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Land Management Style and Soil Erosion in the Western Area of Uruguay: Local Farmers Vs

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Land Management Style and Soil Erosion in the Western Area of Uruguay: Local Farmers Vs International Land and Water Management Land Degradation and Development Group Land management style and soil erosion in the western area of Uruguay: local farmers vs. foreign investors M.Sc. Thesis By Lucrezia Caon 2 Author Lucrezia Caon Student ID 880730-154-070 Supervisor Dr. Ir. Aad Kessler Wageningen University, The Netherlands Local supervisor Ing. Agr. Pedro Arbeletche Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay Wageningen, 8th May, 2013 3 4 Abstract Governments, companies and individuals with financial capital to invest, are worldwide buying or renting land in developing or third world countries. The introduction of transgenic crops in agriculture, the intensification of the production and the large amount of soybean demanded by the international market, are increasing the pressure on the resource soil. To take the right land management decision is fundamental to avoid soil erosion and to preserve soil productive capacity. Uruguay is a developing country whose economy is mainly based on agriculture. Since 2000 many foreigners started to invest in the agricultural sector and to practice intensive large scale agriculture in Uruguay. Nowadays the main crop planted by both foreigners and locals is transgenic soya. It is commonly said that foreigners investing in poor countries are exploiting the local natural resources aiming to get the highest possible profit from them. Is this a valid assumption in Uruguay? The purpose of this study is to compare the land management style of foreign and local farmers and to relate it to the soil erosion occurring in the study area. The land tenure (rented or owned fields) and the type of farmer interviewed (individual farmer or anonymous society) are taken into consideration during the analysis. Actual and future soil erosion rates are simulated and conclusions on the relation between the nationality of the farmer and the loss of soil are provided. i ii Table of contents List of tables………………………………………………………………………………………............... ii List of figures………………………………………………………………………………………............. iv Acknowledgments………………………………………………………………………………….............. vii List of abbreviations………………………………………………………………………………………... ix 1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 1 2 Materials and method(s)………………………………………………………………………………….. 3 3 Uruguayan agriculture: an overview of its development with a focus on the actual agricultural . system………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 6 3.1 Foreign investors in the agricultural sector………………………………………………………….. 7 3.2 Soya RR, fallow period and crop rotation: environmental issues………………………………….... 9 4 Land management legislative framework………………………………………………………………... 13 5 Soil erosion………………………………………………………………………………………………. 17 5.1 Sod seeding, stubbles and cover crops……………………………………………...……………... 18 5.2 Soil compaction……………………………………………………………………………………. 20 5.3 Actual and future soil erosion rate in the study area………………………………………………. 22 6 Land management style…………………………………………………………………….……………. 26 7 Discussion………………………………………………………………………………………………... 30 8 Conclusions………………………………………………………………………………………………. 34 9 Recommendations……………………………………………………………………………………..…. 35 Bibliography……………………………………………………………………………………………...... 37 Appendix 1: Questionnaire to the farmers……………………………...………………………….............. 41 Appendix 2: Erosion 6.0…………………………………………………………………………………… 47 Appendix 3: Agricultural machineries……………………………………………………………………... 58 Appendix 4: Agrochemicals…………………………………………………………………………...…… 61 Appendix 5: Extra graphs………………………………………………………………………….............. 63 i List of tables Table 1. Number of farmers managing rented or owned fields only………………………………….. 4 Table 2. Crop rotation plans simulated………………………………………………………………... 6 Table 3. The most common crop rotation plans actually done by the interviewees (the abbreviation “WC” refers to “winter crop”)……………………………………………………………………..…. 23 Table 4. Simulated actual soil loss rates (ton/ha/year) in the soil unit “Canada Nieto”. N refers to “no mitigation measures”, CF “conservation buffers”, T30 “terraces having a distance of 30 meters”, T50 “terraces having a distance of 50 meters” and T200 “terraces having a distance of 200 meters”…………………………………………………………………………………………...……. Table 5. Crop rotation plans on rented and owned fields. “AC” refers to “actual crop rotation 23 plan”……………………………………………………..………………………………………….…. 24 Table 6. Ideal crop rotation plans (IC)..……………………………………………………………..... 25 Table 7. Simulated future soil erosion rates (ton/ha/year) in the soil unit “Canada Nieto”. N refers to “no mitigation measures”, CF “onservation buffers”, T30 “terraces having a distance of 30 meters”, T50 “terraces having a distance of 50 meters” and T200 “terraces having a distance of 200 meters”. “IC” refers to “ideal crop rotation plan”.………………………………………………….................. 25 Table 8. Crop distribution in the study area…………………………………………………………... 26 [Appendices] Table 1. Characteristics of the soil units (Ministerio de Agricultura y Pesca, 1979)………...……… 48 Table 2. K and R factors in the simulations……………………………………………………..…… 49 Table 3. Three years crop rotation plans…………………………………………………………..… 50 Table 4. Two years crop rotation plans……………………………………………………………… 50 Table 5. Crop rotation plans simulated…………………………………………………………….… 50 Table 6. Settings of the C factor for crop rotations 1 and 2………………………………………….. 51 Table 7. Settings of the C factor for crop rotations 3, 4 and 5……………………………………….. 51 Table 8. Settings of the C factor for crop rotation 6…………………………………………………. 52 Table 9. Settings of the C factor for crop rotation 7…………………………………………………. 52 Table 10. C factor value (real crop rotation plans)…………………………………………………... 52 Table 11. Simulated actual soil erosion rates (Ton/ha/year) in the soil unit “Young”………………. 53 Table 12. Simulated actual soil erosion rates (Ton/ha/year) in the soil unit “Canada Nieto”……….. 53 Table 13. Simulated actual soil erosion rates (Ton/ha/year) in the soil unit “Bequelo”……………... 53 Table 14. Simulated actual soil erosion rates (Ton/ha/year) in the soil unit “Risso”………………... 54 Table 15. P/C combinations exceeding the T value in “Young”…………………………………….. 54 ii Table 16. P/C combinations exceeding the T value in “Canada Nieto”…………………………..…. 54 Table 17. P/C combinations exceeding the T value in “Bequelo”…………………………………... 55 Table 18. P/C combinations exceeding the T value in “Risso”……………………………………… 55 Table 19. “Ideal” crop rotation plans………………………………………………………………… 55 Table 20. Settings of the C factor for the “ideal” crop rotation plans……………………………….. 55 Table 21. C factor values (“ideal” crop rotation plans)……………………………………………… 56 Table 22. Simulated future soil erosion rate (Ton/ha/year) in the soil unit “Young”……………….. 56 Table 23. Simulated future soil erosion rate (Ton/ha/year) in the soil unit “Canada Nieto”………... 56 Table 24. Simulated future soil erosion rate (Ton/ha/year) in the soil unit “Bequelo”……………… 56 Table 25. Simulated future soil erosion rate (Ton/ha/year) in the soil unit “Risso”………………… 56 Table 26. P/C combinations exceeding the T value in “Young”…………………………………….. 57 Table 27. P/C combinations exceeding the T value in “Canada Nieto”……………………………... 57 Table 28. P/C combinations exceeding the T value in “Bequelo”…………………………………... 57 Table 29. P/C combinations exceeding the T value in “Risso”……………………………………… 57 Table 30. List of the agrochemicals used by farmers and their chemical properties………………… 61 iii List of figures Figure 1. Uruguayan departments (EducaSitios, n.d.)…………………………………………...…… 1 Figure 2. Percentage (%) of farmers managing rented or/and owned fields…………………….…… 4 Figure 3. Percentage (%) of the study area managed by the different types of investors……….…… 8 Figure 4. Fallow period (Ernst and Siri, 2008)……………………………………………………..… 9 Figure 5. Seeding and harvesting periods for soya “de primera”, soya “de segunda” and wheat…… 10 Figure 6. Use of irrigation systems in the study area…………………………………………………. 11 Figure 7. Ownership of the land in the study area……………………………………………………. 11 Figure 8. Duration of the crop rotation in the study area……………………………………………... 12 Figure 9. Percentage (%) of the study area occupied by the different crop types……………………. 12 Figure 10. Length of the rental contract and its relationship with the investor type…………………. 13 Figure 11. CONEAT map (RENARE, 2008)……………………………………………………….... 15 Figure 12. Soil chemical analysis…………………………………………………………………….. 16 Figure 13. Trend of some soil erosion features………………………………………………………. 18 Figure 14. Big amount of stubbles……………………………………………………………………. 19 Figure 15. Stubbles moved by surface runoff………………………………………………………… 19 Figure 16. Inputs and outputs within the soil (Ernst, 2004)………………………………………….. 19 Figure 17. Rill erosion caused by mosquitos…………………………………………………………. 20 Figure 18. Soil compaction trend…………………………………………………………………….. 21 Figure 19. Machineries used on the field……………………………………………………………... 22 Figure 20. Soil types in Uruguay (SPI, n.d.)………………………………………………………….. 23 Figure 21. Digital elevation model (MGAP, 2013)…………………………………………………... 23 Figure 22. Mitigation measures taken by farmers nowadays………………………………………… 27 Figure 23. Mitigation measures that present a significant difference in value (at least 20%) between local and foreign investors……………………………………………………………………………. 28 Figure 24. Reasons why farmers are not building terraces…………………………………………… 28 Figure 25. Future mitigation measures……………………………………………………………….. 29 Figure 26. “X shape” of the fields under conventional agriculture…………………………………... 30 Figure 27. Soil erosion caused by neighboring fields (details)……………………………………….
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