Alnao Debian Handbook

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Alnao Debian Handbook AlNao Debian HandBook Nao Alberto (www.alnao.it) December 5, 2020 AlNao Debian 10 HandBook Autore Nao Alberto ([email protected]) Disponibile su www.alnao.it Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document under the terms of the GNU Free Docu- mentation License, Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation. E` garantito il permesso di copiare, distribuire e/o modificare questo documento in base ai termini della GNU Free Documentation License, Versione 1.2 o ogni versione successiva pubblicata dalla Free Software Foundation. Scritto da Nao Alberto (www.alnao.it - [email protected]) con LATEX con l'editor Kile Forse un giorno riuscir`oa finire questa maledetta cosa che chiamo manuale Prima edizione (solo appunti, versione Debian 3.1 Sarge): 2006 Seconda edizione (versione Debian 4 Etch): 2008 Terza edizione (in inglese, incompleta, Debian 5): 2011/2012 Quarta edizione (versione Debian 8): 2015/2016 Quinta edizione (versione Debian 9): 2018 Sesta edizione (versione Debian 10): 2020 Contents 1 Introduzione 7 1.1 Perch`equesto manuale? . 7 1.2 Perch´eLinux? . 7 1.3 Note e Convenzioni . 8 1.4 Correttezza di questo manuale . 9 2 Installazione di Debian 10 2.1 Come e dove trovare Debian . 10 2.1.1 Le versioni di Debian . 11 2.2 Avvio dell'installazione . 11 2.3 Configurazioni del sistema (rete, partizioni ed utenti) . 12 2.4 Copia del sistema base e impostazioni finali . 12 2.5 Il primo avvio . 13 2.6 Installazione dalla versione live . 13 3 Configurazioni base 15 3.1 Gestione di cartelle e file . 15 3.1.1 Diritti sui file . 16 3.2 La shell e i desktop . 16 3.3 Montaggio delle partizioni . 17 3.3.1 Montaggi permanenti . 18 3.4 Gestione dei pacchetti di Debian . 18 3.5 Il pannello di controllo WebMin . 19 3.6 Login manager, processi e rete . 20 4 Applicazioni 21 4.1 Editor di testo . 21 4.2 Gestione dei file . 21 4.3 Compressione dei file (Tar, Zip e Rar) . 22 4.4 Programmi per l’ufficio . 22 4.5 Navigazione web e Mail Client . 23 4.6 Multimedialit`a . 23 4.7 Immagini e editing . 25 4.8 Applicazioni varie . 25 4.9 Giochi . 25 5 Demoni 27 5.1 Sistema di stampa (demone CUPS) . 27 5.2 Condivisione di rete (demone Samba) . 28 5.3 Systemd e i runlevel . 29 5.4 Lo schedulazione crontab . 30 5.5 Controllo remoto . 31 5.6 Altri demoni . 31 5 CONTENTS 6 6 Programmazione 33 6.1 Programmazione della shell . 33 6.2 CeC++ .................................................... 35 6.3 LAMP (Apache e Mysql con Php) . 35 6.4 Java e Tomcat . 37 6.5 GIT ....................................................... 38 6.6 NodeJS e NPM . 38 6.7 Visual Studio Code . 39 6.8 PostgreSQL e MongoDB . 39 6.9 Postman . 41 6.10 Docker . 41 6.11 Didattica, scienza e calcolo numerico . 42 6.12 Macchine virtuali . 43 7 Configurazioni particolari e HowTo 44 7.1 Il BootLoader Grub . 44 7.2 Configurazioni del demone grafico X e accelerazione grafica . 45 7.3 Backup e restore dei dati . 46 7.4 Il sistema sotto controllo . 47 7.5 Il cestino . 47 7.6 Configurazione del comando SUDO . 47 7.7 Configurazione base delle quote . 48 7.8 Programmi di partizionamento dischi . 49 8 Comandi della Shell 50 8.1 Tabella dei comandi . 51 8.2 Configurazione del path base . 58 8.3 Creazione di alias . 58 8.4 Gestione processi e memoria . 58 8.5 Gestione della rete . 59 8.6 Modifica ai nomi di files . 60 8.7 Comandi del demone MySql . 60 8.8 Manipolazione immagini e video da riga di comando . 61 8.9 Manipolazione file PDF da riga di comando . 61 8.10 Notifiche e finestre di dialogo . 62 Chapter 1 Introduzione 1.1 Perch`equesto manuale? Questo documento nasce negli anni di utilizzo dei sistemi GNU Linux e dalla necessit`adi riordinare il contenuto di grossi blocchi di appunti sparsi in raccolte di pagine web, in particolare gli appunti riguardanti i sistemi Debian su che uso da ormai pi`udi quindici anni. Dopo aver sentito la necessit`adi dover mettere ordine agli appunti, ho deciso di scrivere un documento che poi io chiamo \manuale" con lo scopo anche di condivisione di esperienze e conoscenze, seguendo proprio lo spirito base del mondo GNU Linux. L'opera `ediretta principalmente all'utente semplice, che usa il computer per scrivere, navigare, che ha la possibilit`a o la necessit`adi approfondire alcune tematiche avanzate di un sistema operativo come l'installazione di alcuni demoni e le configurazioni base. Un programmatore, anche non alle prime armi, pu`otrovare molti spunti da questo manuale, essendo presenti capitoli dedicati a questo argomento e riferimenti alla programmazione visto che, chi scrive questo documento, `esopratutto un programmatore. La dispersione delle informazioni e la troppa documentazione non adatta alle mie conoscenze, a volte troppo evoluta e a volte troppo semplice, sono stati i motivi che mi hanno spinto a scrivere un documento completo dalla prima installazione alle ultime configurazioni cercando di realizzare una facile esposizione, facendo per`ol'importante assunzione che il lettore sia a conoscenza dei concetti base dell'informatica e di alcune basi della programmazione se il lettore `einteressato a quella sezione. Molti argomenti complessi, come la compilazione dei programmi dal codice sorgente, sono accennati a livello introduttivo e teorico, in modo che il lettore li possa comunque sperimentare, per poi eventualmente approfondire l'argomento per conto proprio in altri documenti pi`uspecifici. A volte si danno per scontate alcune nozioni, come per esempio la conoscenza di alcuni linguaggi di programmazione (come C, HTML, PHP, Perl e SQL) che chi scrive questo documento trova ovvie, mentre ad un lettore meno esperto potrebbero essere molto complicate ma questo non deve spaventare in quanto questo documento non `eun manuale sulla programmazione e le nozioni richieste non sono fondamentali al fine di capire gli argomenti e gli esempi proposti servono solo per verificare il corretto funzionamento dei demoni installati. Ho sempre cercato il tempo per scrivere e per correggere gli errori di grammatica e di battitura di cui questo documento.
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