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Higher Education in the Occupied Palestinian

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Higher Education in the Occupied Palestinian HIGHER EDUCATION IN THE OCCUPIED PALESTINIAN TERRITORY I. Overall description II. Current challenges and needs – Trends and challenges – The Bologna Process III. Participation in EU programmes – Tempus – Erasmus Mundus IV. Bibliographical references and websites The higher education system in the occupied Palestinian territory 2 I. Overall description 1. Major characteristics of tertiary Types of tertiary education education in the country institutions The development of higher education (HE) in According to the Law on Higher Education, HE the occupied Palestinian territory (oPt) is of institutions can be one of the following: relatively recent date. Two-year colleges have existed since the 1950s. These institutions - Universities (AL-Jamiaah): consisting of no which focus on teacher training, technical less than three colleges or faculties which education or liberal arts, were either organised confer Bachelor degrees or higher; by the government or by the United Nations - University colleges (Alkulliah Al- Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA). It is only Jamiaaiah): offering academic, technical or since the 1970s that universities came into professional programmes and conferring existence. Created during the Israeli two or three-year diplomas or ordinary or occupation, these institutions were part of a honours Bachelor degrees; Palestinian collective effort to preserve their - Polytechnics (Alpolytechnik): they confer identity as well as to provide young diplomas or Bachelor. and higher degrees Palestinians with the opportunity to pursue HE, in professional and technical fields; after it became increasingly difficult for them - Community colleges (Kulliat Al- to go abroad for such studies. However, the Mujtamaah): offering academic, sector has expanded only since the transfer of professional or technical programmes of a education from Israel to the Palestinian minimum of one year’s duration leading to National Authority (PNA) after the Oslo Accords diplomas in the respective programmes. of 1990. The community colleges offer programmes aimed at preparing a middle-level labour Legislation covering the field of force, which forms the link between tertiary education specialised and skilled workers. The diploma programmes (equivalent to an associate degree) consist of approximately Higher education was regulated through the 72 credit hours distributed over four Law on Higher Education No 11 of 1998. This semesters. The programmes offered by law gives every citizen the possibility to access colleges cover many different disciplines higher education (Article 2), gives legal status such as management and administration, to HE institutions and provides the legal secretarial, office automation, marketing, framework for their organisation and graphic design, industrial technology, management. The law recognises three electronics, computer maintenance, dental different types of institutions in HE. These are technology, air-conditioning and governmental, public (established by Non- refrigeration, electronics, computer governmental organisations (NGOs)), and technology, fashion design, etc. private institutions. Most higher education institutions (HEIs) in the oPt are public. The The majority of the 49 Palestinian higher Council of Higher Education is responsible for education institutions in the West Bank and drafting and enacting the rules that all higher Gaza Strip are relatively young; the oldest has education institutions must adopt. The ministry only been in existence for 30 years. also provides partial support and funding to non-governmental HEIs. The HEIs are mostly independent but they have to follow the above- More than 213 000 students are enrolled in mentioned law, regulations of the ministry and these institutions. It is estimated that the the Council of Higher Education. gross enrolment rate for the age group of 18- 24 year olds is more than 25.8 %. These percentages are relatively high by international standards, especially in comparison to countries in the Middle East and to developing 3 countries in general. From the moment the Ministries of Education and Higher Education Palestinian National Authority received came into existence in August 1994. command of the territories, it showed great interest in the development of a vocational and The Ministry of Education and the Ministry of technical education and training system Higher Education (MoEHE) were merged into (VTET). one ministry in 2002. Originally both sub- sectors (general education and higher The VTET structure in the oPt - despite its education) had been under one ministry when small size - is considered fragmented with the MoEHE was set up in 1994, until it was regard to the type of institutions, their divided into two ministries in 1996. objectives, supervisory and responsible parties as well as the historical background of their At the moment, the Assistant Deputy Minister establishment. for Higher Education supervises the higher education sector while the responsibility for In the West Bank and Gaza Strip, there are policy formulation related to the development hundreds of training institutions that provide of the sector rests with the Council for Higher short and long-term training programmes. Education which was set up in 2003. These institutions consist of vocational Furthermore, in order to avoid fragmentation, secondary schools, vocational training centres, the planning and supervision of secondary private cultural centres, charitable associations vocational education has been put under the and developmental institutions. Moreover, Directorate General for TVET. there are 23 community colleges offering different educational programmes for Tawjihi In accordance with international norms, the graduates. Law on Higher Education No 11 of 1998 combines two approaches: Types of tertiary education programmes and qualifications - Central national planning and supervision by MoEHE and the Council for Higher Education, Bachelor and Master programmes are offered at universities and polytechnics. These can be - Self-management, self-monitoring and self- followed by doctoral studies at university level. control at institutional level. According to the Palestinian Law on Higher Education, polytechnics also have the right to This means that higher education institutions offer doctoral degrees. So-called diploma enjoy autonomy and self-management. They degrees (professional programmes) are offered are responsible for admissions, recruitment of by community colleges and university colleges. staff, assessment of students, granting of degrees and diplomas and the development of Number of students facilities. In addition to the Council of Higher Education, a Council for Scientific Research and 213 000 a National Commission for Accreditation and Quality Assurance were set up. With regard to Number of HEIs VTET, the Law also stipulated setting up a Supreme Council and an Executive Council for 49 VTET. Although the Council for Higher Education was reactivated in 2003, its relationship with the institutions of higher education should be better organised, structured and 2. Distribution of responsibilities institutionalised. Coordination and cooperation between the MoEHE and the institutions, and As a result of the Oslo Accords and as a among the institutions themselves, need to be consequence of the Early Transfer of Authority strengthened. Management information Agreement between the Palestinian Liberation systems at institutional level and at central Organization (PLO) and Israel, the Palestinian ministry level still need to be improved, harmonised and interfaced and the skills of the 4 MoEHE staff to update and their use for and originally created and owned by local decision-making have to be further developed. charity associations and NGOs. They depend Important policies and strategies approved by on fundraising and receive partial government the MoEHE and the Council for Higher funding. Education are not adhered to at institutional level. Institutions still do not appreciate the The Vocational and Technical Education and regulatory, planning and developmental role Training (VTET) in the oPt: which the MoEHE can play and which is needed to link higher education to the needs of the These institutions are supervised by several labour market and socio-economic bodies, consisting of the Ministry of Education development at-large. and Higher Education, Ministry of Labour, Ministry of Social Affairs, UNRWA, charitable In May 2012, the Ministry of Education and and religious associations, international non- Higher Education was divided into two separate governmental organisations, developmental Ministries. Therefore, there is now one single organisations and private sector institutions. Ministry devoted to Higher Education. The governing bodies of HEIs are mentioned above. 3. Governing bodies of the Higher Education Institutions 4. Financing In terms of governance (management, Insufficient funding is an on-going major supervision and funding) there are four types concern and it is having a seriously negative of HEIs: impact on the quality and relevance of higher education in the oPt. Between 60-70 % of the Governmental: the Palestinian National operating budgets of universities are covered Authority runs and finances the governmental by tuition fees. Since there is no regularity and higher education institutions in the West Bank consistency in the payment of tuition fees, (Palestine Technical University-Khadoorie) and budgets of universities suffer yearly deficits. the Gaza Strip
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