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The Theory of Hurricanes
Annual Reviews www.annualreviews.org/aronline Annu. Rev. Fluid Mech. 1991.23 : 179 96 Copyright © 1991 by Annual Reviews Inc. All rights reserved THE THEORY OF HURRICANES Kerry A. Emanuel Center for Meteorology and Physical Oceanography, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139 KEYWORDS: tropical cyclones, convection,moist convection,finite-amplitude instability INTRODUCTION The hurricane remains one of the outstanding enigmas of fluid dynamics. This is so, in part, because the phenomenonis comparatively difficult to observe and because no laboratory analogue has been discovered. To this it must be added that hurricanes have received surprisingly little attention from the theoretically inclined fluid dynamicist, perhaps owing to an understandable tendency to avoid problems that involve complex thermo- dynamics and lack laboratory analogues. Yet hurricanes involve a rich spectrum of fluid-dynamical processes, including rotating, stratified flow dynamics, boundary layers, convection, and air-sea interaction; as such, they provide a wealth of interesting and consequential research problems. This article reviews recent developments in the theory of hurricanes and delineates the important remaining scientific challenges. THE MATURE HURRICANE: A NATURAL CARNOT ENGINE About 80 rotating circulations knowngenerically as tropical cyclones form over the tropical oceans each year. Of these, roughly 60%reach an intensity (maximumwinds in excess of 32 m s- 1) that qualifies them as hurricanes, a term applied only in the Atlantic and eastern Pacific. (Similar storms in other parts of the world go by different names.) Anexcellent review of the climatology and observed characteristics of these storms is provided by Anthes (1982). Here we use the term hurricane in place of the generic term tropical cyclone. -
Friday, March 26, 2021 Home-Delivered $1.90, Retail $2.20
TE NUPEPA O TE TAIRAWHITI FRIDAY, MARCH 26, 2021 HOME-DELIVERED $1.90, RETAIL $2.20 PAGE 2 WORLD FIRST AT COVID-19 PAGES 3, 6-7, 10, 13, 18 NGATA • GISBORNE-DESIGNED WASTEWATER TEST AERO GATHERING INTEREST COLLEGE • COOK ISLAND TRAVEL BUBBLE ON THE CARDS CLUB’S • NO JAB, NO FRONT-LINE JOB FOR BORDER ‘MOVING WORKERS 60TH • KEY SUMMIT IN EUROPE AS ‘THIRD WAVE’ FORWARD’ THREATENS PAGE 4 ANDY WARHOL, RIVERDALE STYLE: Te Wiremu House manager Lynette Stankovich admires portraits created by Year 4 Riverdale School students and displayed on a wall at Te Wiremu’s newly-renovated dementia ward. The artwork is based on American pop artist Andy Warhol imagery. “I see real value in art for children and anyone who supports it,” says Ms Stankovich. Other Riverdale student works inspired by the likes of Vincent Van Gogh are also on display. Picture by Liam Clayton ACCOUNT CLOSED Kiwibank Gisborne to shut doors for good from June 30 by Jack Marshall them know about the other ways they and over, improves digital know-how with but had still not heard anything back. can bank with us,” said a Kiwibank phones and computers. “It’s a worrying trend but we will not DESPITE a significant half-yearly spokesperson. Maurice Alford, of TaiTech, said he was give up on this,” said Mayor Beijen. profit and mayoral outcry, Kiwibank has Kiwibank received 11 submissions saddened by the closure news. “We will be following up with this until announced the bank’s Gisborne branch regarding the Gisborne branch closure “I had hoped that community responses we get action.” will close as of June 30. -
Fossil Fuels
Gonzaga Debate Institute 1 Warming Core Warming Bad Gonzaga Debate Institute 2 Warming Core ***Science Debate*** Gonzaga Debate Institute 3 Warming Core Warming Real – Generic Warming real - consensus Brooks 12 - Staff writer, KQED news (Jon, staff writer, KQED news, citing Craig Miller, environmental scientist, 5/3/12, "Is Climate Change Real? For the Thousandth Time, Yes," KQED News, http://blogs.kqed.org/newsfix/2012/05/03/is- climate-change-real-for-the-thousandth-time-yes/) BROOKS: So what are the organizations that say climate change is real? MILLER: Virtually ever major, credible scientific organization in the world. It’s not just the UN’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Organizations like the National Academy of Sciences, the American Geophysical Union, the American Association for the Advancement of Science. And that's echoed in most countries around the world. All of the most credible, most prestigious scientific organizations accept the fundamental findings of the IPCC. The last comprehensive report from the IPCC, based on research, came out in 2007. And at that time, they said in this report, which is known as AR-4, that there is "very high confidence" that the net effect of human activities since 1750 has been one of warming. Scientists are very careful, unusually careful, about how they put things. But then they say "very likely," or "very high confidence," they’re talking 90%. BROOKS: So it’s not 100%? MILLER: In the realm of science; there’s virtually never 100% certainty about anything. You know, as someone once pointed out, gravity is a theory. BROOKS: Gravity is testable, though.. -
8.01 the Early History of Life E
8.01 The Early History of Life E. G. Nisbet and C. M. R. Fowler Royal Holloway, University of London, Egham, UK 8.01.1 INTRODUCTION 2 8.01.1.1 Strangeness and Familiarity—The Youth of the Earth 2 8.01.1.2 Evidence in Rocks, Moon, Planets, and Meteorites—The Sources of Information 3 8.01.1.3 Reading the Palimpsests—Using Evidence from the Modern Earth and Biology to Reconstruct the Ancestors and their Home 3 8.01.1.4 Modeling—The Problem of Taking Fragments of Evidence and Rebuilding the Childhood of the Planet 3 8.01.1.5 What Does a Planet Need to be Habitable? 4 8.01.1.6 The Power of Biology: The Infinite Improbability Drive 4 8.01.2 THE HADEAN (,4.56–4.0 Ga AGO) 5 8.01.2.1 Definition of Hadean 5 8.01.2.2 Building a Habitable Planet 5 8.01.2.3 The Hadean Record 7 8.01.2.4 When and Where Did Life Start? 7 8.01.3 THE ARCHEAN (,4–2.5 Ga AGO) 8 8.01.3.1 Definition of Archean 8 8.01.3.2 The Archean Record 8 8.01.3.2.1 Greenland 8 8.01.3.2.2 Barberton 9 8.01.3.2.3 Western Australia 9 8.01.3.2.4 Steep Rock, Ontario, and Pongola, South Africa 10 8.01.3.2.5 Belingwe 11 8.01.4 THE FUNCTIONING OF THE EARTH SYSTEM IN THE ARCHEAN 11 8.01.4.1 The Physical State of the Archean Planet 11 8.01.4.2 The Surface Environment 13 8.01.5 LIFE: EARLY SETTING AND IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT 14 8.01.5.1 Origin of Life 14 8.01.5.2 RNA World 15 8.01.5.3 The Last Common Ancestor 17 8.01.5.4 A Hyperthermophile Heritage? 19 8.01.5.5 Metabolic Strategies 21 8.01.6 THE EARLY BIOMES 21 8.01.6.1 Location of Early Biomes 21 8.01.6.2 Methanogenesis: Impact on the Environment 22 -
Downloaded 10/07/21 05:16 PM UTC 15.2 METEOROLOGICAL MONOGRAPHS VOLUME 59
CHAPTER 15 EMANUEL 15.1 Chapter 15 100 Years of Progress in Tropical Cyclone Research KERRY EMANUEL Lorenz Center, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts ABSTRACT A century ago, meteorologists regarded tropical cyclones as shallow vortices, extending upward only a few kilometers into the troposphere, and nothing was known about their physics save that convection was somehow involved. As recently as 1938, a major hurricane struck the densely populated northeastern United States with no warning whatsoever, killing hundreds. In the time since the American Meteorological Society was founded, however, tropical cyclone research blossomed into an endeavor of great breadth and depth, encompassing fields ranging from atmospheric and oceanic dynamics to biogeochemistry, and the precision and scope of forecasts and warnings have achieved a level of success that would have been regarded as impossible only a few decades ago. This chapter attempts to document the extraordinary progress in tropical cyclone research over the last century and to suggest some avenues for productive research over the next one. 1. Introduction As valuable as these contributions were, almost nothing was known about the vertical structure of tropical cyclones, By the time that the American Meteorological Society or the basic physical mechanism that drives them. Indeed, (AMS) was founded in 1919, mariners, engineers, and up through the 1930s, it was widely believed, on the basis scientists had made great strides in characterizing the of the observed rapid diminution of surface winds after climatology of tropical cyclones, including their favored landfall, that their circulation extended upward only 3 km formation regions, tracks, seasonal variability, and sur- or so, while the reigning theory for their power source was face wind field. -
Revelation How You Can Help Them Achieve Their Full Potential 1St Edition Download Free
REVELATION HOW YOU CAN HELP THEM ACHIEVE THEIR FULL POTENTIAL 1ST EDITION DOWNLOAD FREE Ross Campbell | 9780802473127 | | | | | MAMMOMAT Revelation God's covenant required loyalty from his people and provided consequences both for obedience and for disobedience. Key technologies. First, we'll explore the historical background of the book of Revelation. So far in our lesson, we've discussed the historical and theological background of the book of Revelation. And Jewish theologians increasingly longed for the coming of the messiah to end this age and usher in the age to come. End times Apocalypticism. We can see this in Revelation ;10, 13; and We have to think about how the unexpected delay of God's kingdom, how it affected the outlook of the original audience, the original readers of the book of Revelation. James D. I'll also read these very differently than I'll read for instance a psalm of lament in which God's people lament the suffering that they're undergoing. For instance, in 1 Corinthianshe wrote that the fulfillment of the ages had come in Christ. But more recent biblical scholars have used the word "eschatology" to refer to the study of the climactic character of the entire period from Christ's first coming to his return. A group called the Nicolaitans is condemned in Revelation Specifically, those who were loyal received Revelation How You Can Help Them Achieve Their Full Potential 1st edition, and those who were disloyal received curses. But most of the symbols in the book of Revelation weren't confusing to John's original audience, because they were drawn from the Old Testament and from the world around them. -
Twelve Minutes to Midnight PDF Book
TWELVE MINUTES TO MIDNIGHT PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Christopher Edge | 256 pages | 02 Feb 2012 | Nosy Crow Ltd | 9780857630506 | English | London, United Kingdom Twelve Minutes to Midnight PDF Book Anders Sandberg of the Future of Humanity Institute has stated that the "grab bag of threats" currently mixed together by the Clock can induce paralysis. Penny eventually figures out what's going on--readers will recognize early on that the writings are torn from the pages of the future--and goes up an unlikely foe. Nov 16, Isla MacLean rated it did not like it. May 13, Jenny rated it it was ok. Metacritic Reviews. The villain and journalist are one-dimensional remaining flat characters versus complex ones. In my opinion I believe that the charecter felt relived to solve that big mystery. Out of this history, author Christopher Edge tries to recreate the penny dreadful. I don't understand how a rough-looking orderly, a mysterious heiress, and spiders might be involved, but I'm getting close. So far I think the book is very good. In , during the Cold War , the Clock was started at seven minutes to midnight. Retrieved January 29, Location Please enter your location, but not an exact address. January 24, National Review. If I can remember correctlly penny dreadful went to bedlem to investigate I can not wait to read on thank you for this amazing book. We had memorized the book on the back of our hand, it was so catchy and full of terrors. Publisher: Nosy Crow. Stories of Joy and Hope: share your story to win a school visit from our Writer in Resi Having read the third in this trilogy beforehand, I expected as much and was able to enjoy this volume without questioning the validity of the details. -
Sea Urchin Diadema Africanum Mass Mortality in the Subtropical Eastern Atlantic: Role of Waterborne Bacteria in a Warming Ocean
Vol. 506: 1–14, 2014 MARINE ECOLOGY PROGRESS SERIES Published June 23 doi: 10.3354/meps10829 Mar Ecol Prog Ser FREEREE FEATURE ARTICLE ACCESSCCESS Sea urchin Diadema africanum mass mortality in the subtropical eastern Atlantic: role of waterborne bacteria in a warming ocean S. Clemente1,*, J. Lorenzo-Morales2, J. C. Mendoza1, C. López1, C. Sangil3, F. Alves4, M. Kaufmann4,5,6, J. C. Hernández1 1Biodiversidad, Ecología Marina y Conservación, Departamento de Biología Animal (Ciencias Marinas), Facultad de Biología, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38206 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain 2University Institute of Tropical Diseases and Public Health of the Canary Islands, Universidad de La Laguna, Avda. Astrofísico Francisco Sánchez s/n, 38203 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain 3Botánica Marina, Departamento de Biología Vegetal, Universidad de La Laguna, 38071 La Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands, Spain 4CIIMAR-Madeira (Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of Madeira), Edifício Madeira Tecnopolo, Caminho da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal 5University of Madeira, Centre of Life Sciences, Marine Biology Station of Funchal, 9000-107 Funchal, Madeira, Portugal 6CIIMAR/CIMAR (Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research), University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123 Porto, Portugal ABSTRACT: A widespread mass mortality event of the sea urchin Diadema africanum was detected in the subtropical eastern Atlantic, extending from Madeira to the Canary Islands, covering a straight- line distance of >400 km. This is the first disease- related die-off of a diadematid documented in the eastern Atlantic Ocean. Diseased individuals showed deterioration of the epidermis and water-vascular system, resulting in epidermal necrosis and release of spines. -
The Tunguska Event
THE TUNGUSKA EVENT Compiled by Campbell M Gold (2012) CMG Archives http://campbellmgold.com (This material was compiled from various unverified sources) --()-- Introduction The Tunguska event was a powerful explosion that occurred at 60 degrees 55'N-101 degrees 57'E, near the Podkamennaya ("Under Rock") Tunguska River, in what is now Evenk Autonomous Okrug, at 07:17 AM (local time) on 30 June 1908. Something exploded 5 to 10 kilometres (3 to 6 miles) above the Stony Tunguska River; and approximately 2,150 square kilometres of Siberian taiga were devastated and some 80 millions trees were overthrown. Even now (2012), it is still not clear what was the source of the explosion - was it the result of an exploding comet fragment, meteoroid, or something else? Above - Location of the Tunguska Event The explosion was 1,000 times more powerful than the atomic bomb dropped (06 Aug 1945) on Hiroshima, Japan; and it flattened an estimated 80+ million trees over a 2,150 square kilometre (830 square mile) area. 1 The estimated level of the shockwave from the blast would have measured 5.0 on the Richter scale. The Tunguska incident is the largest impact event in recorded history; and despite many expeditions and careful searches neither craters nor meteoric debris have been discovered. An explosion of this magnitude would have the power to destroy a large metropolitan area. Above - Rome area compared with that of the Tunguska devastation. Yellow: area of charred trees. Green: area of felled trees Above - London area compared with that of the Tunguska devastation. 2 --()-- The Object's Size Different studies have suggested varying estimates of the object's size, with general agreement being that it was some 30 or so meters across. -
Peer Review of the Scientific Findings in the U.S
SUMMARY REPORT Peer Review of the Scientific Findings in the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Eagle Fatality Model and its Application to Wind Energy Development Projects DIVISION OF MIGRATORY BIRDS REGION 6 OFFICE U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE March 14, 2013 Prepared for: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Region 6 Office Lake Plaza North 134 Union Boulevard Lakewood, Colorado 80228-1807 Prepared by: AMEC Environment & Infrastructure, Inc. 1819 Denver West Drive Suite 100 Golden, CO 80401 USFWS Order No. F13PB00058 AMEC Project No. 32106C001 TABLE OF CONTENTS Executive Summary .................................................................................................. 1 1.0 Background ........................................................................................................ 4 2.0 Peer Reviewer Approach ................................................................................... 5 2.1 Description of Individual Reviewer‟s Role ....................................................... 5 2.2 Model Development and Description .............................................................. 6 2.3 Thousand Turbine Project (TTP) .................................................................... 8 2.4 PWRC Power Turbine Model Methods and Outputs ...................................... 9 3.0 Summary of Peer Review Responses .............................................................. 9 3.1 General Model Review Questions ................................................................ 10 3.2 1000 Turbine Project Peer Review -
Finfish Mortalities in Scotland
1 Report Rep21st January 2016 Finfish Mortalities in Scotland Project Code: 3RP005-502 2 |Finfish Mortalities in Scotland Contents Executive Summary 5 1 Introduction 9 2 The Finfish Aquaculture Industry in Scotland 10 2.1 Industry Overview 10 2.2 Active Marine Farms 10 2.3 Active Freshwater Atlantic Salmon Farms 11 2.4 Active Rainbow Trout Farms 11 3 Fish Farm Mortalities in Scotland 12 3.1 Marine Farms 12 3.2 Freshwater Production and Mortalities 14 4 Review of the Potential Processing and Logistics Infrastructure in Scotland for Managing Fish Farm Waste 15 4.1 Processing Fish Farm Waste through Existing AD and IVC Facilities 15 4.2 Processing Fish Farm Waste through Rendering and Incineration Infrastructure 15 5 Stakeholder Engagement Results – Processing and Logistics Companies 16 5.1 Overview 16 5.2 Fish Farming Companies 16 5.3 Anaerobic Digestion (AD) Operators 18 5.4 In Vessel Composting (IVC) Operators 23 5.5 Rendering Companies 26 5.6 Incineration & Co-Incineration 28 5.7 Hauliers / Logistics Companies 31 6 Analysis of Processing and Logistics Infrastructure Data 33 6.1 Anaerobic Digestion and IVC 33 6.2 Rendering and Incineration 34 6.3 Collection Services which Can Undertake the Transfer of Fish Farm Waste to Processing Facilities in Scotland 35 7 Costs / Incomes Associated with Options for Managing Fish Farm Waste 36 7.1 Overview 36 7.2 Income Stream for Energy Production Using Fish Waste 36 7.3 Summary of Costs to Fish Farm Operators 37 8 Impact on Remote Landfills 39 8.1 Stakeholder Engagement Results 39 8.2 Analysis of Revenue -
Stefano Goffredo · Zvy Dubinsky Editors Its History and Present
CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by Almae Matris Studiorum Campus Stefano Go redo · Zvy Dubinsky Editors The Mediterranean Sea Its history and present challenges Bioconstructions in the Mediterranean: 2 5 Present and Future Petar Kružić Abstract In the Mediterranean Sea, most important habitat formers are bioconstructors. Bioconstructors provide habitats for a large variety of organisms and these organisms rely on bioconstructors as a source of food and shelter. Marine bioconstructors in temperate seas have been recognized to have a structural and functional role of marine biodiversity (as a habitat formers and ecosystem engineers), the same as coral reefs in tropical regions. Bioconstructors are ranging from coralligenous formations (formed usually by coralline algae, sponges, cnidarians, and bryozoans) to vermetid reefs, deep-sea white corals and oyster banks. Some habitats like coral banks formed by shallow-water coral Cladocora caespitosa od deep-water coral Lophelia pertusa , together with coralligenous buildups and maerl beds are of special interest for scientists and people involving with nature protection. Habitat degradation, destruction, fragmentation and loss are the most dramatic conse- quences of anthropogenic pressures on natural ecosystems and marine bioconstructors as a part of that. Under the present climate warming trend, together with marine acidifi cation, new mass mortality events may occur in the near future, possibly driving a major biodiver- sity crisis in the Mediterranean Sea,