2018-2019) Student Nationalities in Public and Private Schools Across the UAE (2015-16) UAE the Across Schools Private and Public in Nationalities Student 0 Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi: Abu Dhabi: Al Ain Emirati Abu Dhabi: Abu Dhabi: Al Dhafra Public 82% 18% Ajman Non-Emirati Emirate Statistics Center, 2007, 2019). to 57% in2018-2019 to itshighestlevel sofar (Dubai level rose to 54% in2006-2007, andfurtherincreased Emirati studentsattended private schoolsinDubai,this the academic year 1998-1999 approximately 29% of all a steady increase since atleast thelate 1990s. Whilein of Emiratis can beseeninDubai,where there has been trend towards increasing private education enrollment students intheUAE (seeFigure 3).For instance, this accounting for approximately 17% ofallprivate school Emirati studentsenrolled intheprivate schoolsector, Dubai School Type Fujairah Public Schools Khaimah Ras Al Private 83% 17% Sharjah Private Schools Umm Al Umm Al Quwain 5 Education in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah 6 Education in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah schools, which are commonly called ‘Education Zones’ emirate level, MOE-affiliated agenciesoperate public also thedates oftheacademic year andsoforth. Onthe curriculum, strategic planning, schooloperations, but by theMOE.Thisencompasses aspects such as the Public schools in the UAE are regulated and operated Regulatory Framework such as principals,andsocialworkers. teachers, as well as leadership roles inadministration, boys’ schoolshave seenanincreasing numberoffemale behaviour (Rizvi&Dajani, 2018). Additionally, public girls in classrooms will have a positive impact on boys’ Proponents nonetheless suggest thatthepresence of reports have cited parents’ concerns over integration. autonomy over thedirective’s implementation,media 4 (UAE Government, 2020f). Withschoolslargely given 1, scheduledto eventually includeGrades 1through to genders inelementary school classes starting with Grade In 2018, theMOEannounced agradual integration of Government, 2020e). secondary level (Grades 9–12, known as Cycle 3) (UAE intermediate level (Grades 5-8,known as Cycle 2), and or elementarylevel (Grades 1-4, alsoknown as Cycle 1), years ofeducation: kindergarten (KG1 -KG2), primary They are divided into a four-tier system covering 14 level, with Arabic as the primary language of instruction. gender at the primary, at the secondary and single-sex The currently 619 publicschoolsintheUAE are mixed- Public SchoolsintheUAE regulations setby theMOE. bodies ineach emirate that,inturn,follow thelaws and education providers are regulated by specialregulatory across theseven emirates. Schools operated by private public schoolsare regulated andoperated by theMOE sections describeeach sector separately. Ingeneral, education sectors. For thisreason, thefollowing funding differ between the UAE’s publicandprivate The regulatory frameworks, curricula,andsources of were formally referred to as individualswithspecialneeds(Zayed University, 2020). Mohammed binRashid AlMaktoum introduced theterm People ofDetermination to describepeoplewho plans, andare automatically promoted to thenextgrade attheendofeach academic year. In2016, H.H.Sheikh education, andcare (UAE Government, 2020d). Thesestudentsare assessed according to individualeducational into regular publicschoolsto complement thework ofgovernment andprivate organizations inoffer training, the publicandprivate schoolsystems. In2009, theMinistrybeganintegrating studentsfrom specialneedscenters importance ofproviding facilities, educational opportunities,andsociallyintegrating peoplewithspecialneedsin In 2008, theNationalProject for InclusionofPeople withSpecialNeedswas introduced. Theprogram highlightsthe Initiatives for Students withSpecialNeeds Ministry ofEducation inDubai(personal communication Emirates, such as Ras AlKhaimah,has shifted to the of administrative staffand teachers intheNorthern the emirate, whilemostcoordination andsupport school inspections at private and public schools in Education Zones are primarilytasked withconducting for supporting administrative staff. However, as of 2020, and implementationoffederal andlocal policies,and Education Zones were responsible for thesupervision or Ras AlKhaimahEducation Zone. Inthepast, these such as DubaiEducation Zone, SharjahEducation Zone, teachers, inRas AlKhaimah,Fujairah, andDubai,female both account for approximately half ofallpublicschool emirates of Sharjah and Ajman expatriates and nationals teachers varies between individualemirates: whileinthe UAE. Overall, theproportion ofEmirati andexpatriate and 16,180 expatriate teachers inpublicschools inthe During the2015-16 schoolyear, there were 11,167 Emirati expatriate studentsinUAE publicschoolsby region. shows the breakdown of the number of Emirati versus of publicschoolstudents.Inthiscontext, Figure 4below Across allregions, Emirati studentsmake upthemajority Students andTeachers and publiceducation can bereferenced inAppendixD. ongoing. Anoverview oftheregulatory bodiesfor private the Ministry of Education with this transition still being and management of public schools was returned to this changed in November 2017 whentheoperation public andprivate schoolsuntiltheendof2017. However, Knowledge (ADEK) was tasked withtheoversight ofboth Zone. InAbuDhabi, the DepartmentofEducation and operates publicschoolsthrough theSharjahEducation leadership oftheMOE,whileMinistryregulates and to now oversee nurseries anddaycare centers underthe (SEC) was established in 2006 andrestructured in2018 the Emirate ofSharjah,theSharjah Education Council public schoolsector relate to SharjahandAbuDhabi.In Other noteworthy developments intheregulation ofthe with Ras AlKhaimahEducation Zone official, 2020).

BOX 2 Source: MOE,2016 Source: FCSA 2018b, 2019b 5 4 3 Figure 5: teachers. Whilemostofthenon-national teachers are up 2,798 teachers, compared to 2,027 female Emirati in AlAin,maleandfemale expatriates combined make followed by maleexpatriate teachers (3,114). Similarly, female expatriate teachers make upthemajority(6,113), teachers. Figure 5alsodemonstrates thatinAbuDhabi Emirati teachers make up the largest proportion of Figure 4:

To learn more aboutthecase ofArab expatriate teachers see In the2016/2017 academic year, theMinistryofEducation begun reporting studentnumbers by gender, without Table 4onpage16 oftheFact Sheetshows teachers by cycle, nationality, andgenderintheemirate ofRas AlKhaimah. Cooperation Council reference to nationality. Thesenumbers represent themost recent information onstudentnationalities. Number of Teachers Number of Students 60,000 40,000 20,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 7,000 0 NationalitiesofPublic SchoolTeachers intheUAE, by Region (2015-17) Student NationalitiesinPublic Education Across theUAE, by Region (2015-16) 0 Abu Dhabi Abu Dhabi (Ridge,Shami,Kippels&Farah, 2014). 52,888 13,165 Abu Dhabi: Abu Dhabi: Al Ain

Al Ain 44,402 10,451 Male Emirati Abu Dhabi: Abu Dhabi: Al Dhafra 4,949 Ajman

Expatriate Teachers andEducation QualityintheGulf 4,459

Ajman 11,658 Male Expatriate

Dubai 4,035 Emirati teachers inAbuDhabi,compared to 1,918 Emirati of male Emirati teachers. In 2017, there were 249 male and secondary schools(Ridge,2014), Arab maleexpatriates with 15 andzero, respectively. teachers were recorded inAjmanandUmmAlQuwain female teachers. Thelowest numbers ofmaleEmirati Emirate Emirate Dubai 23,024

Fujairah 6,473 Female Emirati Fujairah 21,170 1,340 Khaimah Ras Al 4 whoteach atboys’ intermediate Khaimah Emirati Ras Al 29,556 3

Female Expatriate 3,823 Sharjah Sharjah 35,383 5 there isa lack

5,492 Non-Emirati Umm Al Umm Al Quwain Umm Al Umm Al Quwain 4,174

1,292 7 Education in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah 8 Education in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah 6 8, and10. Standardized Test (EmSAT), administered inGrades 4,6, the standardized, computer-based Advantage Emirates apply to jointheElite stream andcan test into itthrough mathematics and science (MOE,2020b). Students academically outstandingstudents,withafocus on Grade 6 through to Grade 12, the Elite stream caters to academic performance andinclination.Starting in streams offer more differentiation based onstudents’ Throughout Cycles 2and3ofpublicschool,specific Stages andStreams ofEducation (UAE Government, 2020h). schools to expandthebreadth ofeducational offerings to thecurriculumin primary andsecondary public career guidance, life skills,andbusiness management, subjects, such as innovative design,health sciences, More recently, in2016, thegovernment introduced new Government, 2020g). has beenintegrated into thenationalcurriculum(UAE 2015), mathematicsandscience instructioninEnglish While theprogam was discontinued in2015 (Jonny, language ofinstructionfor mathematicsandscience. approaches to learning, andtheuseofEnglishas the the useofelectronic resources, student-centered in 2007, using a new curriculum that emphasized Tomorrow) program was started in select public schools For example,the reforms Since theUAE was founded, there have beenseveral assessments andstandardized testing intheUAE). Box 3for additionalinformation aboutinternational and oversight ofassessments across thecountry (see the production ofsubject syllabi andthepreparation the nationalcurriculumatpublicschools,including The MinistryofEducation isresponsible for implementing Curriculum approaches to buildingupthecapacities ofnationals. growth andunderscores theneedfor emirate-specific public school teachers demonstrates an area of potential fluctuating share ofnationalsinthe overall populationof Emiratization or and theircontribution to theeconomy, alsoknown as increase the number of Emiratis in the job market development, Vision2021, thegovernment aimsto As partoftheUAE’s current nationalstrategy for

For more detailedinformation aboutthe UAE publicschoolcurriculum,see Development intheUnited Arab Emirate 6 thathave altered thepublicschoolcurriculum. Tawteen Madares AlGhad inArabic. Inthiscontext, the s (Ridge,Kippels,& Farah, 2017). (Schoolsof Curriculum citizens can attend government schools, colleges, kindergarten through to secondary school,Emirati capital andrecurrent expenditures oneducation. From transportation ofstudents,and,intheory, allother building of schools, teachers’ salaries, textbooks, the government. Thefederal government fundsthe Public schoolsintheUAE are fundedby thefederal Financing continue Grades 10through to 12. Both General andAdvanced stream studentswill stream, also depending on their academic performance. remain intheGeneral stream orto jointheAdvanced 9, students intheGeneral stream can chooseeitherto Grades 11 and12 (MOE,2020c). After finishing Grade and socialcare) andtwo weeks ofwork placements in as engineering,business administration, orhealth based assessments, a focus onaspecific sector (such curriculum thatinvolves vocational skills,competency- applied learning andpractical skills,thisstream offers a joining anappliedstream. For studentsinterested in choose between remaining inaGeneral stream or After completing Grade 8,studentsmay additionally Finance, 2020). 61.35 billiontotal budget(USD 16.7 billion)(Ministryof education programs, whichrepresents 14.8% ofitsAED AED 10,41 billiononpublic,higher, anduniversity 2020 fiscal year, the UAE government reports spending (World Bank,2016). Initsmostrecent budgetfor the fluctuated between 13.5% and 14.7% from 2000 to 2012 to theworld average expenditure oneducation, which education has ranked relatively highlywhencompared The share oftheUAE government’s budgetallocated to undergraduate education (UAE Government, 2020i). and universities free ofcharge until thecompletion of 7

Launched in 2000 by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the Programme for for teachers andprincipals,was first conducted in 2008 andtakes place every five years. conducted every five years. TheOECD’s Teaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS), aself-reporting survey students. PIRLSwas started in2001 by theIEAto measuring thereading proficiency ofGrade 4students,andis (IEA) and is administered every four years to measure the mathematics and science skills of Grade 4 and Grade 8 (TIMSS) was first conducted in 1995 by the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement 15-year-old studentsinmathematics,reading, andscience. Trends inInternational Mathematicsand Science Study International Student Assessment (PISA) isadministered every three years andmeasures achievement levels of Table A: in additionto theirmean scores. Dhabi, butalsotheUAE as awhole,have started to participate ininternational assessments andstandardized tests, national higher education entry requirement (EmSAT, 2020). Table A shows when the emirates of Dubai and Abu Test (Grade 12). These tests replaced the previous Common Educational Proficiency Assessment (CEPA) a as public schoolswiththree levels oftesting: Baseline Test (Grade 1), Advantage Test (Grade 4,6, 8, 10), and Achieve students’ skillsinArabic, English,MathsandScience. Thisnationalsystem ofstandardized testing ismandatory in introduced theEmirates Standardized Test (EmSAT) in2017, aseriesofcomputer-based tests, whichmeasures Literacy Study (PIRLS),andtheTeaching and Learning International Survey (TALIS). Inaddition,theUAE also (PISA), theTrends inInternational MathematicsandScience Study (TIMSS), theProgress inInternational Reading The UAE participates ininternational assessments such as theProgramme for International Student Assessment Participation inInternational Assessments andStandardized Testing strengths andchallengesto better support education inthe country. and studentlearning styles.Academics andpolicymakers are ableto usethisinformation to identify provide insightinto additionalareas such as parental involvement, studentresources, teachers, typesofschools, mathematics, science, andreading), international assessments alsoincludesupplementary survey datathat of academic achievement inthecountry. Inadditionto collecting dataoncore subject achievement (e.g., in The UAE’s participationininternational assessments allows for cross-national and longitudinal comparisons UAE Participation TALIS UAE Participation PIRLS UAE Participation TIMSS UAE Participation PISA Assessment Year UAE Participation EmSAT UAE’s Participation inInternational Assessment andStandardized Testing (Pilot year) 2000 2008 2001 1995 2017 - - - - (Abu Dhabi 2006 2003 2003 2018 2013 only) X - - - (Dubai only) 2006 2007 2018 2019 2011 444 444 439 X X - (Dubai only) 2009 2020 2016 2011 450 434 459 459 X 2015 2012 441 452 December (TBA in (TBA in 2019 2015 2020) 432 2018 433 BOX 7 3 9 Education in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah 10 Education in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah Source: MOE,2016 Figure 6: 8 private schoolsthrough its Education Zones, whileprivate remaining emirates, the MOEmore directly regulates attracting investment inthesector (SPEA, 2020). Inthe is tasked withraising thequalityofprivate education and supervision oftheExecutive Council oftheemirate and universities inthe emirate. SPEAoperates underthe both evaluate andregulate private sector schoolsand Education Authority (SPEA) was established in 2018 to Additionally, intheemirate ofSharjah,theSharjahPrivate Dhabi, including fees, and investments (ADEK 2020b). regulation andinspectionofprivate schoolsinAbu ADEK, anditsmandate was focused onthelicensing, emirate. Starting in2018, ADEC was restructured into educational development strategies andinitiatives inthe responsible for managing,andimplementingvarious in 2005 as theAbuDhabi Education Council (ADEC), Education andKnowledge (ADEK), whichwas founded In AbuDhabi,there istheAbuDhabiDepartmentof emirates have started to create comparable entities. private education sector, andsince then, two other Development Authority (KHDA), to regulate thegrowing 2006, DubaiestablisheditsKnowledge andHuman following thelaws andregulations setby theMOE.In by different entities across the seven emirates while country’s expatpopulationare generally regulated Private schoolsintheUAE thatprimarilycater to the Regulatory Frameworks andStructures offerings with various languagesofinstruction. significantly andprovides awide range ofcurriculum population, theprivate schoolsector has grown Mainly reflecting theneedsof UAE’s large expatriate Private SchoolsintheUAE

Starting inthe2016/2017 academic year, theMinistry ofEducation has begunreporting studentnumbers by gender, without reference to nationality. These numbers represent themostrecent information onstudent nationalities. Number of Students 200,000 100,000 250,000 150,000 50,000 Student NationalitiesinPrivate Education Across theUAE, by Region (2015-16) 0 Abu Dhabi 35,749

128,143 Abu Dhabi:

Al Ain 19,079 44,044 Abu Dhabi: Abu Dhabi: Al Dhafra 2,613 7, 6 57

Ajman 3,595

40,243 Grade 1through to 12 (Ridge etal.,2015). students, IslamicStudies classes are provided from of UAE socialstudies.For Arab andnon-Arab Muslim language instruction,andparticipate in1weekly lesson through to 9, studentsofallnationalitiesreceive Arabic education (KHDA, 2019a). In private schools’ Grades 1 language instruction, UAE social studies, and UAE moral following MOEregulations: Islamiceducation, Arabic international curriculum, four subjects are mandatory While private schoolsfollow theirown nationalor level authorities(Nolan,2012). for resources andcontrol between federal andemirate- schools, whichsometimeseven results incompetition complex combination ofregulatory bodiesfor private organizations across thecountry contributes to a inspection, andtuitionfee criteria. Themultitudeof private schoollicensing requirements, ranking systems, Each oftheemirate-level regulatory bodieshas theirown aspects. entities for theallocation ofland,real estate, andother operators may alsocoordinate withadditionalfederal academic year (DubaiStatistics Center, 2019). emirate educated inprivate schoolsduringthe2018-19 percentage is even higher, with90%ofallstudents in the Figure 6), in643 schools(MOE,2018). InDubai,that including both Emirati and expatriate students (see to approximately 74% ofthecountry’s studentpopulation, According to MOEfigures, theprivate sector now caters in response to theneedsofexpatriate population. The UAE’s private education sector has grown rapidly Students andTeachers Emirate Dubai 31,134

228,461 Fujairah 4,038 9,722 Khaimah Emirati Ras Al 5,435 8 19,568 Sharjah 20,632 151,066 Non-Emirati Umm Al Umm Al Quwain 1,182

3,510 all private schools.However, theseschoolshave been Non-profit schoolscurrently comprise less than 25% of highest numberintheworld after Hong Kong (Gray, 2017). school to undergraduate level, whichisthesecond 100,000USD ontheirchildren’s education from primary worldwide comparison, parents intheUAE spend around regulators, andstakeholders like parents andteachers. Ina popular point of contention between school operators, for-profit schools to generate profit, school fees a are share ofthemarket. Driven by investors’ expectationof such as GEMS, SABIS, andTaaleem holdingalarge by for-profit providers, withinternational companies In theUAE, themajorityofprivate schoolsare operated Financing Germany, andPakistan. others, includethosefrom France, thePhilippines, curricula offered atprivate schoolsinthe UAE, amongst popular there (Abu Dhabi Government, 2020). Additional States andUKcurriculaare alsoamongstthemost 14 different typesofcurricula available, andtheUnited (37 schools) (KHDA, 2019b). In Abu Dhabi, there are (80 schools),theUnited States (42 schools),andIndia schools offer curriculafrom theUnited Kingdom (UK) private schools.InDubai,thelargest number ofprivate were 15 curriculumoptionsoffered initsnetwork of In the2018-19 academic year, inDubaialonethere Private schoolsintheUAE offer awide range ofcurricula. Curriculum Figure 7: Source: UNESCO Institute ofStatistics (UIS), 2020a Number of Graduates 40,000 30,000 20,000 10,000 NumberofGraduates from Tertiary Education by Gender 0 25,682 14,270 11,412 2013 Total Graduates 28,553 13,842 14,711 2014 degrees attheassociate’s, bachelor’s, master’s, and institutions across each ofthesesectors offer various semi-public, andprivately operated institutions. The Higher education intheUAE consists ofpublic, Higher Education intheUAE who hadachildinfor-profit institution(Ridgeetal., 2016). for-money oftheirchild’s education thanthoseparents schools. Parents said they were happier about the value- benefits to having theirchildren enrolled innon-profit better conditions reported by teachers, parents alsosaw a smallernumberofstudentsperclass. Inadditionto the teachers, while also receiving better benefits and having had salaries1.5to 2timeshigherthanfor-profit school same studyalsofound thatteachers atnon-profit schools profit schools (94% versus 85%)(Ridgeetal., 2016). The certificates orlicenses when compared to teachers in for- of teachers innon-profit schoolsheldofficial teaching One studyintheUAE found thatagreater percentage and students’ families alike (Ridgeetal.,2016). benefits to theirstakeholders, whichinclude teachers found to hire more qualified teachers andprovide better apply to alltertiary education institutionsacross the published in2019, theMinistryofEducation guidelines In linewithnew licensing andaccreditation standards the Commission for Academic Accreditation (CAA). setting policiesandaccrediting universities through of theMinistryEducation, whichisresponsible for doctorate levels. Highereducation isundertheauspices Female Graduates 15,282 12,611 7 3 9 8 27, 2015 Year 13,103 29,217 16,114 2016 Male Graduates 35,002 16,868 18,134 2017 11 Education in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah 12 Education in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah Source: FCSA, 2018c 2020). Thisgrowth has primarilybeenintheprivate 20 years, growing from 5in1990 in2020 to 77 (CAA, accredited highereducation institutionsover thelast There has beenarapid increase inthenumberof licenses to operate (Rensimer, 2015). are responsible for granting universities commercial specifically designated for international collaborations), Al KhaimahandDubaiFree Zones (geographical areas from theMOE,emirate-level authorities,such as theRas In additionto accreditation through theCAA andlicensing activities andgovernance (MOE,2019). administrative aspects, includingfinance, research Universities are assessed across 11 academic and universities, including those inthecountry’s free zones. police andarmy), as well as branches ofinternational local), private universities, specialized universities (e.g. emirates, includinggovernment universities (federal and Figure 8: Number of Students 60,000 40,000 20,000 Enrollment inHigherEducation (2016-17) 0 Abu Dhabi 28,586 28,516 10,198 Ajman 0 Dubai 47,871 8,996 Fujairah 2,044 1,703 2017; PricewaterhouseCoopers, 2018). undergraduate andgraduate studiesin2017 (KHDA specialization with the highest enrollment for both in 2017 (Figure 8).Inthiscontext, business was the in the UAE was estimated at around 191,794 students recent years (Figure 7), enrollment inhighereducation While thenumberofgraduates has beenincreasing in education institutions(CAA, 2020). 2020, theCAA accredited oftheUAE’s 77 active higher them beingaccredited by theCAA (CHEDS, 2012). In higher education institutions in theUAE, with only69 of and Statistics (CHEDS) found thatthere were 102 active In 2012, areport by theCenter for HigherEducation Data for Higher Education Data andStatistics [CHEDS], 2012). institutions open, others close, and some merge (Center institutions intheUAE isfrequently changingas new sector. However, theexactnumberofhighereducation Emirate Ras AlKhaimah 2,583 2,143 Public 21,556 Sharjah 4,498 Umm AlQuwain Private 423 0 Figure 10: Figure 9: Source: UNESCO Institute ofStatistics (UIS), 2020c Number of International Students Source: UNESCO Institute ofStatistics (UIS), 2020b Number of Students as theAmerican University ofSharjah(AUS) that feature highlydiverse international studentbodies,such result, private highereducation institutionsintheUAE the UAE rose from 48,653 in2011 to 77,463 in2016. Asa The numberofinternational degree-seeking studentsin NumberofInboundDegree-Seeking Students intheUAE International Students inTertiary Education intheUAE by Region ofOrigin(1971) Arab States 40,407 2011 West Asia South & South & 13,282 Sub Saharan 2012 Africa 4,076 America & Western Europe North North 3,131 2013 Figures 9and10respectively. origin countries ofinternational studentscan beseenin increase ininternational studentenrollment andthetop students worldwide at84% (Kamal &Trines, 2018). The was reported to have thelargest percentage offoreign East Asia & the Pacific Region Year 1,431 2014 Central & Eastern Europe 817 Central Asia 678 2015 Caribbean America & the & the Latin Latin 386 2016 Unknown 231 13

Education in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah 14 Education in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah University ofRas Al Khaimah(AURAK). American University of Sharjah (AUS) and the American Abu Dhabi,theAmerican University ofDubai(AUD), the University AbuDhabi(NYUAD), SorbonneUniversity in thiscategory include AbuDhabiUniversity, New York of government involvement andoversight. Institutions financial arrangements vary considerably, as dolevels from thefederal orlocal emirate governments. Such universities may receive partialorfullfinancialbacking primarily expatriate studentpopulations. Semi-public these universities operate withinspecificemirates with institutions. Ownedby private and/or state shareholders, The second typeofuniversities inthe UAE are semi-public Semi-Public Universities Sources: HCT, 2020; UAE University, 2020; Zayed University, 2020 Table 3: education institutions in the UAE are noted in Table 3. At UAE University, 2016a). Thethree federal publichigher University, alsoenroll expatriate students(Swan, 2016; the undergraduate level while some, such as UAE Public universities are opento Emirati studentsat Public Universities destinations (Kamal &Trines, 2018). internationally withtheUK and theUS as theprimary 2016, 7.1% ofEmirati nationalspursued tertiary degrees for students pursuing highereducation degrees. In students intheUAE, theUAE isalsoasendingcountry In additionto growth indegree-seeking international (ZU) University Zayed (HCT) Technology Colleges of Higher University UAE Name Federal UAE HigherEducation Institutions 1998 1988 1976 Established Year Year (2018/2019) 10,648 (2019/2020) 20,990 (2018/2019) 15,019 Number of Number of students consists ofninecolleges. In2009, UAE University was thefirst institution. Located inAlAin(intheemirate ofAbuDhabi),it UAE University is the country’s oldest higher education admissions to menin2009 (Zayed University, 2016b). 2016a). Originallyopenonlyto women, theuniversity opened undergraduate andgraduate degrees (Zayed University, ZU has two campuses inDubai andAbuDhabithatoffer both diplomas, bachelor’s degrees, andmaster’s programs. at home while undertakingtheir studies. HCT offers applied it especiallypopular among female studentswhooften live HCT’s 17 campuses are spread across thecountry, making federal university intheUAE to institutionalize aPh.D. program. University, 2020). and strengthen institutionalachievements (Khalifa 2017, reportedly inaneffort to combine resources Masdar Institute, and the Petroleum Institute in February through amerger oftheprevious Khalifa University, is onesuch exampleinAbuDhabi,whichwas created The Khalifa University of Science & Technology (KU) public, emirate-level, higher education institutions. In addition to federal universities, there are also other until thecompletion oftheirundergraduate education. English, while Emirati students can enroll free of charge these institutions,theofficiallanguageofinstruction is London Business School inDubai. in Ras Al Khaimah; Middlesex University Dubai, or also University of Wollongong in Dubai; University of Bolton the more well-known private universities include:The relation to theirtotal enrollments (Swan, 2014). Someof have relatively high percentages ofEmirati studentsin universities primarilyserve expatriates, several institutions many ofwhichoperate infree trade zones. Whileprivate branch campuses as well as independentinstitutes, higher education institutions, includinginternational The UAE private sector encompasses abroad range of Private Universities About Source: MOE,2018 private schools,as well as 14 publickindergartens and Ras Al Khaimah is home to 58 government and 33 Khaimah. Excluding vocational andadulteducation, emirates, publicschoolsare more common inRas Al and private schools.However, compared to other As inotheremirates, Ras AlKhaimahhas amixofpublic K-12 Education inRas AlKhaimah Figure 11: 4,725 Boys Cycle 3 Boys 5,133 Cycle 2 4,448 Boys Cycle 1 1,968 Boys Kindergarten 2,761 Kindergarten Private DistributionofStudents andSchoolsinRas AlKhaimahby Cycle (2018-2019) 2,571 School 1 6,443 Schools schools 2 Mixed gender Cycle 1 8 5,843 Schools Schools Schools school 1 Boys’ 33 Private Schools 14 Kindergarten 6 9 8 2,795 schools 3 Mixed the numberofstudentsby cycle, seeFigure 11. overview ofthenumberandtypeschools,as well as only oneoracombination ofcycles. For amore detailed school, there are several standaloneschoolsoffering offer all three cycles oftheMOEcurriculumatone centers. (MOE,2020d). Whilesomepublicschools 39 licensed private private early-childhood education gender Cycle 2 Schools Schools Schools 9 3 7 2,624 school 1 Girls’ School 1 school 1 Boys’ Schools 2,188 6 24 Mixed schools gender Cycle 3 Kindergarten 2,286 4,908 Girls 4,661 Girls 2,128 Girls 4,774 Girls Cycle 3 Cycle 2 school Cycle 1 1 Girls’ 15

Education in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah 16 Education in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah 11 10 9 Sources: Ras AlKhaimahEducation Zone, 2020a Figure 12: The curricula options at 33 private schools are shown types available (Ras AlKhaimahEducation Zone, 2020). offer alarge variety ofcurricula,witheightdifferent As inthewiderUAE, private schoolsinRas AlKhaimah Source: MOE,2016 by Cycle andNationality(2015-16) Table 4: the emirate’s private schoolswere Emirati. During thesameyear, 22% ofthestudentsenrolled in public schoolenrollment intheemirate (see Table 4). accounting for 54% oftotal enrollment, and89% oftotal children in Ras Al Khaimah attended public schools, academic year of2015/2016, themajorityofEmirati nationalities in Ras Al Khaimah shows that in the The mostrecent publiclyavailable dataonstudent

Grand total (Secondary) Cycle 3 (Preparatory) Cycle 2 (Primary) Cycle 1 Kindergarten Two of theAmerican curriculumschoolsinRas AlKhaimahlisttheCommon Core State Standards, while oneof For thecomplete listofcurriculafollowed by private schools in Ras AlKhaimah,seeAppendixC These includetheCentral Board ofSecondary Education (CBSE) system andtheIndianSchoolCertificate in additionto theCommon Core State Standards. the American schools inRas AlKhaimahspecifiesthe Pennsylvania State Academic Standards andBenchmarks Examinations (ISCE) syllabus. Ministry of 17 Schools Education Stage Students inPublic SchoolsofRas AlKhaimah Curricula Followed by Private SchoolsinRas AlKhaimah(2019-2020) Total Expatriate Emirati Total Expatriate Emirati Total Expatriate Emirati Total Expatriate Emirati Nationality 6 Schools India United Kingdom Number of Students 4 Schools 11,325 5,538 1,096 8,991 1,295 3,702 1,342 90 Private SchoolCurricula inRas AlKhaimah 10,333 33,379 12,421 6,833 3,792 Percentage United States 3 Schools 98% 87% 81% 91% 19% 13% 9% 2% by Cycle, Nationality, andGender(2016-17) Table 5: et al.,Forthcoming). have beenworking intheUAE for over 10years (Ridge other emirates. Themajorityoftheseexpatriate teachers in Cycle 2andCycle 3boys’ schools,whichissimilarto shown inTable 5, themajorityofexpatriate teachers work Ras AlKhaimahpublicschoolteacher workforce. As teachers (70%) and707 expatriate teachers (30%) inthe In the2016/2017 academic year, there were 1,663 Emirati United States (6 schools),theUnited Kingdom(4 schools),andthe curriculum (17 schools),followed by anIndiancurricula in Figure 12, withthemostcommon beingtheMOE Source: FCSA 2018b, 2019b Baccalaureate International & (Preparatory Cycles 2&3 (Primary) Cycle 1 Kindergarten (by Gender) Percent ofGrand Total Grand Total Secondary) Educational 1 School (IB) Stage

Teachers inPublic SchoolsinRas AlKhaimah

10 (3 schools). Expatriate Emirati Total Expatriate Emirati Total Expatriate Emirati Nationality Total Pakistan 1 School 11

1,896 Male 43% 640 557 83 22 17 0 5 1 1 Bangladesh 1 School Female 2,559 57% 648 801 881 789 153 138 214 92 76 Percentage 1 School SABIS 64% 88% 49% 36% 51% 12% 9 About 40%ofstudentsare enrolled in Cycle 1,and60% from theComoros Islands,Egypt, Syria, andYemen. composed ofRas AlKhaimahresidents withpassports As Figure 13 shows, 68% ofcharityschoolenrolment is Figure 13: 12 Source: Ras AlKhaimahEducation Zone, 2020b girls’ schools,withCycle 1andcombined Cycle 2and3 a total of 4 charity schools with2 boys’ schools and2 with Arabic as thelanguageofinstruction.There are in theevenings andadhere to theMOEcurriculum enrollment, classes for thecharityschoolsare taught who are paidthrough assistantships. Withfree In theseschools,studentsare taughtby MOEteachers, government ofRas AlKhaimahandpublicdonations. approximately 2,000 studentsenrolled, funded by the Ras Al Khaimahhas a network of charity schools,with

This graph chartsthe10most common nationalities. Other countries includeAlgeria,Bangladesh,China,India, Iraq, Lebanon, Libya, Mali,Morocco, Nigeria,Oman, Saudi, Somalia,Sudan, Tajikistan, Tunisia, Turkey, UAE. Number of Students 500 400 300 200 100 0 Enrollment inCharitySchoolsRas AlKhaimahby Nationality, Cycle, andGender Comoros 185 148 36 93 Syria 148 116 84 93 12 Yemen 60 34 70 51 Egypt 65 48 43 41 Nationality Palestine 33 23 32 17 account for theremaining 44%. for 56% ofthestudentpopulation andmalestudents imbalance inenrolment as female studentsaccount in Cycle 2and3respectively. There isaslightgender account for theremaining 44%. for 56% ofthestudentpopulationandmalestudents imbalance inenrolment as female studentsaccount in Cycle 2and3respectively. There isaslightgender About 40% of students are enrolled in Cycle 1, and 60% from theComoros Islands, Egypt, Syria, and Yemen. composed ofRas AlKhaimahresidents withpassports As Figure 13 shows, 68% ofcharityschoolenrolment is student populationinFigure 13). branches for each gender(demographic detailsfor the Pakistan 25 24 31 21 Jordan 20 15 18 18 No ID 29 18 6 9 Iran 24 13 12 7 Boys Cycle 1 Girls Cycle 1 Boys Cycle 2&3 Girls Cycle 2&3 Afghanistan 10 10 16 11 17 Education in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah 18 Education in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah Source: Ras AlKhaimahEconomic Zone (RAKEZ),2016b 13 Ras AlKhaimah, by Nationality Figure 14: institutes isfrom SouthAsia(Figure 14). Arab States while the majority in private higher education The majorityofstudentsinpublicuniversities are from period oftime(Rensimer, 2015; UAE MOHESR,2014). the second highest growth rate in the country over that 2,778 to 3,846 students(approximately 38%), whichwas higher education inRas AlKhaimahincreased from 2009 and2013, thenumberofstudentsenrolled in of publicenrollment as well (RAKEZ,2016b). Between and Medical Sciences constitute approximately 90% 90% ofprivate enrollment, andtogether withHealth Engineering/IT andBusiness make upapproximately University ofRas AlKhaimah(AURAK) (Rensimer, 2015). and Health Sciences University andtheAmerican college intheemirate, as well as Ras AlKhaimahMedical men’s andwomen’s campuses, which are the only federal 2016b). Theseincludethenationallyaccredited HCT Khaimah (Ras Al Khaimah Economic Zone (RAKEZ), private highereducation institutionslocated inRas Al higher education institutionsand2,000 studentsat13 There are approximately 4,800studentsat3public Higher Education inRas AlKhaimah

For even more information aboutthereverse genderdivideinthe UAE and widerGulf region, see the Reverse GenderDivideinthe GulfStates: Embracing the Global,IgnoringtheLocal Proportion of Students by Nationality 100% 60% 40% 80% 20% 0% Students at Public and Private Universities in Public 18% 78% University Type 2% 2% Private 16% 63% 18% 3% Arab South Asian Other Western gender disparity)(HCT, 2020). women to men (See Box 4 for more information about Men’s College, representing approximately a4:1ratio of there were only481menattheHCT Ras AlKhaimah at theHCT Ras AlKhaimahWomen’s College while 2020 academic year there were 2,007 females enrolled outnumber theirmalecounterparts. Duringthe2019- UAE, inwhichfemale university studentsconsiderably wider genderdisparityinhighereducation across the Ras AlKhaimah’s university populationreflects the (Ridge,2014). on the 2014 Common Educational Proficiency outperform boys across thecountry. For example, national assessments, where girlsconsistently terms ofachievement (Ridge,2014). Thisincludes of schoolenrollment, they alsooutperform themin While girls in the UAE not only surpass boys in terms system isthereverse gendergapinfavor ofgirls. A prominent characteristic oftheUAE’s education Achievement intheUAE Gender DisparityinEducational participating country (OECD, 2019). gender differences observed in any PISA- gender gaps are someofthemostsignificant larger context of PISA 2018, the UAE’s performance with a72-point gaponreading scores. Withinthe margins compared to theaggregated nationaldata, Emirati girls outperform Emirati boys by much wider even more pronounced for theUAE nationalsas 57-point difference in reading. Thisgendergapis in mathematics,27-point difference in science, and three PISA 2018 domains,witha9-pointdifference that girlsintheUAE performed better than boys inall on international assessments as well. Table Bshows This gendergappattern in favor ofgirlsisobservable education entryrequirement. Proficiency Assessment (CEPA) as anationalhigher and Science replacing theCommon Educational measures students’ skillsinArabic, English,Maths, (EmSAT), aseriesofcomputer-based tests which the UAE introduced theEmirates Standardized Test average of135 points(AlHammadi, 2019). In2017, average of160 points,whileboys only scored an as intheWestern Region, where girlsscored an pronounced incertain geographical areas, such However, thedifferences in favor ofgirls were more points whileboys scored anaverage of163 points. Assessment (CEPA), girlsscored anaverage of168 Education and 13

BOX 4 and public/private schoolfactors (Buckner, 2018). subject up to a60 point difference, controlling for gender quintile consistently achieved higherscores inevery scores. In 2018, Emirati studentsin the highest wealth on international academic standards including PISA effect ofSESonacademic achievement is reflected benefit from focused research andinnovation. The socioeconomic status (SES) is another area that would The wealth gapbetween Emiratis ofhighandlow Emirati teachers. extends into therecruitment andretention ofmale male Emirati students.Thisgenderdisparity, however, for growth by improving theacademic performance of The reverse gender gap(Box 4)presents anopportunity education sector. benefit from continued focus, particularlyinthepublic Moving forward, there are stillsomeareas thatcould focused on supporting innovation andstudentsuccess. improved thequalityofeducation system and system has undergone numerous reforms thathave education. Over thelast several decades, theeducation made great progress since theintroduction offormal Education inRas AlKhaimahandacross theUAE has Challenges andOpportunities Source: OECD, 2019 Table B: Mathematics Science Subject PISA 2018 GenderComparison ofAverage Performance between theOECD andtheUAE Male 488 492 OECD Average Female 490 487 Male 430 420 All UAE Students decisions andpolicies. and incorporating scholarlycontributions ingovernment research, particularlyatthelevel ofhighereducation, great importance to continue advancing andpromoting meet theneedsofsocietyandworkplace. Itisalsoof and improving thepublicschoolcurriculumto better There isopportunityfor continued growth inevaluating education andearly childhoodpoliciesandpractices. schools into theprivate sector, andimproving inclusive involvement, encouraging theentryofmore non-profit Addressing thewealth gapincludesfostering parental continue to beenhanced. available to both citizens andresidents oftheUAE will of more education initiatives, thequalityofeducation their potential. With continued research and the piloting Emirati boys, can helpensure thatallstudents reach curriculum evaluations as well as support for struggling families. A deeperfocus on certain areas, such as on to bestrengthened to better serve studentsandtheir been achieved, there are stillareas thatcan continue provided for nationalsfree ofcharge. Whilemuchhas to university level, withpubliceducation atalllevels for bothmaleandfemale students from theprimary The UAE offers a range of education options available Female 439 447 Male 380 369 UAE Nationals Female 401 407 19

Education in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah 20 Education in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah 15 14 who are 13-16 year oldsandmeetspecific requirements (ATHS Directorate, 2019). Technology HighSchools(ATHS). Admission to ATHS requires anapplication andisopento UAE andGCC nationals Board ofTrustees atIAT since its inception (IAT, 2020b). Aspartofitssecondary education program, IAT runsApplied 2020b). Thecurrent Minister ofEducation, HisExcellency Hussain Ibrahim AlHammadi,has beenChairmanofthe bin Zayed Al Nahyan, theIAT operates as a“corporate bodywithfullfinancialandadministrative independence” (IAT, Applied Technology HighSchools(ATHS). the STS entrance examsandmeetotheradmission criteria (ATHS Directorate, 2019). centered ontechnical andtechnological education. Admission to STS isopento UAE nationalsaged14-16 whopass a three-year program, beginning at Grade 10, designedto provide Emirati youth witha secondary school education STS programs for bothgirlsandboys, dependingonthelocation (seeFigure A1) (ATHS Directorate, 2019). STS runs ADVETI in2010-11 inAbuDhabifor malestudents,andithas since beenexpandedacross theemirates. There were seven primaryentities Secondary Technical Schools(STS). Source: ACTVET, 2020c Note: m=male,f=female Figure A1. Technical Schools(STS) andAppliedTechnology HighSchools(ATHS), as demonstrated inFigure A1. the Institutes ofAppliedTechnology (IAT). Themainsecondary schooloperations ofthesetwo entitieswere Secondary Two key organizations thatfall underACTVET are theAbuDhabiVocational Education andTraining Institute (ADVETI) and (ACTVET, 2020a). number ofskilledEmirati youth inrewarding career pathsandfoster learning andpersonal life-long development” by theVocational Education andTraining Awards Council (ACTVET, 2020a). Theaim ofACTVET isto “increase the manages anumberofsecondary andtertiary level educational andvocational training programs, anditisaccredited directorate ofHisHighness General SheikhMohammedbinZayed AlNahyan (ACTVET, 2020a). ACTVET presently The AbuDhabiCentre for Technical &Vocational Education andTraining (ACTVET) was establishedin2010 underthe Education andTraining (ACTVET) Technical Education intheUAE: AbuDhabiCentre for Technical &Vocational Appendix A

and Vocational Education Development Center (VEDC) (ADVETI, 2020a). Applied Technology in AlShahama, Sharjah Institute ofScience & Technology inSharjah,Secondary Technical School(STS), Technology inAlAin,Baynounah Institute ofScience andTechnology inWestern Region, AlReef Institute ofLogistics and For a more detailedoverview ofthewide-range ofwork ledandoverseen by ACTVET, see(ACTVET, 2020b). These seven entities are AlJazirah Institute ofScience andTechnology inAbuDhabi,AlJaheli Institute ofScience and Secondary Education Programs Overseen by ACTVET Secondary Technical Schools(STS) 9. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. 1. Dalma (m,f) Sharjah (m,f) Umm AlQuwain (m,f) Ajman (m,f) Fujairah (m) Ras AlKhaimah(m) Dubai (m) Al Ain(f) Abu Dhabi(m,f) 15 underit,includingtheSecondary Technical Schools(STS). Thefirst STS school was piloted by ADVETI ADVETI was created in2007 as aninitiative oftheAbuDhabiGovernment, with 14

High SchoolSystem Founded in2005 by theroyal decree ofHisHighness Sheikh Khalifa 1. 8. 7. 6. 5. 4. 3. 2. Abu Dhabi(m,f) Ajman (m,f) Sharjah (m,f) Umm AlQuwain (m,f) Fujairah (m) Ras AlKhaimah(m) Dubai (m) Al Ain(f) High Schools(ATHS) Applied Technology IAT

Curricula Followed by Private SchoolsinRas AlKhaimah Appendix C 55,900 AED(USD 15,200) for Grade 12 (ENS, 2019). academic year fees inAbuDhabiranged from approximately 23,300 AED(USD 6,300) atthekindergarten level to Admittance to ENSisopen to studentsfrom any nationality(personal communication withENS, 2016). The 2019-20 Diploma Programme (DP)ortheCollege Board Advanced Placement Program (AP) (ENS, 2016c). an International Baccalaureate (IB)provider (ENS, 2016a). Grade 11 and12 studentscan therefore sitfor eithertheIB curriculum content. Also, dependingontheschool,ENSisauthorized, oracandidate to become authorized, as UAE MinistryofEducation. However, for othercourses, ENSfollows theCommon Core Standards andusesAmerican 2016a). For courses inArabic, Islamic,andUAE Studies, ENSfollows theeducational requirements prescribed by the English isthelanguageofinstructionfor classes, except for Arabic andIslamicStudies, whichare taughtinArabic (ENS, (ENS, 2016c). three inAbuDhabi,oneSharjah,andRas AlKhaimah.At thesecondary level, classes are gender-segregated Ministry ofPresidential Affairs. Currently, there are over 9,000 studentsenrolled across five ENS campusesinthe UAE, The Emirates NationalSchools(ENS)isanetwork ofprivate schoolsthatwas started in2002 undertheauspices ofthe Emirates NationalSchools Appendix B Indian Education Ministry of Curriculum New IndianSchool Indian Scholars School Indian Public HighSchool Indian Private School English Ideal School Delhi Private School Alpha School Sheikha Hissa bintSaqr School Charitable School Sheikh Saud BinSaqr AlQasimi Ras AlKhaimahModernSchool Nidaa AlIslamSchool Islamic Education School Dar AlSalam School Al Salaf AlSaleh School Al Rawaby ModernSchool Al Nasr School Al Mareidh GirlsSchool Al ManarSchool Al Arabia School School Name Source: Ras AlKhaimahEducation Zone, 2020 SABIS Bangladeshi Pakistani Baccalaureate International American British Curriculum Choueifat The International Schoolof Bangladesh EnglishSchool Pakistan Secondary School Ras AlKhaimah Private Academy The WellSpring School for Girls Ras AlKhaimah American Academy Emirates NationalSchool St. Mary’s HighSchool Ras AlKhaimah Academy Ramsis EnglishSchool Harvest Private School GEMS Westminster School School Name 21

Education in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah 22 Education in the United Arab Emirates and Ras Al Khaimah Source: UAE Government, 2020j Overview ofEmirate-Level Regulatory Authorities Appendix D Umm AlQuwain Sharjah Ras AlKhaimah Fujairah Dubai Ajman Abu Dhabi Emirate Umm AlQuwain Education Zone Sharjah Education Zone (Cycle 1–3) Sharjah Education Council (KG) Ras AlKhaimahEducation Zone Fujairah Education Zone Dubai Education Zone Ajman Education Zone Al Dhafra Education Zone Al AinEducation Zone Abu DhabiEducation Zone Public SPEA Ras AlKhaimahEducation Zone Fujairah Education Zone KHDA Ajman Education Zone ADEK Umm AlQuwain Education Zone Private Emirates NationalSchools(ENS). Emirates NationalSchools(ENS). (2016c). Emirates NationalSchools(ENS).(2016b). Emirates NationalSchools(ENS).(2016a). OurCampuses. Dubai StatisticsCenter. (2019). Enrolledstudentsbyeducationtypeandnationality. Dubai StatisticsCenter. (2007). Studentsbyeducationtypeandnationality. Davidson, C.M.(2008).FromtraditionaltoformaleducationinthelowerArabianGulf,1870–1971. Commission forAcademicAccreditation(CAA).(2020). Activeinstitutions. Buckner, E.(2017). Brooks, R.,Fuller, A.,&Waters, J.L.(2012). Bahgat, G.(1999),EducationintheGulfmonarchies:Retrospectandprospect. Applied Technology HighSchool(ATHS) Directorate.(2019). AlNaqbi, A.(2009). Alhebsi, A.,Pettaway, L.D.,&Waller, L.(2015). AhistoryofeducationintheUnitedArabEmiratesandTrucial M. A.(2019).Alhammadi, Gender effects on leadershipstylesinpublicschoolsAbuDhabi,UAE[Doctoral Abu DhabiVocational EducationTraining Institute(ADVETI).(2020). AbuDhabiVocational EducationTraining Abu DhabiDepartmentofEducationandKnowledge(ADEK).(2020b). Whatwedo. Abu DhabiDepartmentofEducationandKnowledge(ADEK).(2020a). PublicSchools. Abu DhabiGovernment(2020). TAMM: SchoolFinderTool. RetrievedonJune 16,2020. Abu DhabiCentreforTechnical andVocational EducationandTraining (ACTVET).(2020c). Abu DhabiCentreforTechnical andVocational EducationandTraining (ACTVET).(2020c). Abu DhabiCentreforTechnical andVocational EducationandTraining (ACTVET).(2020a). References ae/admissions/fees-schedule/ DSC_%20SYB_2018_04%20_01.pdf Report/44222714OSI04-01.pdf of HistoryEducationSociety, 37 Institutions.aspx Sheikh SaudbinSaqrAlQasimiFoundationforPolicy Research. of learning Education, 45 www.iat.ac.ae/downloads Ras AlKhaimah;UnitedArabEmirates(Arabic). com/2010/11/a-history-of-education-in-the-united-arab-emirates-and-trucial-sheikdoms.pdf Sheikdoms. dissertation, UniversityofGlasgow]. Institute. ae/About/What-we-do gov.ae/Education-System/Public-Schools abudhabi/journeys/get-education/schools High SchoolSystem. Education System:Overview. https://www.actvet.gov.ae/en/AboutUs/Pages/OurStrategy.aspx uploads/Fees/ENS_Fees_20192020_ADC.pdf https://www.adveti-re.ae/en/adveti . Routledge. The OtherGap:ExaminingLow-Income Emiratis’EducationalAchievement The GlobaleLearningJournal,4 The BritisheducationalpoliciesintheTrucial States(1953-1971). (2), 127-136.http://dx.

https://www.actvet.gov.ae/en/EducationSystem/Pages/HighSchoolSystem.aspx Tuition andeducationalresourcefeesfor 2019-2020

https://www.actvet.gov.ae/en/EducationSystem/Pages/Overview.aspx (5), 633–643. Curriculum Tuition &educational resourcefeesfor2016-2017. Changing spacesofeducation:Newperspectivesonthenature http://theses.gla.ac.uk/41223/ doi.org/10.1023/A:1003610723356 (1), 1-5. . www.ens.sch.ae/academics/curriculum-2/ http://dx.doi org/10.1080/00467600701430020 www.ens.sch.ae https://globalelearningjournal.files.wordpress. Course Catalogue2018-2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/aqf.0120 https://www.caa.ae/caa/DesktopModules/ https://www.dsc.gov.ae/ International Reviewof https://www.adek.gov. https://www.dsc.gov.ae/Report/ Research BookSeries. https://www.adek. . https://www.ens.sch.ae/ https://www.tamm. Education System: Our Strategy. Retrieved from

(Policy Paper No.15). www.ens.sch. Journal

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