Romeo C. Ongpoy., /JAASP 2017;6:1 RESEARCH PAPER

The Medicinal Properties of the Genus: A Systematic Review

Romeo C. Ongpoy, Jr.1, 2, 3

1College of Pharmacy, De La Salle Health Sciences Institute;

2Regulatory, Clinical & Quality Department, PerkinElmer Instruments (Phils.) Corp.

3Graduate School, Centro Escolar University – Mendiola

Abstract

Keywords The objective of this study is to evaluate the existing medicinal studies of the Alocasia genus and identify the possible studies Alocasia that may be done in the future on its member . To do Medicinal Properties Alocasia spp. this, Science Direct and Google Scholar were used as a database to get the available researches searching for the term Correspondence “Alocasia” and some of its common species like “Alocasia Romeo C. Ongpoy, Jr, macrorrhiza”. Fifty eight articles were selected and from these, College of Pharmacy, De La Salle 28 were qualified for this systematic review. Results show that Health Sciences Institute; Alocasia species are mostly studied for antioxidant and Regulatory, Clinical & Quality antitumor and cytotoxic studies and to some extent Department, PerkinElmer Instruments antimicrobial and glycemic and lipidemic studies which are (Phils.) Corp. Graduate School, Centro Escolar mostly related to cancer studies. The findings in this study University – Mendiola suggest that Alocasia species may be studied further for toxicities and most importantly, cancer ddestudies as based on E-mail: [email protected] available literatures, there is a strong pattern that correlates its available medicinal studies to the different stages of cancer development. 1. Introduction Alocasia species has also been known as vegetable apart from its ornamental purpose Alocasia genus is composed of tropical and medicinal properties like Alocasia indica with mostly showy large . It is generally (Roxb.) Schott [5]. As mentioned, Alocasia referred to as Elephant’s ear for this reason grows in countries with tropical climate and [1]. While mostly used as ornamental, there is there are ethnopharmaceutical practices in a potential for medicinal use among its species most of these countries brought about by the as can be seen in this exhaustive systematic natives that may provide a good clue and review on its medicinal property where drug guidance in studying the genus. Like the use of discovery studies are slowly becoming popular Alocasia macrorrhiza (Linn.) in cough and for the genus. There are also new species that toothache [6] and as antimalarial [7] and are discovered from time to time giving the Alocasia indica (Roxb.) Schott for abscess [8] opportunity to study novel molecule like the and as a nyctalopic [9], these are few of the following species: Alocasia nycteris in the folkloric uses of the plants in the genus. Philippines [2], Alocasia hypnosa in [3], Studying the onwards drug discovery is and those in like Alocasia hypoleuca, very important as a lot of species remain Alocasia longiloba, Alocasia navicularis and unexplored for medicinal purpose like the Alocasia perakensis [4]. endemic Bull. in the Philippines that have limited researches.

25

Romeo C. Ongpoy., /JAASP 2017;6:1 RESEARCH PAPER

2. Methodology epidermidis, Salmonella typhi, Shigella flexneri, Shigella sonnei and Shigella The word “Alocasia” was searched under dysentery. Using leaves and Google Scholar and Science Direct and a total stolons (roots) in the study of Hague et al of 58 articles were retrieved last mid-June of [13], the chloroform, ethyl acetate and 2016. Out of the 58 articles, 9 were not ethanolic extracts of the said plant gave included due to non-medicinal topics about moderate-to-good antimicrobial activity with Alocasia like biotechnology, farming and an average zone of inhibition at 8-20 mm. chemical studies. Another 9 articles were excluded due to taxonomical, For antifungal studies, it has been identified ethnopharmaceutical and nutraceutical nature that Alocasin, may be the antifungal present in and were instead used as supplemental to this the of Alocasia macrorrhiza as review. Ten articles were finally excluded isolated by Wang et al [14] which may justify because they only discuss Alocasia in part and the same antifungal activity in not as the main topic of the study, these methanolic extract using its , and studies were also used as a supplemental to leafstalk as reported by Wang et al [15] which this article instead. A total of 28 articles were gave an overall 89.12% inhibition using the used for this systematic review that may add trichloromethane extract at 10 mg/mL against knowledge to the medicinal use of the Alocasia various fungal specimens. genus. 3.2. Antioxidant Studies 3. Results Antioxidant property is one of the most studied There are very few medicinal studies done on Alocasia medicinal use. Among the Alocasia Alocasia genus most of which are on genus, Alocasia indica (Roxb.) Schott is the antioxidant property and antitumor and mostly utilized for antioxidant property. Patil et cytotoxic studies. Below is the exhaustive al [16] found significant free radical literature review on the medicinal studies of scavenging activity in the ethyl acetate and n- the Alocasia genus and Table 1 summarizes its butanol fractions of the plant using DPPH (1, 1- medicinal property per species. Diphenyl-2-Picryl-Hydrazyl), superoxide anion radical and nitric oxide tests which may be due 3.1. Antimicrobial Studies to the presence of phenol in its root although in this study IC50 results were not shown and Among the antibacterial studies of Alocasia discussed but was present in the method, it genus is that of Saswati et al [10], were would have been a good quantitative evidence Alocasia decipiens Schott rhizome (roots) of inhibition to oxidation. Another study from methanolic extract gave a 16 mm zone of Islam et al [12] showed strong radical inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus using scavenging activity using its tuber which may the 100% concentration of the extract in a be again due to phenol content and on top of modified filter paper disc diffusion method with this, flavonoid using DPPH test. This study different antibiotic comparisons, this is though seems to address less of antioxidant consistent to the methanolic extract that gave due to the many pharmacologic activity that it a 1 mm zone of inhibition in the study of seems to include compromising detail and Ongpoy [11] moreover with bigger zones using quality of the work. In a much more the dichloromethane fraction at 4 mm with comprehensive study from Pal et al [17], Proteus mirabilis, 3 mm with Pseudomonas DPPH, hydroxyl, nitric oxide and superoxide aeruginosa and 1 mm with Pectobacterium tests were employed in the plants ethanolic carotovorum using the disc diffusion method fraction using its tuber as well that eventually without antibiotic comparison but this time gave a positive result. Tubers though are not with Alocasia sanderiana Bull. leaves. in the the only plant organ studied for antioxidant study of Islam et al [12], disk diffusion method using Alocasia indica (Roxb.) Schott, in the was also employed using Alocasia indica study of Mulla et al [18] the hydroalcoholic (Roxb.) Schott tuber, this study also gave a extract of the plant leaves also possess potent moderate zone of inhibition that ranges from antioxidant activity that may be attributed to 5.8 to 9.8 mm for gram positive and 12.1 mm the presence of flavonoid using DPPH, nitric to 18 mm for gram negative at 250 and 500 oxide and hydroxyl radical tests. ug/disc, the organisms tested were There are also studies for Alocasia macrorrhiza Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus on its antioxidant properties, one is from Patil

26

Romeo C. Ongpoy., /JAASP 2017;6:1 RESEARCH PAPER et al [19] where activity was found to be profiles which are cholesterol and triglyceride present utilizing TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid in the test animals which may confirm its Reactive Substances) and glutathione tests in traditional use to manage lipidemia and which the plant leaves were used. Rahman et diabetes. al [20] further explored the IC50 value of the plant which is 693 ug/mL using DPPH test of 3.4. Antitumor and Cytotoxic Studies the rhizome. The ground parts were later on found to have more antioxidant activity than (Lour.) G. Don and Alocasia the aerial parts of the plant using solvent macrorrhiza (Linn.) has been studied for fractions of hexane, benzene, toluene, antitumor property. Alocasia cucullata (Lour.) chloroform, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate and G. Don tubers show potent antitumor activity water still using DPPH in the study of Mandal et both in vivo and in vitro in a study conducted al [21] who also studied Alocasia fonicata with by Wei et al [25] where in its in vivo study, the the same findings. There is also a study on cancer expression was down regulated at p-Akt Alocasia decipiens Schott rhizome using its and p-ERK while upregulating Bax/BCl-2 ratio methanolic extract tested through DPPH and FRAP (Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power) from and caspase 317 activation and in its in vitro study, antiproliferation of G0/G1 phases and Saswati et al [22] that identified IC50 of 14.78 † 0.95 ug/mL which may be due to its phenol cell apoptosis. This study used MTT assay on 5 and flavonoid contents. cell lines to possibly decode the mechanism of action of gastric cancer inhibition previously 3.3. Glycemic and Lipidemic Studies discussed of the plant using butanol, petroleum ether, ethanol and water fractions of the plant There are few studies on the Alocasia genus confirming its traditional Chinese medicinal use that deals with antidiabetic and for cancer. antihyperlipidemic. Jawaid et al [23] found out that there is significant decrease in blood Alocasia cucullata (Lour.) G. Don roots was glucose level as well as a significant decrease further studied by Peng et al [26] using a total in serum total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, of 50 male mice studied for immune response VLDL, and increase in HDL in a study using and survival measurement where increase in Alocasia indica (Roxb.) Schott rhizomes where cytokines by the plant may induce antitumor rats are induced with lipidemia and type 2 activity, cytokines such as IL-2, IFN-ƴ and diabetes through High Fat Diet/Streptozotocin TNF-α. The plant also induce THP-a (HFD/STZ) and Streptozotocin/Nicotinamide differentiation into macrophage cell. In survival (STZ/Nicotinamide). In these 2 group measurement 43 days is the mean, giving 16 treatments, methanolic extract were induced days longer than the control group is noted at 100-200 mg/kg body weight that lasted for from the test mice which may also further 28 days using HFD/STZ while 15 days for explain the said use in Chinese medicine for STZ/Nicotinamide with glibenclamide as the cancer. control. The study did not give any correlation though between the HFD/STZ and Alocasia macrorrhiza (Linn.) was also studied HFD/Nicotinamide groups. in vivo using MTT assay by Zhao [27] where a good cytotoxicity was observed in ethyl acetate In the study of Rahman et al [20] using and acetone fractions against A549, B16, BGC- Alocasia macrorrhiza (Linn.) rhizome, 823 and NG 108-15 tumor cells. In vitro methanolic extract was used in alloxan-induced studies on the plant was also done by Ke et al hyperglycemic mice at 250 mg/kg and 500 [28] but there is generally no antitumor effect mg/kg were the 500 mg/kg produced decrease that is evident. in glucose level significantly compared to metformin. Alocasia indica (Roxb.) Schott was There were also cytotoxicity studies conducted again used in the study of Patil et al [24] but for Alocasia genus but all of which are based this time leaves were utilized instead of roots on an old method of brine shrimp lethality test. to STZ induced diabetic rats at 200 m/kg and In the study of Rahman et al [20] 188.14 400 mg/kg body weight doses also using ug/mL was found to be the LC50 of Alocasia glibenclamide. Results show that there is macrorrhiza (Linn.) rhizome, Islam et al [12] decrease in blood glucose level and serum lipid declared 81.09 ug/mL LC50 of Alocasia indica

27

Romeo C. Ongpoy., /JAASP 2017;6:1 RESEARCH PAPER

(Roxb.) Schott tuber and for Hague et al [13] (Roots) al, 2015 who studied the chloroform extract of the leaf, Antidiabetic Leaves & Karim et ethyl acetate extract of the stolon and another Stems al, 2014 ethanol extract of the stolon showed LC50 of 13.98 ug/mL, 12.26 ug/mL and 12.81 ug/mL Antihyperlipidemic Leaves Patil et respectively. al, 2012

Table 1: Studies on the Medicinal Properties of Hepatoprotective Tuber Pal et al, the Alocasia Species (Stems) 2014

Plant Author & Hepatoprotective Tuber Pal et al, Alocasia Medicinal Property Organ Date (Stems) (not Species Used Published indicated)

Hepatoprotective Leaves Mulla et Alocasia Antitumor Tubers Wei et al, al, 2009 cucullata (Stems) 2015 (Lour.) G. Anti-inflammatory Rhizome Rahman Don Antitumor Roots Peng et (Roots) et al, al, 2013 2011 Alocasia Antibacterial Rhizome Saswati Analgesic Rhizome Rahman decipiens (Roots) et al, (Roots) et al, Schott 2013 2011 Antioxidant Rhizome Saswati Anti-diarrheal Tuber Islam et (Roots) et al, (Stems) al, 2013 2013 Anti-diarrheal Leaves Mulla et Alocasia Wound healing Abdul al, 2011 denudata Latif et Engler al, Anthelmintic Leaves Mulla et al, 2010 Alocasia Antibacterial Leaves Hague et fornicata and al, 2014 Anthelmintic Roots Patil et Stolons al, 2012 (Roots) Alocasia Antifungal Wang et Antioxidant Leaves; Mandal et macrorrhiza al, Rhizomes al, 2010 Linn. & Stolons Antioxidant Leaves; Mandal et (Roots) Rhizomes al, 2010 & Stolons Alocasia Antibacterial Tuber Islam et (Roots) indica (Stems) al, 2013 (Roxb.) Antioxidant Rhizome Rahman Antioxidant Roots Patil et Schott (Roots) et al, al, 2012 2012 Antioxidant Tuber Islam et Antidiabetic Rhizome Rahman (Roots) al, 2013 (Roots) et al, 2012 Antioxidant Tuber Pal et al, (Roots) (not Antitumor (not Zhao, indicated) indicated) 2008 Antioxidant Leaves Mulla et Hepatoprotective Leaves Patil et al, 2009 al, 2011 Antidiabetic Rhizome Jawaid et Anticancer (not Fang et (Roots) al, 2015 indicated) al, 2012 Antihyperlipidemic Rhizome Jawaid et

28

Romeo C. Ongpoy., /JAASP 2017;6:1 RESEARCH PAPER

Alocasia Antifungal Leafage Wang et presence of hepatoprotection. Although a odora and al, 2006 laboratory paracetamol USP grade should have Leafstalk been used instead of the commercial Tylenol. (Leaves) Fang et al [31] also studied Alocasia & macrorrhiza (Linn.) to confirm its anticancer Rhizomes activity using different cell lines that later (Roots) showed inhibition in hepatoma growth.

Wound healing Stems Viet et al, 3.6. Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic 2006 Studies Alocasia Antibacterial Leaves Ongpoy, Rahman et al [32] studied the Alocasia indica sanderiana 2015 (Roxb.) Schott ethanolic extract of dried Bull. rhizome for analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. For the analgesic test, significant writhing inhibition in acetic acid-induced 3.5. Hepatoprotective Studies writhing was observed using mice which is comparable to that of diclofenac sodium. The Alocasia indica (Roxb.) Schott has the most dose administered was 25 mg/kg body weight liver studies. Pal et al [29] studied the for the anti-inflammatory test, carrageenan- hepatotoxicity reduction of the ethanolic induced paw edema shows significant result Alocasia indica (Roxb.) Schott extract from the comparable to aspirin at dose of 150 mg/kg plant tuber where 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg body weight. This results support the use of body weight per day for 15 days were the plant traditionally in Bangladesh for administered to test rats with alcohol induced inflammation. However the extraction liver damage. Upon histopathlogic evaluation, procedure used 1:4 other than the standard hepatic cell architechture was preserved 1:10 ratio of plant material to solvent and the moreover when antioxidant tests were use of animals in analgesic is too much at 10 employed, hepatic catalase and superoxide and too little at 6 for anti-inflammatory. dismutase were restored to normal. Another study from the same group of Pal et al [17] 3.7. Antidiarrheal Studies utilizing the same plant organ used albino The tuber of Alocasia indica (Roxb.) Schott was wistar rats with CCl4 induced liver damage, result showed that there is hepatoprotective studied in vivo for antidiarrheal property using activity especially in the ethanolic extract mice induced with castor oil diarrhea and administered at 200 mg/kg for 7 days. In the another group with magnesium sulfate induced same study, presence of phytosterols, diarrhea. This study from Islam et al [12] alkaloids, flavonoids, glycosides, saponins and showed significantly decreased defecation tannins were revealed using PerkinElmer including the latent period of defecation for GCMS. Phytochemical testing was also both procedures at 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg conducted were flavonoids and phenols are body weight using ethanolic extract. The found to be more concentrated in ethanolic studies for antidiarrheal property for Alocasia extracts. Mulla et al [30] used 250 mg/kg and genus seem weak though like the other one 500 mg/kg body weight of hydroalcoholic from Mulla et al [33] were Alocasia indica (Roxb) Schott was also used in aqueous and extract of the same plant to CCl4 and paracetamol liver damaged rats were hepatic ethanolic extracts showing in vitro steatosis, fatty infiltration, hydropic antidiarrheal activity. degeneration and necrosis were not present in 3.8. Anthelmintic Studies animals administered with the extracts.

There are also studies using Alocasia There are 2 anthelmintic studies for Alocasia macrorhiza (Linn.) where leaves are used as genus both for Alocasia indica (Roxb) Schott. A study from Mulla et al [34] used 3 fractions of hepatoprotective agent in rats with CCl4 and tylenol induced liver injury. In this study of its leaves, hydroalcoholic, petroleum ether and Patil et al (10) where the plant decreased the ethyl acetate against the earthworm, leakage of AST (Aspartic Amino Transferase), Pheretima posthuma with extract ALT (Alanine Amino Transferase) and ALP concentrations at 10, 25 and 50 mg/mL (Alkaline Phosphatase) in an in vitro study suspended each in 40 mL formulations using utilizing the liver slice method confirming the piperazine citrate as the standard drug. It was

29

Romeo C. Ongpoy., /JAASP 2017;6:1 RESEARCH PAPER found out that the hydroalcoholic extract was as that of cyanogenic glycoside poisoning [41]. more effective at 50 mg/mL but all extracts This poisoning may be brought about by the were vermifuge and vermicidal. This study presence of plant raphide crystals [42] that used an earthworm instead of a human causes irritation and has also been reported for helminth because of its strong resemblance Alocasia odora, Alocasia indica (Roxb.) Schott and availability. [43] and Alocasia sanderiana Bull. [11]. in the form of calcium oxalate. Another reported toxic The other study is from Patil et al [35] where compound may be the lectin of Alocasia alcoholic and ethyl acetate fractions were used macrorrhiza (Linn.) which has been said to be comparing it to albendazole as the standard toxic to insects [44] although there are also drug and Pheretima posthuma as the test recommended veterinary antidote for Alocasia organism. The study is consistent to the species poisoning which are sodium thiosulfate previous study discussed where significant and sodium nitrite [45]. Some natives though activity that is paralysis and death of the test try to remove the poison as it is an important organism resulted which may be due to the food for them [46]. On the contrary, there is presence of flavonoid and phenolic compounds. also a study that mentioned the use of Alocasia against snake venom [47]. therefore toxicity is 3.9. Wound Healing Studies also an area that needs to be explored.

Alocasia odora (Roxb.) Koch and Alocasia It is also good to note that based on this denudata Engeler has been tested for wound systematic review, there is a good opportunity healing activities. Based on the study of Viet et for studying chemoprevention. The antioxidant al [36] where skin fibroblast proliferation studies are proof that Alocasia genus may assay-guided fractionation was used combined prevent a number of human diseases including with instrumental and biochemical techniques cancer [48]. The anti-inflammatory studies on confirmed the Vietnam wars use of the plant as the other hand support the need for wound treatment through the proliferation of chemopreventive studies as inflammation skin fibroblast shown in the research. In the supports the different stages of cancer study of Abdul Latif et al [37] where a total of formation which are initiation, progression and 120 wistar rats were used for the test using promotion [49] [50]. Some forms of cancer the stem juice of Alocasia denudata Engler may also be caused by microorganisms [50] compared to the 10% solcoseryl gel, wounds like Helicobacter pylori in the GIT in which treated with Alocasia denudata Engler possess Alocasia has been shown to have antimicrobial a significant rate of wound contraction with properties. Most importantly, the 4 organized epithelial layer with dense and hepatoprotective studies on Alocasia genus are compact collagen fibers that supports its used against cancer based on this review. traditional use for wound healing. Therefore a pattern of chemopreventive Discussion opportunity may be seen based on this trend and should be given more attention for future Alocasia genus are indeed good plants to studies on other species like Alocasia explore for medicinal properties as there are so sanderiana Bull. especially with the recent much unexplored indications and constituents taxonomic developments in the Philippines for to discover. It is also important to note that the genus [51]. Indeed, the Alocasia genus is while medicinal properties may be seen with promising and more studies should be seen in the genus there are also toxicity studies that the next years owing to its potential for should be given attention. One is the recorded medicinal purposes from this review. 55 cases of plant poisoning at the Milan Poison Acknowledgement Control Center [38] brought about by the Alocasia genus, another is the reported case The author acknowledges the help of the were 2 patients experienced oral numbness Romeo P. Arniego, MD Library staff of the De and intractable tongue pain with one of these La Salle Health Sciences Institute for providing patients suffering from upper respiratory tract assistance in the data mining activities obstruction after ingesting raw Alocasia odora instrumental to the outcome of this research [39]. Neurotoxicity brought about by the sapotoxin in the tuber of Alocasia macrorrhiza (Linn.) [40] has also been reported and lastly the fatal food poisoning following ingestion of its fruit with manifestations that are the same

30

Romeo C. Ongpoy., /JAASP 2017;6:1 RESEARCH PAPER

Competing Interest Development and the Potential to Combat Priority Diseases. Endogenous The author declares that he is an employee of Development and Bio-cultural PerkinElmer in the Philippines, in which one of Diversity, 241-251. the instruments in the articles reviewed is from Chuakul, W., Saralamp, P. Survey on Funding Medicinal Plants Used in Khok Phayuung Village, Kaapchoeng District, This research was conducted as part of the Surin Province, Thailand. Journal of requirement in the Dissertation Proposal National Research Council Thailand subject of Mr. Ongpoy at CEU Graduate School 2002; 34(1). for the PhD Pharmacy Program through the scholarship granted to him by the Philippine Abdul Halim, M., Chowdhury, MSH, Wadud, Council of Health Research & Development AI, Uddin, MS, Sarker, SK and Uddin, (PCHRD), Department of Science and MB. The Use of Plants in Traditional Technology (DOST) Healthcare Practice of the Shaji Commnity in Southwestern References Bangladesh. Journal of Tropical Forest Gilman, Edward F. (1999). Alocasia spp. Science 2007; 19(3): 168-175. University of Florida Cooperative Saswati, Roy, Dutta Choudhury, M., Paul, S. Extension Database October 2009. B. In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Medecilo, M et al. (2007). A New Species of Alocasia decipiens Schott. International Alocasia (: Colocasieae) from Journal of Pharmacy and Panay Island, Philippines. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 2013; 5(1): the Botanical Research Institute of 155-157. Texas 1, 2, 815-818. Ongpoy, Romeo. Phytochemical Screening and Antimicrobial Study of the Different Wang, Y., Yin, J., Xu, Z. Alocasia hypnosa Leaf Extracts of Alocasia sanderiana (Araceae), A New Species from Yunan, Bull., An Endemic Philippine Plant. China. Annals of Botanical Fennici International Journal of Scientific October 2005; 42: 395-398. Technology & Research 2015; 4(12) 306-310.

Boyce, P. (2008). A review of Alocasia Islam, Khirul, Mahmud, Imran, Saha, Sanjib, (Araceae: Colocasieae) for Thailand Sarker, Asit Baron, Mondal, Himangsu, including a novel species and new Monjur-Al-Hossain, A. S. M., species records from South-West Anisuzzman. Preliminary Thailand. Thai Forest Bulletin, 36, 1- Pharmacological Evaluation of Alocasia 17. indica Schott Tuber. Journal of Integrative Medicine 2013: 1-9.

Deb, S., Arunachalam, A., Das, AK. Hague, Mahmuda, Jahan, Tanjheela, Rashid, Indigenous Knowledge of Nyishi Tribes Abdur. Antibacterial and Cytotoxic on Traditional Agroforestry Systems. Activities of Alocasia fornicata (Roxb.). Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge International Journal of Nutrition, 2009; 8(1): 41-46. Phamacology and Neurological Diseases 2014; 4(5): 29-33.

Sulaiman, B., Mansor, M. Medicinal Aroids Wang, HX., Ng, TB. Alocasin, an Anti-fungal Conservation: A Case Study of Floral Protein from Rhizomes of the Giant Garden, School of Biological Sciences, (Alocasia macrorrhiza). Protein Universiti Sains, Malaysia. Proceedings Expression and Purification March of the 4th IMT-GT UNITET Conference 2003; 28(1): 9-14. 2002. Wang, Ya-dong, Liao, Mei-de, Zhang, Jing-li, Xu, Han-hong. Antifungal Activity of Bodeker, Gerard. Medicinal Plant Biodiversity Alocasia odora Methanol Extract. and Local Healthcare: Rural Agrochemicals 2006; 11.

31

Romeo C. Ongpoy., /JAASP 2017;6:1 RESEARCH PAPER

Patil, S. H., Sreenivas, S. A., Wagh, A. E., Patil, S. H., Sreenivas, S. A., Deshmukh, P. Vijapur, L. S., Evaluation of Free V., Srikanth, M., Choudhury, Avijit and Radical Scavenging Activity of Alocasia Wagh, A. E. Antidiabetic and indica Schott. Root Stocks. Journal of Hypolipidemic Potential of Alocasia Pharmacy Research 2012; 5(2): 1122- indica Schott. Leaves in Streptozotocin 1124. Induced Diabetic Rats. International Journal of Drug Development and Pal, Swagata, Bhattacharjee, Mukherjee, Research 2012; 4(4): 386-374. Sandip, Bhattacharya, Khowala, Suman. Antioxidant and Wei, Peng, Zhiyu, Chen, Xu, Tang and Hepatoprotective Activity of Ethanolic Xiangwei, Zheng. Antitumor Effect and Extract of Alocasia indica Tuber. Apoptosis Induction of Alocasia American of Phytomedicineinical cucullata (Lour.) G. Don in Human Therapeutics. Gastric Cancer Cells In Vivo and In Vitro. BMC Complementary and Mulla, W. A., Salunkhe, V. R., Kuchekar, S. B., Alternative Medicine 2015; 15(33): 2- Qureshi, M. N., Free Radial Scavenging 11. Activity of Leaves of Alocasia indica (Linn.) Indian Journal of Peng, Qiuxian, Cai, Hongbing, Sun, Xuegang, Pharmaceutical Sciences, May-June Li, Xin, Mo, Zhixian and Shi, Jue. 2009, 71: 303-307. Alocasia cucullata Exhibits Strong Antitumor Effect In Vivo by Activating Patil, Bhagyashree, Bamane, Sanjeevani, Antitumor immunity. Plos One Khadsare, Ujwala. In Vitro Protection September 2013; 8(9): 1-8. of Hepatocytes by Alocasia macrorrhiza Leaf Juice Againts CCl4 and Tylenol Zhao, Jun. Anticancer Effects of Different Mediated Hepatic Injury. International Solvent Extracts from Alocasia Journal of Pharmaceutical Applications macrorrhiza In Vitro. Lishizhen 2011; 2(2): 122-127. Medicine and Materia Medica Research 2008. Rahman, Masudur, Hossain, Aslam, Siddique, Saiful Alam, Biplab, Kaishar Parvej, Ke, Y, Zhou, X and Bai Q. Studies on the Uddin, Helal. Antihyperglycemic, Antitumor Effect of Alocasia Antioxidant, and Cytotoxic Activities of macrorrhiza. Journal of Chinese Alocasia macrorrhiza (l.) Rhizome Medicinal Materials 1999; 22(5): 252- Extract. Tubitak Journal of Biology 253. 2012; 36: 574-579. Pal, Swagata, Bhattacharjee, Ankita, Mandal, P., Misra, T. K. and Singh, I. D. Mukherjee, Sandip, Bhattacharya, Antioxidant Activity in the Extracts of Koushik, Mukherjee, Soumya and Two Edible Aroids. Indian Journal of Khowala, Suman. Effect of Alocasia Pharmaceutical Science Jan-Feb 2010; indica Tuber Extract on Reducing 72(10: 105-108. Hepatotoxicity and Liver Apoptosis in Alcohol Intoxicated Rats. BioMed Saswati, Roy, Choudhury, Dutta, Paul, S. B., Research International 2014. Antioxidant Potential of Rhizome of Alocasia decipiens Schott. Asian Mulla, W., Salunkhe, V., Bhise, S. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Hepatoprotective Activity of Research 2013; 6(2): 120-122. Hydroalcoholic Extract of Leaves of Alocasia indica (Linn.) Indian Journal of Jawaid, Talha, Argal, Saumya and Kamal, Experimental Biology 2009; 47: 816- Mehnaz. Antidiabetic and 821. Antihyperlipidemic Effects of the Ethanolic Extract of Alocasia indica Fang, Shengtao, Lin, Caiyu, Zhang, Quanbo, Rhizomes in High Fat Wang, Li, Lin, Ping, Zhang, Jie, Wang, Diet/Streptozotocin and Xiujie. Anticancer Potential of Aqueous Streptozotocin/Nicotinamide-Induced Extract of Alocasia macrorrhiza Against Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Asian Journal of Hepatic Cancer In Vivo and In Vitro. Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research Journal of Ethnopharmacology 2012; 2015; 8(6): 58-62. 141 (3): 947-956.

32

Romeo C. Ongpoy., /JAASP 2017;6:1 RESEARCH PAPER

Rahman, Atiqur, Solaiman, Haque, Ekramul Goonasekera, CDA., Vasanthathilake, VWJK., and Das, A. K. Analgesic and Anti- Ratnatunga, N., Seneviratne, CAS. Is inflammatory Activities of Alocasia Nai Habarala (Alocasia cucullata) A indica (Roxb.) Schott. Oriental Pharm Poisonous Plant?. Toxicon June 1993; Exp Med 2011; 11: 143-146. 31(6): 813-816.

Mulla, Wahid, Chopade, Atul R., Bhise, Satish Beasley, V. Plants of the Araceae Family B., Burade, Kishor B. and Khanwelkar, (Plants Containing Oxalate Crystals and Chitra C. Evaluation of Antidiarrheal Histamine Releasers). Veterinary and In Vitro Antiprotozoal Activities of Toxicology August 1999. Extracts of Leaves of Alocasia indica. Pharmaceutical Biology 2011; 49(4): Saadi, Abu and Mondal, Amal Kumar. Studies 354-361. on the Calcium Oxalate Crystals of Some Selected Aroids (Araceae) in Mulla, Wahid, Thorat, Varad S., Patil, Rohan V. Eastern . Advances in Bioresearch and Burade, Kishor B. Anthelmintic June 2011; 2(1): 134-143. Activity of Leaves of Alocasia indica Linn. International Journal of Pharmacy Pan, Ke et al. Toxic Activity of Alocasia Technology Research Jan-Mar 2010; macrorrhiza Lectin to Several 2(1): 26-30. Lepidopteran Insects.

Patil, S. H., Sreenivas, S. A., Deshmukh, P. V., Hare, William, Post, Lynn O. and Oehme, Srikanth, M., Choudhury, Avijit, Wagh, Fred. A Review of Veterinary Antidotes. A. E. and Vijapur, L. S. Anthelmintic Okpako, David. Placebos, poisons and Activity of Alocasia indica Schott. Healing: Exploration of Theory and Rootstocks. International Journal of Pharmacology in Traditional African Drug Development and Research 2012; and Modern Medicine 21-40. 4(4): 211- 214. Soares, Andreimar M., Ticli, Fabio K., Viet, L. D., Houghton, P. J., Forbes, B., Marcussi, Silvana, Lourenco, Miriam V., Corcoran, O. and Hylands, P. J. Wound Januario, Ana Helena, Sampaio, Suely Healing Activity of Alocasia odora V., Giglio, Jose R., Lomonte, Bruno and (Roxb.) Koch. Planta Med 2006. Pereira, Paolo S. Medicinal Plants with Abdul Latif, Mazlyzam et al. Alocasia denudata Inhibitory Properties Against Snake Engler Treatment Enhance open Venoms. Current Medicinal Chemistry Wound Haling Activities in Wistar Rat’s 2005, 12: 2625-2641. Skin. Journal of Ethnopharmacology Tang, X. et al. (2010). Antioxidant Activity of 2015; 176(24): 258-267. Pigment Extracted from Green-Wheat- Colombo, M. L., Assisi, F., Puppa, TD., Moro, Bran. Agricultural Sciences in China, P., Sesana, FM., Bissoli, M., Borghini, 9(6), 825-832. R., Perego, S., Galasso, G., Banfi, E.,

Davanzo, F. Exposures and Terzic, J. et al. (2010) Inflammation and Intoxications After Herb-induced Colon Cancer. Gastroenterology, 138, Poisoning: A Retrospective Hospital- 2101-2114. based Study. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research 2009; 2(2): Karin, Michael, Lawrence, Toby and Nizet, 123-136. Victor. Innate Immunity Gone Awry: Linking Microbial Infections to Chronic Moon, JM., Lee, BK., Chun, BJ. Toxicities of Inflammation and Cancer. Cell 2006; Raw Alocasia odora. Human and 124: 823-835. Experimental Toxicology October 2011; 30(10): 1720-1723. Medecilo, Melanie P. and Madulid, Domingo A. Chan, TY., Chan, LY., Tam, LS., Critchley, JA. A Review of the and Neurotoxicity following the Ingestion of Taxonomic Characters of Philippine a Chinese Medicinal Plant, Alocasia Alocasia (Schott) G. Don (Araceae). macrorrhiza. Human and Experimental Philippine Science Journal Special Toxicology 1995; 14(9): 727-728. Issue; 142: 145-157.

33