JANUARY,1902. MONTHLY WEATHER REVlEW. 35

was no clisturbance as the meteorologikts developed t,heir view$ on all important points my opinions agree with those of M. on the subject. Suschnig says: “it was as though recognition Roberto, the learned supervisor of education of the Province and thanks were due to science,” and he adds, <‘It is to bc of Aleasandria, who is charged with a report similar to my own. hoped that the spirit which prevailed in this congress may alsc I have followed the readiug of the reports with the greatest inspire future congresses on this subject. attention and have also studied them at length. I have pur- posely libstained from taking an active part in the discussion of these reports in order that I may consider them as R whole n-ithont an?; personal feeling and thus maintaiu the most It is indeed true that ii recognition and thanks are due to al.)eolute impartiality. science,” for if it had not been for the strenuous cleiiiand on If we wish to judge of the. results obtained against hail by the part of scientists in Europe and America that this hail the discharge of cannon, fusees, petards, or any other method shooting delusion should lie examined into carefully niicl treateil which lias for its object the combatting against storms, it is, from R common sense point of view, we might have 1,)elielcl of course, necessary to be acquainted with. the esperiments the Congress at Lyons promulgating a series of illogical and that have already been made. But it is none theless necessary erroneous conclusions leading to a great waste of ~iic~iiegant1 to have in addition and aliove all, apart from all preconceived loss of life consequent upon the general acloption of the erro- t.lieorien, rational ideas of t.he atinosplieric conclitions which neous views that have spread so rapidly from Htyria ancl Italy produce hailstones. It is, nioreover, almost inclispensable, not into southern France. only to hare personally obser~eda great number of storms, Errors, like ignorance, are always espensive. Science in but, it is also and perhaps still more necessary to have studied only another word for truth and intelligent coiiiiuon sense. them in their relations to t.he general conditions of the at- On account of the clificulties of: scientific research it may cost mosphere. This implies the habitual use of the daily charts ~100,000to clemonstrate s~inetruth in nature. but! when QUC~J which show both the absolute and the relative values of the attained miah truths liecoiue the basis for an iiiiiuenxe niuouiit principal ineteorologicttl elenients in tlieir relation to thun- of saving in time, labor. ~iioney, and life. The sole object derstoriii phenomena. But be not alarmed, I am not going to of the scientific world is to get at the laws of nature in order theorize. In the cluestion with which we are occupied you tn serve the best interests of mankind. Of course this often very rightly place facts above all else. I will invoke only niean iconoclasm as to old ideas and methods, lmt. we who these facts, and among them we shall find some that justify live on the earth, breathe its atnioqiliere and rejoice in its the struggle that you have entered upon against hail. sunshine and cloucl, can not afford to be ignorant of the IRWH In tlie remrtrknble reports that liave been communicated to of the material world nronncl up. It would lie a xnd corninen- tis all tlie facts are interesting, but not all in the same degree, tary 011 the civilization of France if the nation tliat, has so especially wlien it is desired to invoke them as prosimate greatly profited by accepting the wonderful results of the re- proofs of the eiEcacy of tlie firing of cannon to prevent tlie fall searches of should itself ridiculous by rejecting Pasteur make Df hail. Let 11s take, for esample. a case which lias been fre- the equally important work of its famous nieteorologwits.- ‘ cpiitly observed: In a locality well organized for defense, a c. A. 3torm approaches unespectedly. By the blaokness of the cloud, the darknexn produced by it, the intensity of the lightning, and eENERAL REPORT ON HAIL SHOOTINa PRESENTED TO the continuous roll of t,liunder coming nearer nncl nearer it THEI UON(3RESS AT LYONS. wenis as though it mist acquire estraordinary violence, and BY Prd. J. U. PIxNAxm~s‘,Mct.runllal#ixt. of the i)jJSVI’V:Ihwy alf l’iiy-tl4~~11w. iiienace t,he region with disaster. The artillerymen are at [Tmualatd by Mrb. E. 8. IIirrm.] their posts, and fire the cannon methodically. Soon tlie Allow me, in the first place. to express iiiy regret, t.hrtt an Jtrength of tlie storm diminishes ancl it passes away, discharg- unfortunate illness has deprived our congress of the valuable inp over the region only a raiu that is more beneficial than assistance of M. Ho~~ckille,whom I have not the presumption harmful. to pretend to replace. In 1‘300 BI. Houclaille \van appointed Is it the iiring of the cannon that has clissipated the storm? by the minister of agricultnuseto make a series of studies in rhix is not a1)solutely imposiible, but who can aflirm that it is ’ the wine ’regions of upper Italy, where the struggle against 40, since dissipation occiirs very frequently without any cannon hail had already attained extraordinary developent. 111 the It all being fired? It woulcl be necessary to haw a very large coiirse of his mission lie collected ~iiiineroiisand iiiiportaiit iuinher of favorable observations in order to place any confi- documents on all the points relating to this question, and ptr- Ience in such a bold assertion. It is about the same with those titularly on the edcieiicy and tlie organization of tlie firiiig of tssertions that attribute to tlie influence of the cannon shots cannon against hail clouds : lie then sumiiiarized the publica- rarions occurences that may really be quite indepenclent of it, tions on the subject which hac1 been coinmunicated to him, as mcli as the diininntion of the violence or the frequency of the well as his own personal observations, and issued, through his wiucl, of lightning, thunder, or hail, the dispersion or defiec- publisher, Alcan, t-i book filled with enlightened ideas aucl pro- ion of storin clouds, etc. found and accurate observatiolis. Better than anyone else AHproof positive of the influence of the firing on hailstorms was M. Houdaille fitted (and he proved it in effect) to con- :he falls, of snow observed in a certain number of localities tinue and bring to a happy conclusion the work that he liad luring storms combatted hy cannon have often beeu cited. It so .well begun. s said that the repeated dischitrges of tlie cannon transfoimecl It was therefore not without niuch hesitation that I coii- ;he hail into snow, or at least that they prevented the forma- sentetl to accept the perilous honor of attempting 60 fill his ;ion of hail and allowed only tlie formation of snow. Here place. I was induced to de HO, first, by the estreine kindiiess igaiii tlie proof is not suficient, and these falls of snow are not of our president. 15. Burelle, niid of our general secretary. iecesaarily the result of the firing, as they are itlso observed dur- M. Silvestre, and, finally, I relied upon yonr iiidn1geiic.e. liop- iig stornix against which no cannon have been fired. More- ing that my twenty-five years of study of storms and lid rver, $hey are of more frequent oociirrence than is generally woulcl escuse my temerity. iupposed, particularly in mountainous regions where they ac- Moreover, in the accomplishment of my ta&, which lias !ompang a part of tlie storms of spring, autunin, and sometimes already been facilitated by the eminent reporters mho ]la\-e hose of Sllmlller. preceded me, I shall littve in view only an impartial search for Snowstorms are of more frequent occurrence the higher we truth, and I have already had the satisfaction of finding that mend in altitude, or the farther north we go in latitude, or

Unauthenticated | Downloaded 09/25/21 11:13 PM UTC 36 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. JANUARY,1902 again, the farther the season under consideration is from mid- servatory of Puy-de-DGme. The water which serves to moisten summer. This is very reasonable. But in our temperate the muslin of the wet thermometer is contained in a small climates they also occur at all seasons and at orchary alti- cylindrical porcelain vase of a capacity of about 30 cubic centi- tudes. In France, at the level of the slopes where the vine is meters. This vase rests habitually upon a small iron shelf cultivated, they are not of yearly OccuiTence, although accord- fisecl alongside of the thermometer shelter, in order that the ing to observations of the Central Meteorological Bureau that water may be about the temperature of the circumambient air, I have consulted, they are very nearly so, since from 1891 to and it is esposecl to the natural cooling that may be produced 1898, it was only in the year 1893, which was estremely warm, l~yconvection or by radiation. As the cooling takes place espe- that they did not occur. Duiing this period of seven years, cially at the bottom, which is in contact with a metallic mass snowstorms were experienced on 33 different clays, and itr was that is a good conductor of heat, the water is not agitated by precisely in the wine regions of the Rhone, Beaujolais, and eilclies and may remain liquicl even when its temperature i! Micon that they were most frequent. It is in these regions lowerecl to a litble below zero; it is precisely this phenomenon also that they occunecl at the seasons nearest midsunimer. which produces the surfusion of water. But when the bulb Moreover, the above figures give only the minimum values, of the tliermometer, which must be wet in order to make the since all the localities do not cooperate with the Ineteorological psychrometric observation, is clipped into this surfused water, service, and many snowstorms have certainly occurred that the 30 cubic centimeters of water is suddenly transformed into have not been reported. For example, I have discorered the ice that resemhles half-melted snow, because it imprisons an following dates in some Rcientific p&licdions: Tlie storiii of escess of water that is not soliclified. This slushy ice is never- August 27, 1896, at Albertville (422 met,ers)and at FertP Mach theless suaciently solid to remain attached to the thermometer. (206 meters) in the department of the Orne; one on Septem- Thus, one obtains almost instantaneously a sort of soft hail- ber 19, 1897, at Havre, and on Jdy 31, 1893, at Ohent, where stone, similar to those that fall cluring certain storms. the snowflakes m-ere as large as a franc 1)iec.e. By innking Here then we have a series of facts upon which, it seems to more careful investigations we slio~zlddiscover inany other me, too mnch reliance has erroneously been placed as proving cases, and if we do not meet with thein inore frequently it is beyond all doubt the eficiency of cannon against hail. For- because in summer the flakes generally melt in the lower dratn tunat,ely, there are other facts which, although they still leave of the air. much to be desired, yet, nevertheless, have more weight than On the yihole. one is obliged to adniit that according to all the preceding. observed facts, when snow occurs in summer it is always clur- Among these is the general and persistent diminution of the ing thnnclerstoimis, so that these latter, notn4thstanding the damage caused by hail, and which is considered as a conse- heat which precedes them, seem to favor the fall of snow. This quence of the firing. Nevertheless, while it is very real, thi is certainly ti-ue, and moreover it is easily esplainecl. The warm diminution might still be only a coincidence. In effect, even ascending currents that give rise to thunderstorms at first for very estensive regions, and long before the filing of can- produce rain or hail, but in proportion as these currents be- non had developed, long series of observations had shorn-n come weaker and exhaust themselves, the cold of the upper that the number of falls of hail, as well as the estent of the strata finally overcomes them and congeals the aqueous vapor daniitge indicted by them, are subject to considerable varia- into snow, and this the more easily the higher t,liey have risen. tions, sometimes in one direction sometimes in the other, not On the other hand, the storms themselves, by inteimiising the only from year to year but cluiing several consecutive years strata of air piled one above the other from the surface of the Here is an esample: The num11er.of meteorological stations in earth up to a very great altitude. procl~ice,as in well known, a the department of Puy-de-Dhe which suffered damage from general cooling; if this cooling is suiliciently great! the snow hail each year, from 1886 to 1893, was 72,32,4,18,8, ancl37, re- will descend to the surface of the earth without melting. thus spectively. If the protection of crops by cannon had been or- causing a very natural surprise, such as was lwoclucecl at the ganized there in 1887, it would certainly have had attributed to time of the firing of cannon in the vine countries of France it this enormous diminution of damage which lasted five years. and of northern Italy. If we consider only a restricted region, and particularly a In conclusion, we see that even admittringthat the cannon single locality, we get still more fantastic or perplesing +e- produce a certain effect upon thunclerstorins, we coulcl not snlts. Thus a small conimune may not experience any notable attribute to theni the procluction of snow absolutely, and still losses from hail for eight or ten years, and then again it may less, of course, the change into snow of a hailstone already be ravaged by it for three or foul. consecutive years. formed. The hailstone once formed of ice more or less hard, What now is to be said of the strokes of lightning that have can only be destroyed or rendered softer by the action of heat; occurred cluring the firing within the protected zones ? What if the melting is complete, it then turns into rain. but some- conclusion is to be clramn from the more or less complete dis- times into a soft hailstone if the ice composing it is not suffi- asters that have occurred notwithstanding five or six thousand ciently homogeneous and is only partially melted. clischarges of cannon, if not that they weaken the argument It is moreover probable that the greater nunil>er of soft for the usefulness of cannon as much as the favorable cases hailstones are formed directly. For this purpose it suffices strengthen it ? that small masses of water in an unstable stnte of surfusion Of course this does not indicate positively that the firing of be found in the inidst of the storm vortices, and that then con- cannon fails to produce any effect :on hailstorms, but simply gelation should take place as the effect of a shock against an- that the preceding facts clo not suiXce to prove such action. other mass of water, or an ice crystal, or a snowflake. or even It is much more encouraging to cite the following among simply under the influence of a too abrupt movement,. If the the statements which justify attiibuting some influence upon general temperature of the inass of water in surfusion is not thunderstornis to the firing of cannon: sufiiciently low to solidify the whole, there remains some water 1. The sudden suppression of hail over the immediate bor- imprisoned hetween the crystals that are forniecl and the re- ders of a region protected by cannon. sult is soft ice that inay be crushed under the least pressure. 2. The immunity enjoyed by a protected region while all The surfusion of water and the formation of soft hailstones the surrounding territory, or at least a part of the region im-' may be produced without much c1ificnlt;F by taking a few pre- lnecliately adjoining it, is ravaged by hail. cautions, but I have often ol>servecl their spontaneous foi-ma- 3. The destruction wrought in a small noiiprotected zone tion while making use of the psxchrometer to determine in inclosed within a vast extent of country where the cannon winter the hygrometric condition of the esterior air at the ob- have worked well and which has not suffered any damage.

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These facts have been attested by different reporters ancl causes and effects, with the aid of all the necessary documenta; they have been brought to my attention more particularly by when we are able to account for the grandeur and extent of Mr. Roberto who guarantees their authenticity. the forces that produce them and regulate their course; when But even for these three cases which seem to testify so we know the immense energy developed by them, it seems dif- eloquently in favor of the useful results of the firing, it is still ficult, almost impossible-especially after the experiments made necessary to make some reservations. In effect, when one has by MM. Pernter and Trabert, Castine and Vermorel-to admit at his disposal a large network of meteorological stations rery that the souorous vibrations produced by cannon, bombs, fusees, near to each other, very instructive facts relative to the 15s- petards, eta., any more than those made by the annular vortices tribution of hailstorms can be established. thrown out by the cannon, can hape a nw~haiaicd.torce suEcient When a storm is of great estent, or rather, as happens most to destroy such formidable phenomena or to restrict their frequently in viticultural regions, which are ah-ags rather powers of destruction. NeverthelesA, Mr. Roberto, whose great hilly, when a certain number of storms (which seem indeed to scientific attainments are well known, believes that he can prove make only one) burst nearly simultaneously. we recoguize by the possibility of accomplishing it. stud,fing the observations macle (1)that one, two, or seT-eralre- But the esplanation of the efficacy is not the principal point gions get the hail either over the whole of t,heir territory or. at. in this question. Whether this eficacy be the result of a still least, over greater or less portions of it; (3)that aaalogous niysterious influence, perhaps electric, unless it be some other; groups do not get any hail, either on the whole or on larger whether science at present can or cqnot explain this iuflu- or smaller portions of their territory; (3) that the two classes eiice, we will not nt present discuss. From a practical point of of groups are in some way or other confused one with the view what is above all most important to establish clearly, and other. In such a case, it is very cliPuxlt to judge as to the efi- as proniptly as possible, is that the firing of cannon does really cacy of the cannon discharges by the limits of the hail falls. protect the crops from damage by hail. Once this is proved, Indeed. if it is the communes that have organized the shoot- people may esplain it if tsheg can, but they will first projit by ing that have escaped, they will be apt to sag that they have it, ancl it is the practical advantages that one should look to been protected by the cannon; if, on the other hand, it! is these at, present. On account of the paucity of convincing scientific communes that have been hailed on, then to be logical it must facts, or perhaps better-in order not to wound just suscepti- be said that it is the filing of the cannon that lins caused the bilities-on account of the strill insufficient number of con- hail to fall. In the case of a coinmune that is only partially rincing facts, it will be necessary to make new experiments, affected by the hail, one is free to think as lie pleases. ~ndI alii happy to be able to state that on this point I find Nevertheless in all of these three cases the cannon may haw myself in agreeiiient with all or nearly all of the reporters had nothing whatever to do with the effects noted. In every who have preceded me. These esperiments may be made de- case, the utility of cannonading is, of course, much more prob- cisive within a very biief period; but in any case they will able if the immune surfaces coincide esactlg with trhe protected become so sooner or later if we follow as closely as possible regions and if the ravaged districts also coincide with the non- the principles of scientific methods and refuse to accept any protected regions, always, however, on condition t,hat these fact, nnd above all aiiy conclusion, without having first sub- facts be proven a great number of times without serious or niitkecl it to a rigorous criticism. frequent exceptions. I will take good care iiot to give any advice as to anything Certain less cominon types of stoiws have, however. fur- relating to the tealiiiical part of the filing. In this branch I nished a surer means of control, viz, those which being coin- should have everything to learii from those who have organ- pletely isolated and possesfiing, so to speak, an individuality, ized and directed it with so mucli ability; but I will take the deposit hail along a narrow ancl rather long st,rip of country. libert,y of calling your attention to some ideas which have A complete immunity from chaster in a portion of the strip been suggested by my long study of storms. protected by cannon, or at least a complete cessation of its One of the first conclitions to be complied with will be to ravages at the boundaries of the protected zone, would justify establish in the regions chosen for the definitive esperiments, the hypothesis of a protecting influence. But here again, this a perfect serTrice of meteorological observations, . with the justification woulcl have to be verified a great number of times. active cooperation of the Ceat.ml Bnreau nncl the nieteorologi- On the whole, among the facts invoked in favor of the effi- cal committees. Learing the exactitude of these observations cacy of the camon shooting, there are some that prove abso- out of the clue'stsion, they will be of more value in proportion lutely nothing, others that are unfavorable, and only a few as the stations are more numerous. It will be necessary to can be made to serve as a foundation for the hypothesis of have one station in each commune over a total area equal at least the protecting influence. This is really good progress in to that of a department, in order to be able to follow.up some of such efforts. The too enthusiastic persons who have be- the storms from their first beginning to their clissipation.' A0 lieved in the prompt and radical suppression of hail will cer- a private indiviclual can scarcely know accurately anything tainly be disappointed, RS is always the case when one cliscounts more than what takes place in the small region around him, it too highly the success of an enterprise. But the more mocler- would be well if these stations were placed under the direction ate ones will be satisfied with the single idea that the struggle and management of the communal officers. They would against hail is not absolutely impossible. thus succeed without tronble in furnishing accurate, complete, Moreover a great impulse has been given. The enthusiasm and well authenticated inforination in regard to all the phe- which began in Italy has spread into France. It remains to iioinena relating to storms throughout the whole commune. find out how to direct it, to regulate without lessening it, in The great practical interest that attaches to this question of order to render it useful and profitable. For this piirpose, it hail would certainly ensure the active cooperation of each is first necessary to be well convinced that in all experiments municipality. whose purpose is to act upon nature, time is a factor of the Again, t,he disposit,ion of the cannon over the region to be greatest importance. To wish to proceed too rapidly, impru- protected woulcl have to be regulated Eviclently, if the cannon dently, and without method, is to invite defeat. A great deal had a sue ancl indisputable protecting influence, there would of money, an immense aiiiouat of good will and work would he nothing to do but to distribute the greatest possible num- belost if people allowed themselves to be carried away by the her over the region, being guicled. of course, by the pecuniary very natural, but too human and often illusory, desire of gain- results. But it is necessary not to lose sight of the fact that ing the victory with the least delay. French cnmniunes and dspiti-tiiirnts compare to American townships When we have seriously studied thunderstorms in their ~iidcounties.

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~~ ~ ~~ ~~ ~~~ .the eficiency of the shooting is 'far from having been clemon- you have manifested proves to me that it is not necessary for strated to the satisfaction of every one and our object is pre- me to bid you be of good conrage. To the work then, and let cisely to prove it to a1L us hope for victory. During the past year, two particularly interesting communnl organizations have been formed in France: (1) At DenicEt (by Messrs. Guimand and Bhcjwhere 53 cannon have heen WEATHER BUREAU MEN AS INSTRUUTORS AND placed about 500 meters apart, in such manner as to form n LECTURERS. regular defense over the whole surface of the commune, tlie geometrical outline of which is almost that of a rectaiigle We print herewith the outline of a course iu climatology twice aa long as broad; (2) nt Saintm-C+engous-le-Nntionaland that is being giren by Mr. k E. Hackett, Section Director, Burnand, where the attempt has been made to plnre the can- C'olmiibin, Mo., to students in the University of Missouri. non along the ordinary trajectory of the thunclerstoriiis. In With regard to t,he method of instruction, Mr. Hackett the north of Italy, a certain nuinher of escellent iiistnllnt,ione says : have been made accorcling to the same principals. In lldiillg the wwitiiis charts the data is rend by the instrur-torand The Denicee type, for esainple. wonlcl haw to be developed. iqiivd upim lilitiik mitp~liy tliv studrnts, the iwthlrrinh itnd oth~rlines lwing tlmwu ~lnringthe \verli. aucl it would be aclvantrtgeons to organize n regiilnr c.ontinu- A 15-iiiiiiutr qiiiz is given ~nrhweek upon thr rhnits and lectnre of OUR defense over a territory suficiently vatit in propnrtiun to thr Iwrrrdiiig WPI~ the area covered by bhe storms, ~iidcoiiiprisiiig :J group of as many contiguous coniniunes ns possible. This has nlread~ A FOURTEEN WEEKS' COTTRSE IN CLIMATOLOGY. been clone by Mr. C!liatsillon, in the region of Beaujolais; he [C'i~nfi~irdto n. study lbf thr climate of the Unitrd Statra.] has established 18 shooting stations with a total of 340 c:mion and covering an area of 10,000 hectares. There slionld in nd- FIRST WEEK. ditioii be selected other commmial groups without caiiiltm, but Lwtrrrc..-Hoir tiw driinxI~1itv-ais litxfed: brief reference to the presenting about. the same ngricultursl and t,opogrnpliicnl coil- lniiicildes of ci ~niluct~ioii.convection, radiation, aiicl reflection, clitions as the preceding. ani1 thus, by a siniple coiiiparism, it the amountauf s( )law heat rec*eired by the Northern Hemisphere would be seen whether the storiiis in geneml behave any at difierent senhons of the year, different effects upon land and differently in the two groups of coiniiiiines. This, of ctxirtie. w&r surfaces. diurnal fluctuations of temperature, effects of would not prevent the ordinary obs,ervntions froin being mnde. oc'eiui iwrrentx ani1 large bodies of water upon the tempera- The Saint-Ckngonx type leiids itself to e still more int,erest- ture of adjacent laiiils. effects of altitude, prevailing winds, ing modification. Suppose that it should he desired t.o innlie etc.. roiiduction of lieat in soil; ?/oi/i tAr fPinpwtiirr iftlir nir is an application of this type in the depnrt.nient. of t.he Rlioae. mosirrcd; iroir tile rrorrirol farripmftrrefiJr myplrcr is ohtrtitit~!. which woizlcl be perfectly approprinte for the purpose. by XEC'ONI) WEEK. reason of its extent, its geographical positioii. its tqmgrqjhy~ the seiious damage that it sustniiin each year, .uld also on nc- ('hnrf i(v~~-k.-Aiiniialmea11 temperature of the United States. count of the cannon that nre nlreaclg est,nldislied there. THIRD WEEK. In this department, as also in many others, tlie storms iiio~e in general from the west-southwest to the east-northetlst. or ( 7iort /rorX:-Normal teiuperatures for Jn1iiiar-j-and July. A. perhaps rather from t,he suutliwent to the iiortslieast. If tlie chart sliowing amplitude. to be mde during the m-eek. defense were organized by mnltiplyini,. the c?aiinoiiin that direc- FOURTH WEEK. tion, and consequently dii~inishingthe number in tlie other C'hnrt rrorX:-Higliest and lnaetit temperatures on record. directions, the hal>itual limited breadth of the st.orms \vould A c-1iwts showing extreme range of temperature, to be macle cause them to pass nearly always either to the right or the left, during the week. of the line of defense; they woulcl tondi it lightly soiiietiiiies, FIFTH WEEK. but would rarely reach it completely. The action of the can- non would then, howeyer, be very ilifficult to interpret,, and f 'hrftcvwX..--hniinal curves of temperntme at selected Hta- one would often be exposed to unfortunate illiirrioiis, and tions: coiiipariiig the sensoan1 msrch. of temperntiire in clif- sources of ei~orthat would seriously diiiiiiiisli the value of the ferent, sections of the wuntry. experiments. SIXTH WEEK. 4 On the other hand, these grave defects could be avoicled bg extending the line of defense over a long strip of territory (%nr.t iivrk.-Annual ciimes of temperature at selected which should be perpenclicular to the ordinary direcbion of stdious. progression of the storms. This strip of country iiiight t>e of Lwt it w.- (- 'cr irs~sif I#rrr)i mzti ita n/i )i tinI cir rws. any desired width, but should above all be quite long in order SEVENTH WEEK. that a large part of the storms should be obliged to cross it. I '11nrfunrX..-C'ontinnance of clnily mean temperature above Thus good comparisons would be obtained between the effects 50' and below 32O. produced by t.he storms in this protected strip. and those that EIGHTH WEEK. they caused before they encountered the c.aumm, and after they passed them. f%rt /I'fJd'.-A series of three charts ihstmting the pro- - Many improvements will still be in troilucecl into the iuethocls gressive UlJVelnent of coli1 waves; remarks by the instructor. of protection fiom hail, by experienced persons w110 ]lave NINTH REEK. directed the former esperiments. But tliere is one fault that they shoiild carefully nroicl falling into, namely. that which (%urt WfJd.--dvernge annual precipitation in the United would result from the dissipation of our energy. It wodcl be St'.I t en. puerile and injurious to iiiultiplg incwiiiplete orpniiizations Lt~c./irrr.-~~i~,.fxi!f pwroiIi/i~g iririds mrl i/icJro/tnira~ang~s irpi which would do no good and would conihce t,o discourage- /wi~~i;t(/t;wi: hiw piw.~>itntiru/is nicwxtrrrd: rmrssiue precipita- ment. At present, all efforts shoulcl be directed to n single fifJH.rfr.. end-to proving in an irrefragable ninnner t,lie eflicncy of can- TENTH WEEK. non shooting against hail; and for this purpose it is necessary Clllart u.nrX~.--Sensoiial prec-ipitation (four charts, the arerage to accuinulate well authenticated facts. The enthusiasm that seasonal precipitation being entered for each State).

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