Chinatown Sebagai Kawasan Bersejarah Etnis Tionghoa Di Singapura

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Chinatown Sebagai Kawasan Bersejarah Etnis Tionghoa Di Singapura Foreign Case Study 2018 Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta CHINATOWN SEBAGAI KAWASAN BERSEJARAH ETNIS TIONGHOA DI SINGAPURA Intan Triaswulan 17.02719 Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta Abstract : Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan Judul Chinatown Sebagai Kawasan Bersejarah Etnis Tionghoa di Singapura. 1. PENDAHULUAN Dalam rangka kegiatan yang diselenggarakan oleh Sekolah Tinggi Pariwisata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta yaitu progam FCS atau Foreign Case Study, yang wajib dilaksanakan oleh mahasiswa Strata 1 dan harus dikumpulkan paling lambat pada perkuliahan semester 8, maka penulis memutuskan untuk menyusun jurnal ilmiah FCS yang berjudul CHINATOWN SEBAGAI KAWASAN BERSEJARAH ETNIS TIONGHOA DI SINGAPURA. Kegiatan Foreign Case Study ini dilakukan pada tanggal 22 Januari – 28 Januari 2018. Pada hari pertama penulis melaksanakan FCS di SINGAPURA, mendarat di Bandara Changi International Airport lalu dilanjutkan menaiki bus ke mrt setelah naik mrt dilanjutkan ke tempat makan untuk makan siang, setelah makan siang penulis melanjutkan perjalan ke penginapan dengan berjalan kaki yang kurang lebih sepuluh menit dari mrt. Penulis sengaja memilih berjalan kaki untuk melihat lihat negara Singapura, melihat betapa bersih dan indahnya negara Singapura. Setiba di penginapan penulis istirahat sebentar lalu melanjutkan perjalanan untuk melihat destinasi wisata yang ada diSingapura terutama di CHINA TOWN. Pada sore hari akhirnya penulis ke China Town dengan menaiki mrt, setibanya di China Town penulis begitu kagum dengan hiruk pikuk di China Town, yang begitu kentalnya etnis TIONGHOA di Singapura. Untuk membeli oleh oleh di China Town penulis tidak perlu menawar harga barang lagi dikarenakan di China Town harganya sudah tertera dan terjangkau untuk membeli banyak oleh oleh. Dan ternyata ada beberapa hal lagi yang cukup menarik untuk dipantengin. Jadi, Chinatown lebih dari sekedar berburu souvenir murah. Saat toko mulai banyak yang buka, akhirnya dimulailah perburuan oleh-oleh khas Singapura. Sepertinya kalo pergi ke sesuatu tempat rasanya ada yang kurang kalo gak bawa oleh-oleh, boro-boro keluar negeri ke kota yang jaraknya hanya 60 km dari rumah ajah, mesti bawa oleh-oleh. So gak salahlah, kalo tujuan pertama kami ke Chinatown adalah untuk itu. Yah, mungkin ini sudah klasik banget, kalo dari Singapura itu gantungan kunci, magnet lucu, kaos gambar singa, sumpit, dan lain- lainnya. Maka, jadilah kami berburu oleh-oleh klasik. Harganya memang relatif murah dan barang- barangnya kualitas standar untuk produksi masa, jadi pas. 2. PEMBAHASAN Menurut Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia Nomor 10 Tahun 2009 tentang kepariwisataan disebutkan bahwa pariwisata adalah berbagai macam kegiatan wisata dan didukung berbagai fasilitas serta layanan yang disediakan oleh masyarakat, pengusaha, pemerintah, dan pemerintah daerah [2]. Pariwisata adalah keseluruhan kegiatan pemerintah, dunia usaha dan masyarakat untuk mengatur, mengurus dan melayani kebutuhan wisatawan [3]. Pariwisata merupakan rangkaian kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh manusia baik secara perorangan maupun kelompok di dalam wilayah negara lain. Kegiatan tersebut menggunakan kemudahan, jasa dan faktor penunjang lainnya yang diadakan oleh pemerintah dan atau masyarakat, agar dapat mewujudkan keinginan wisatawan [4]. 1 Pariwisata merupakan bagian yang tidak terpisahkan dari kehidupan manusia terutama menyangkut kegiatan sosial dan ekonomi [5]. Diawali dari kegiatan yang semula hanya dinikmati oleh segelintir orang-orang yang relatif kaya pada awal abad ke-20, kini telah menjadi bagian dari hak azasi manusia. Hal ini terjadi tidak hanya di negara maju tetapi mulai dirasakan pula di negara berkembang. Indonesia sebagai negara yang sedang berkembang dalam tahap pembangunannya, berusaha membangun industri pariwisata sebagai salah satu cara untuk mencapai neraca perdagangan luar negeri yang berimbang. Melalui industri ini diharapkan pemasukan devisa dapat bertambah [6]. Pada hakikatnya berwisata adalah suatu proses kepergian sementara dari seseorang atau lebih menuju tempat lain di luar tempat tinggalnya [7]. Dorongan kepergiannya adalah karena berbagai kepentingan, baik karena kepentingan ekonomi, sosial, kebudayaan, politik, agama, kesehatan maupun lainnya seperti karena sekedar ingin tahu, menambah pengalaman baru [8]. Besarnya kegiatan pariwisata, terutama tingkat internasional, ditambah dengan situasi di mana batas antar negara semakin hilang, telah menjadikan pariwisata sebagai suatu kegiatan penting yang turut mempengaruhi hubungan internasional [9]. Banyak negara di dunia sekarang ini yang menganggap pariwisata sebagai sebuah aspek penting dari strategi pengembangan negara. Berikut merupakan pengertian pariwisata menurut beberapa ahli : 1. Pariwisata berasal dari bahasa sansekerta “pari” yang berarti banyak atau berkeliling dan “wisata” yang berarti pergi atau bepergian. Jadi pariwisata adalah perjalanan yang dilakukan secara berulang – ulang dan berpindah – pindah. 2. Gejala – gejala yang disebabkan oleh perjalanan dan pendiaman orang – orang asing serta penyediaan tempat tinggal sementara, asalkan pendiaman itu tidak tinggal menetap dan tidak memperoleh penghasilan dari aktifitas yang bersifat sementara itu. Sektor pariwisata memberikan keuntungan ekonomi terhadap negara yang bersangkutan [10]. A. Latar belakang Chinatown adalah sebuah daerah di sebelah selatan Singapura. Daerah ini sesuai namanya adalah kawasan Pecinan di negara tersebut. Di antara tempat yang terkenal di daerah Chinatown adalah People's Park di mana terdapat pusat perbelanjaan dan barang yang ditawarkan harganya sangat murah. Dalam bahasa Tionghoa, Chinatown dikenal dengan nama Niu che sui (牛车水; pinyin: Niúchēshuǐ) yang secara harafiah berarti "air kereta lembu". Nama daerah ini dalam bahasa Melayu juga mirip, yaitu "Kreta Ayer". Setiap kota pasti memiliki bagian kota tuanya yang merupakan warisan dari sejarah masa sebelumnya. Kota tua dengan corak dan langgam arsitekturalnya menyimpan atmosfer dan suasana lokalitas yang berbeda sehingga terdapat potensi yang besar. Namun sayangnya kota tua seringkali terabaikan sehingga malah menjadi kota bawah dan menjadi daerah kumuh bahkan mati. Hal ini disebabkan bahwa kota terus tumbuh dan berkembang. Aktivitas yang silih berganti, kondisi politik yang dinamis dan kehidupan sosial yang berubah-ubah sepanjang waktu menyebabkan kota tua sering berubah fungsi atau ditinggalkan oleh penghuninya. Dengan nilai kesejarahan dan potensi sebagai bagian kota yang masih dapat dimanfaatkan maka sangat disayangkan jika kota tua, termasuk yang memiliki latar belakang budaya etnis tertentu, mengalami penurunan kualitas. Sesungguhnya semua fungsi yang telah ditinggalkan dapat dimanfaatkan kembali dengan penetrasi fungsi baru (adaptive re-use) atau menciptakan generator yang dapat menghidupkan kembali vitalitas kawasan kota tua yang telah ditinggalkan. Singapura memiliki daerah-daerah konservasi berupa kampung etnis meliputi Chinatown, Kampong Glam, Bugis dan Little India. Terutama Chinatown yang menjadi pokok bahasan dalam tulisan ini, merupakan salah satu kampung etnis yang sudah ada sejak masa kolonial Inggris. Chinatown memiliki latar belakang sejarah yang panjang, mengalami penurunan kualitas pada masa pasca perang dunia, menjadi lingkungan kumuh hingga akhirnya dikonservasi oleh pemerintah dan menjadi aset pariwisata Singapura. Chinatown yang kini hidup kembali dengan aktivitas komersialnya yang menjadi generator kawasan merupakan kasus yang dianggap dapat menjadi preseden karena keberhasilannya setelah direvitalisasi yaitu sebagai kawasan bersejarah dengan corak etnis Tionghoa Singapura. Maka pembahasan ini dilakukan dengan harapan akan dapat menjadi preseden bagaimana menerapkan konservasi kawasan bersejarah tidak hanya preservasi dari segi fisik namun juga intervensi fungsi pada kawasan yang dapat menjadi generator kehidupan kawasan tersebut. B. LATAR BELAKANG SEJARAH CHINATOWN (NIUCHESUI) SINGAPURA 2 1. Chinatown pada Masa Kolonialisme Inggris Ketika Singapura menjadi pelabuhan yang strategis, semakin banyak pula imigran yang datang ke Singapura. Terutama imigran yang berasal dari Guang Dong, Cina Selatan, menempati lahan Singapura dekat dengan pelabuhan. Semakin banyaknya imigran yang datang maka semakin padat lingkungan tersebut. maka untuk menghindari konflik yang terjadi karena makin bertambahnya jumlah ras tionghoa yang masuk maka Leutant Jackson dan Raffles membuat Chinesse Kampung (Niuchesui) pada tahun 1820, sebagai upaya pengolompokan etnis China yang berasal dari kaum imigran.Tujuannya adalah mempermudah pengaturan kaum imigran tersebut. Pada kampung tersebut juga terdapat beberapa etnis lain yaitu India dan Melayu. Raffles menetapkan kawasan tersebut sebagai kawasan khusus untuk etnis China pada tahun 1822. Kemudian Raffles juga membagi daerah berdasarkan kelompok suku yang ada yaitu Hokkian di Telok Ayer dan sekitar sungai, Teochew di Clark Quay dan sekitar Fort Canning, sedangkan Kanton dan Hakka di sekitar Kreta Ayer. Selain itu Raffles juga mengelompokkan lagi komunitas di Chinatown berdasarkan kelas dan jenis mata pencaharian, yakni pedagang, seniman maupun petani. Pada tahun 1839 kawasan Telok Ayer berkembang menjadi pusat komersial di selatan Singapura. Pada tahun 1843 Chinatown menjadi terkenal dan dikunjungi banyak wisatawan dengan kekhasan lokal yang dimilikinya. Hal ini menyebabkan kepadatan dan arus orang datang dan pergi semakin meningkat. Maka pada
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