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Tectonostratigraphic Evolution of the North Anatolian Palaeorift

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Tectonostratigraphic Evolution of the North Anatolian Palaeorift TurkishJournalofEarthSciences (TurkishJ.EarthSci.),Vol.11, 2002,pp.169-191. Copyright©TÜB‹TAK TectonostratigraphicEvolutionoftheNorthAnatolian Palaeorift(NAPR):Hettangian–AptianPassiveContinental MarginoftheNorthernNeo-Tethys,Turkey AL‹KOÇY‹⁄‹T1 &DEM‹RALTINER2 1TectonicResearchUnit,MiddleEastTechnicalUniversity,DepartmentofGeologicalEngineering, TR-06531Ankara,Turkey(e-mail:[email protected]) 2MarineMicropaleontologyResearchUnit,MiddleEastTechnicalUniversity, DepartmentofGeologicalEngineering,TR-06531Ankara,Turkey Abstract: TheJurassic-EarlyCretaceousstratigraphical,sedimentologicalandstructuralevolutionaryhistoryofthe northernbranchofNeo-Tethysisrecordedandpreservedwithinanaverage6-km-thickbasinfill.Thebasinfillis well–exposedasdiscontinuousinliersofvaryingsizeandthicknesswithin,andtothenorthof,theLate Cretaceous–EarlyTertiary‹zmir-Ankara-ErzincanSuturethroughoutnorthernTurkey. ThisbasinfillunconformablyoverliesasubstratumcomprisingthedeformedrockassemblagesoftheTriassic KarakayapalaeoriftanditsHercynianbasement.Detailedstudiesbasedongeologicalmappingata1/25,000scale andstratigraphicsectionsmeasuredat14typelocalitiesshowthatthisinfillincludesstratigraphicaland sedimentologicalkeyunits,whichcomprisea0.1–3.8-km-thickbasalassociation(proto-andsyn-riftinfill),a 0.1–1.5-km-thickplatformassociation,a1.6-km-thickbasinalassociation(transitionaltopost-riftstageinfill),and syn-depositionalmegabrecciasandslumps.Thisbasinfillisshapedbyaseriesofstructuralunitswhichresultfrom fourdistinctphasesofextensionalfaulting.Thesestructuralunitscompriseinteriorgrabens,subplatforms, platforms,palaeohighs,rift-relatedunconformities(proto-,syn-andpost-riftunconformities)andrift-related faults.Thelatterincludeoldergrowthfaults,innerandoutermasterfaultsystems,andamarginalfaultcomplex. ThisthickJurassic-LowerCretaceousbasinfillhasbeeninterpretedtobetheproductofapalaeorift, designatedhereasthenorthAnatolianpalaeorift(NAPR).Theyoungsubstratumandthekeystratigraphicaland structuralelementssupporttheinterpretationthattheNAPRcomprisedthesouth-facingpassivecontinental marginofnorthNeo-TethysinnorthernTurkey.Ithadthecharacterofasupradetachmentbasinandcanbe explainedbytheevolutionofathree-stagegrabenmodelduringtheHettangian-Aptiantimeinterval. KeyWords: tectonostratigraphy,palaeorift,three-stagegrabenmodel,supradetachmentbasin, Hettangian–Aptian,northernNeo-Tethys,NorthernTurkey KuzeyAnadoluPaleoriftinin(KAPR)TektonostratigrafikEvrimi: KuzeyNeo-Tetiz’inHettanjiyen–ApsiyenPasifK›taKenar›,Türkiye Özet: Neo-Tetiz’inkuzeykolununJura–ErkenKretase’dekistratigrafik,sedimentolojikveyap›salevrimi6km kal›nl›¤›ndakibirhavzadolgusutaraf›ndankay›dedilmiflvekorunmufltur.Buistif,kuzeyTürkiyeboyuncayeralan GeçKretase–ErkenTersiyeryafll›‹zmir-Ankara-Erzincankenediiçindeveonunkuzeyinde,de¤iflikboyutvekal›nl›kl› süreksizafl›n›mpencereleriolarakyüzeyler. Jura–Kretaseyafll›havzadolgusudahayafll›birtemelüzerindeuyumsuzolarakyeral›r.Buyafll›temel,Triyas yafll›Karakayapaleoriftinindeformasyongeçirmiflkayatoplulu¤undanveriftinHersiniyenyafll›temelindenoluflur. 1/25,000ölçeklijeolojikharitalamave14tipalandaölçülenstratigrafikkesitleredayal›ayr›nt›l›çal›flmalar,havza dolgusunun,önemlibaz›stratigrafikvesedimentolojikanahtarbirimleriçerdi¤inigöstermifltir.Buanahtarbirimler bafll›ca0.1–3.8kmkal›nl›ktatabantoplulu¤u(riftöncesi-riftleyafl›tdolgu),0.1–1.5kmkal›nl›ktaplatform toplulu¤u,1.6kmkal›nl›ktahavzatoplulu¤u(geçiflevresi-riftsonras›dolgu),depolanmaileyafl›tmegabrefllerve oturma-y›k›lmayap›lar›ndanoluflmaktad›r.Havzadolgusu,dörtayr›normalfaylanmaevresindegeliflmiflbirseri yap›salbirimtaraf›ndanflekillenmifltir.Buyap›salbirimlerbafll›caiçgraben,ikincilplatform,platform, paleoyükselti,riftuyumsuzlu¤u(riftöncesi,riftleyafl›tveriftsonras›uyumsuzluklar)ileriftfaylar›ndanoluflur.Rift faylar›büyümefaylar›,içved›flgrabenanafaysistemlerivekenarfaykomleksleriyletemsiledilir. 169 NORTH ANATOLIANPALAEORIFT 6kmkal›nl›ktakiJura–ErkenKretaseyafll›buhavzadolgusu,KuzeyAnadolupaleorifti(KAPR)olarakadlanan birpaleoriftinürünüolarakyorumlanm›flt›r.Gerekhavzatemeligereksehavzaiçindegeliflmiflstratigrafikveyap›sal birimler,KuzeyAnadolupaleoriftinin,kuzeyTürkiye’de,Neo-Tetiz’ingüneyebakanpasifk›takenar›n›oluflturdu¤u yorumunudesteklemektedir.KAPR,s›yr›lmafay›üzerindegeliflmiflbirhavzakarakterinesahipolup,buhavzan›n evrimi,Hettanjiyen–Apsiyens›ras›ndaetkinolmuflüçevrelibirgrabenmodeliileaç›klanabilir. AnahtarSözcükler:tektonostratigrafi,paleorift,üçevreligrabenmodeli,s›yr›lmafay›üzerihavza, Hettanjiyen–Apsiyen,KuzeyNeo-Tetiz,kuzeyTürkiye Introduction oftheNorthernNeo-Tethys,whichbegantodevelopby Thepastdecadehasproducedarevolutioninbasin riftingduringtheHettangianintheback-arcsettingof analysis.Thisrevolutionresultedfromboththe thesoutherlysubductingPalaeo-Tethys(fiengör1979). Sedimentologicalevidencefortheopeninghistoryofthe recognitionofhighlyextendedterrains,andthe northernbranchofNeo-TethysanditsLate developmentandrefinementofsomeanalytical Jurassic–Aptianevolutioninnorth-westernAnatoliahave techniquessuchasnumericalmodelling,isotope beenpreviouslydocumentedbyGörür etal. (1983)and stratigraphy,improvedgeochronology,magneto- Koçyi¤itetal. (1991a). stratigraphyandmulti-channelseismicdata.These advanceshavefacilitatedadistinctionbetweentraditional Inthepresentpaperwediscussandsummarizethe riftbasinsandsupradetachmentbasins(Friedmann& keystructuralelementsandtectonostratigraphic Burbank1995). componentsoftheNAPRbasedmainlyonfielddata obtainedthroughoutnorthernTurkeyfromHal›larinthe TheAfricanriftsystem,GulfofSuez,northernRed westtoYusufeliintheeast(Figure1).Inaddition,special Sea,theNewarkriftsystemandLakeBaikalareall attentionisfocusedonthetectonostratigraphic examplesofclassicalriftbasins(Hempton1987;Morley characteristicsoftheintra-carbonateplatform 1989;Leeder1995).Theydevelopedwithin palaeohighs.Detailed1/25,000scalegeologicmapsand intracontinentalterrainssuchasthemaincontinentalbulk themeasuredsectionsshowingthedifferentlithofacies, oftheAfricanplateandremotefromyoungorogens. synsedimentarystructuralelements,suchasgrowth Therefore,theyareassociatedwithnormal-thickness, faults,slumps,slopebreccias,olistostromes;grabensand coldandoldlithosphere,andarecharacterizedbyalkalic palaeohighsweredocumentedandpublishedseparatelyin totholeiiticmagmatism,steeplydippingboundingfaults, ourpreviousstudiescarriedoutatvariouslocalities andlowbutlong-termextension(Morley1989;Leeder throughthenorthernTurkey(Koçyi¤it1987;Koçyi¤it& 1995).Incontrast,supradetachmentbasinsdevelopover Alt›ner1990;Koçyi¤it etal. 1991a,b;Alt›ner etal. youngorogensand/orback-arcsettings,andoccurin 1991).Inordertoavoidrepetitionofdetailsofthelocal highlyextendedterrainssuchastheUnitedStates data,onlythesimplifiedpatternofmeasured Cordillera,theCycladesislandsinthenorthernAegean stratigraphicalsections(1–14inFigure1)willbeusedin Sea,andthepresent-dayWesternAnatolianregionin thepresentpaper.Fordetailedinformationthereaders Turkey.Therefore,theyareassociatedwiththickor arereferredtotheafore-mentionedpapers.One overthickened,hotandyoungcrust,andare exceptiontothisisthe‹neköystudythatincludesnew characterizedbytholeiitictocalc-alkalicmagmatism,high findingsonJurassicvolcanicrocksoftheAnkararegion. butrelativelyshort-termextensionandlow-angle Forthisreason,adetailedstratigraphicsectionofthe boundingfaults(Friedmann&Burbank1995). ‹neköy(Ankara)areawillalsobegivenhere. Onewell-preservedexampleofasupradetachment basinistheJurassic –EarlyCretaceousnorthAnatolian SummaryofLatePalaeozoic–EarlyMesozoic palaeorift(NAPR).Itisexposedasdiscontinuousinliersof PalaeogeographicEvolutionandTectonicSettingof varyingsizewithin,andtothenorthoftheLate theNAPR Cretaceous–EarlyTertiary‹zmir-Ankara-Erzincansuture (‹AEZ),throughoutnorthernTurkey(Figure1A).The AlthoughviewsonPalaeo-Tethys,Neo-Tethysandtheir NAPRcomprisesthenorthernpassivecontinentalmargin subductiondirectionsremaincontroversial,allofthese 170 N BLACK SEA 0 km 100 Platform 14 Trough 7 Yusufeli SEA OF 3 4 9 MARMARA ? 13 10 11 2 8 6 ? ? 12 ? 1 5 Ý A ANKARA E S Halýlar A AEGEAN SEAAEGEAN SEAAEGEAN SEA basal conglomerate of Malm age Oxf-Apt: Oxfordian-Aptian C-Br: Callovian-Berriasian H-T: Hettangian-Toarcian Tr : Triassic Oxf-Bar: Oxfordian-Barremian Baj-Br: Bajocian-Berriasian H-Plb: Hettangian-Pliensbachian AU: angular unconformity pelagic cherty carbonate Oxf-V: Oxfordian-Valanginian Baj-V: Bajocian-Valanginian H-Bt: Hettangian-Bathonian D: disconformity-paraconformity shallow-water platform carbonate C-Apt: Callovian-Aptian Bt: Bathonian N-R: Norian-Rhaetian N: nonconformity A.KOÇY‹⁄‹T&D.ALTINER (proto-rift unconformity) pelagic to turbiditic cherty carbonates with slope C-Ht: Callovian-Hauterivian H-Apt: Hettangian-Aptian Plb-Bt : Pliensbachian-Bathonian breccia, olistostromes and slump folds alternation of tuff, tuffite, pillow basalt, olistostrome, pelagic oolitic cherty carbonate intruded by diabase sill 4. AKTAÞ alternation of tuffite, tuff, pelagic carbonate, and turbidite (GEREDE) Santonian medium- to fine-grained clastics with coal seams D 12. AKDAÐ 6. HASANOÐLAN (ERZÝNCAN) continental to shallow marine clastics with Ammonitico (ANKARA) 10. BERDÝGA Rosso facies (ÞEBÝNKARAHÝSAR) 3. MUDURNU Lower-Middle Liassic volcaniclastic rocks with pillow (BOLU) 9. REÞADÝYE Turonian (TOKAT) basalts, diabase sills and Ammonitico Rosso intercalations D 11. KELKÝT 13.BAYBURT Palaeocene (ERZÝNCAN) 14. YUSUFELÝ Hettangian-Pliensbachian Ammonitico Rosso facies 5. ÝNEKÖY 7. LADÝK Coniacian D (SAMSUN) 8. KUMLUCA (ARTVÝN) (ANKARA) (TOKAT) Lower Liassic basal conglomerate 2. GÜNYARIK D Turonian D Campanian D Aalenian-Bathonian coarse- 1. HALILAR (BOZÜYÜK) Baj-VBaj-V
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