Chinatown Sebagai Gambaran Wisata Budaya Di Singapura

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Chinatown Sebagai Gambaran Wisata Budaya Di Singapura Foreign Case Study 2018 Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta Chinatown sebagai Gambaran Wisata Budaya di Singapura Adzimi Sultanika 141507 Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta Abstract : Makalah ini merupakan hasil laporan Foreign Case Study untuk syarat publikasi ilmiah di Sekolah Tinggi Pariwasata Ambarrukmo Yogyakarta dengan judul Chinatown sebagai Gambaran Wisata Budaya di Singapura. 1. Pendahuluan Keanekaragaman seni dan budaya yang dimiliki oleh suatu negara merupakan ciri kepribadian bangsa itu sendiri. Budaya atau kebudayaan berasal dari Bahasa Sanskerta yaitu buddhayah, yang merupakan bentuk jamak dari buddhi (budi atau akal) diartikan sebagai hal- hal yang berkaitan dengan budi, dan akal manusia. Dalam Bahasa Inggris, kebudayaan disebut Culture, yang berasal dari kata Latin Colore, yaitu mengolah atau mengerjakan. Bisa diartikan juga sebagai mengolah tanah atau bertani. Kata Culture juga kadang diterjemahkan sebagai “Kultur” atau budaya dalam Bahasa Indonesia [2]. Budaya merupakan cara hidup yang berkembang, dan dimiliki bersama oleh sebuah kelompok orang, dan diwariskan dari generasi ke generasi [3]. Budaya terbentuk dari banyak unsur yang rumit, termasuk sistem kepercayaan dan politik, adat istiadat, bahasa, perkakas, pakaian, bangunan, dan karya seni. Budaya merupakan bagian tak terpisahkan dari diri manusia dan bentuknya beragam. Hal ini yang menimbulkan keberagaman budaya. Keberagaman budaya ini dikemas apik sehingga mendukung perkembangan dunia pariwisata [4,5]. Dewasa ini manusia disibukkan dengan rutinitas harian yang membuat pikiran sesak dan penuh. Obat paling mujarab untuk hal ini adalah dengan pergi sejenak dari rutinitas atau mengunjungi suatu tempat baru yang dapat memberinya pengalaman baru. Kegiatan mengunjungi suatu tempat untuk sekedar rehat dan mendapat pengalaman baru ini kemudian disebut dengan kegiatan wisata [6]. Pariwisata merupakan sektor paling berkembang pesat di berbagai negara termasuk negara Asia. Industri pariwisata mernjadi sumber pendapatan bagi banyak negara dan mempengaruhi perekonomian antar negara pelaku pariwisata. Sumber pendapatan ini diperoleh dari pajak dan keuntungan yang diperoleh perusahaan penjual jasa kepada wisatawan. Kegiatan wisata yang tepat bagi wisatawan yang ingin mendapat pengalaman dan pengetahuan baru diantaranya bisa mengunjungi tempat-tempat wisata dengan tema kebudayaan [7,8]. Oleh karena itu destinasi wisata budaya baik dalam negeri maupun luar negeri sangat menarik untuk di bahas. Dalam hal ini penulis memilih pembahasan dengan tema kebudayaan yang berada di salah satu destinasi Negara Singa Putih atau Singapura, yaitu Chinatown Singapura. Chinatown Singapura merupakan kawasan wisata yang menampilkan unsur budaya khas China dan penduduk China yang merupakan etnis terbesar dan tertua di Singapura. Penulis telah melakukan Foreign Case Study dengan Negara tujuan Singapura pada tanggal 17-19 Januari 2018 sehingga dapat membahas ”Chinatown sebagai Gambaran Wisata Budaya di Singapura” dalam jurnal ini [1]. 2. Pembahasan 1 A. Gambaran Umum Negara Singapura Singapura merupakan Negara maju yang letaknya dekat dengan Negara Indonesia. Negara ini terkenal akan Negara paling maju dalam hal perekonomiannya. Negara Singapura termasuk Negara yang kawasannya kecil yaitu dengan luas wilayah 719,1 Kilometer persegi. Pada mulanya Singapura terdiri dari beberapa pulau kecil, yaitu berjumlah 63 pulau. Namun seiring berjalannya waktu saat ini tinggal 3 pulau yang ada. Pulau tersebut adalah Pulau Sentosa, Pulau Singapura dan Pulau Ubin. Pulau-pulau lain telah direklamasi menjadi daratan dengan cara ditimbun sehingga daratan Negara ini menjadi lebih luas dari sebelumnya. Luas wilayah Negara yang kecil ini tidak menjadi hambatan bagi Singapura untuk memajukan sektor pariwisatanya. Pariwisata dibuktikan dengan adanya faktor beragam objek wisata yang siap memanjakan para wisatawan [9]. Negara Singapura terkenal dengan ikon Negara Singa Putih. Singa berasal dari kata Singapura. Negara ini juga terkenal sebagai Negara Garden City. Hal ini dikarenakan pemerintah Singapura tengah menggalakkan program penghijauan kota melalui City in a Garden. Dapat dilihat secara fisik ketika mengunjungi Negara ini terdapat taman-taman di sepanjang jalan dan di bawah bangunan-bangunan megahnya. Tak hanya itu wisatawan akan dimanjakan hijaunya Singapura sejak akan landing di bandara internasionalnya. 1. Sejarah Sejarah Singapura diawali oleh Sir Stamford Raffles yang merasa “jatuh cinta” terhadap perairan Singapore River pada tahun 1820an yang dihuni oleh para nelayan dan pedagang dengan keadaan alam yang masih alami. Kemudian ia membangun pusat pemerintahan tentara kerajaan Inggris yang menguasai Singapura selama 100 tahun. Sir Stamford Raffles juga menjadikan Singapura menjadi pusat perdagagan berkelas internasional dengan membangun sebuah pelabuhan Inggris. Rencana pembangunan ini dikenal dengan sebutan Raffles’s Town Plan of 1822. Di bawah pemerintah kolonial Inggris, Singapura berhasil menjadi pelabuhan internasional dengan letaknya yang amat strategis yaitu berada di tengah-tengah jalur perdagangan antara India dan Cina. Pelabuhan ini yang akhirnya menjadi perantara pelabuhan terpenting di dunia sampai saat ini. Semasa Perang Dunia II, tentara Jepang dari tahun 1942 hingga 1945 menguasai Singapura. Penduduk Singapura diperbolehkan menjalankan pemerintahan sendiri namun belum diberi kebebasan untuk merdeka. Hingga pada tahun 1963 Singapura telah bergabung dengan tanah Melayu bersama dengan Sabah dan Sarawak untuk membentuk Malaysia. Tetapi pada tanggal 9 Agustus 1965 Singapura dikeluarkan dari Malaysia dan menjadi sebuah republik sendiri. Singapura memiliki sejarah imigrasi yang panjang. Penduduk yang tinggal di Singapura pun bergam, terdiri dari Cina, Melayu, India, nerbagai keturunan Asia, dan Kaukasoid. 42% penduuk Singapura adalah orang asing yang bekerja dan menuntut ilmu di sana. Pekerja asing membentuk 50% dari sektor jasa. Negara Singapura termasuk Negara yang padat dengan tingkat kesibukan warganya yang terbilang tinggi. Mayoritas pedagang yang berada di Singapura ini adalah pedagang keturunan China yang dibawa oleh kapal-kapal dagang yang pertama kali mendarat di Singapura pada tahun 1821. Para pedagang ini turun dan menempati sekitar aliran Singapore River. Saat ini tepian Singapore River banyak ditemukan vihara dan kuil khas China berukuran kecil untuk beribadah kepada Ma Cho Po. Hal ini yang merupakan cikal bakal adanya Chinatown di Singapura yang sampai saat ini terkenal. 2. Bahasa Singapura menetapkan bahasa Melayu sebagai bahasa nasional negaranya. Terdapat pula empat bahasa resmi yang sering dipergunakan, yaitu: Bahasa Melayu, China (dialek Mandarin), Inggris, dan Tamil (Bahasa India Selatan). Dalam praktiknya bahasa Inggris merupakan bahasa yang paling umum digunakan oleh warganya. Bahkan bahasa Inggris menjadi bahasa pengantar pada dunia pendidikan dan dalam semua dokumen resminya. Penggunaan bahasa Inggris di 2 Singapura menghasilkan logat Inggris yang khas. Logat ini kemudian dikenal dengan istilah “Singlish” yang berasal dari kata Singapur Inggris. Logat Singlish ini menggabungkan kata-kata slang dan frase dari bahasa lain termasuk dialek China, Melayu dan Tamil. Logat ini tidak dapat dipisahkan dari warganya dan sudah menjadi identitas keberagaman yang ada sehingga sulit bagi pemerintah untuk menggubah penggunaan bahasa Inggris yang baik dan benar. Meski bahasa Melayu adalah bahasa nasional karena alasan simbolis dan historis, dan secara umum dipertuturkan oleh masyarakat Melayu Singapura, namun sekitar 85% warga Singapura tidak mempertuturkan Bahasa Melayu. Selain itu ada bahasa Mandarin yang justru dipertuturkan secara luas di Singapura. Bahasa Mandarin telah meluas akibat kampanye dan usaha masyarakat dukungan pemerinth untuk mendukung penggunaannya di antara bahasa- bahasa Tionghoa lainnya. Bahasa Tamil dipertuturkan oleh sekitar 60% masyarakat India Singapura atau 5% dari seluruh penduduk Singapura. 3. Agama Singapura termasuk salah satu negara yang memiliki keberagaman Agama. Sehingga pemerintah Singapura selalu berperan aktif dalam upaya menjaga keharmonisan antar umat beragama. Bersadarkan sensus penduduk tahun 2015, persentasi warga Singapura yang menganut salah satu agama yang diakui oleh pemerintah mencapai 81.55%, sedangkan sisanya dinyatakan tidak mengikuti salah satu aliran agama apapun atau Tanpa Agama (Atheist, Agnostic) mencapai 18.45%. Mayoritas penduduk Singapura yang merupakan keturunan China membuat agama yang paling banyak dianut adalah agama Budha. Agama lain yang dianut adalah agama Kristen, agama islam, agama Taosime, Hindu dan agama lainnya. Mayoritas warga yang memeluk agama Budha membuat Singapura banyak ditemukan Vihara dan pusat Dharma dari tiga tradisi besar Buddha (Theravada, Mahayana, Vajrayana). Kebanyakan penganut Budha di Singapura beretnis Tionghoa dan menganut tradisi Mahayana. Mahayana Vina merupakan bentuk Buddha yang paling dominan di Singapura dengan misionaris di Taiwan dan China selama beberapa dasawarsa. Tetapi, Buddha Theravada Thailand mulai populer di antara masyarakat (tidak termasuk Cina) dalam dasawarsa terakhir. Buddha Tibet juga perlahan-lahan masuk ke negara ini dalam beberapa tahun terakhir. 4. Transportasi Singapura menyediakan fasilitas modern terkait moda transportasi bagi warga maupun wisatawannya. Transportasi publik yang ada sangat nyaman, efisien dan dingin oleh pendingin udara yang memadai. Moda transportasi yang ada antara lain MRT, bus kota, bus wisata, taksi, sepeda motor dan sepeda.
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