DOCSLIB.ORG

The Inns of Court in London

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Inns of Court in London Cleveland State Law Review Volume 1 Issue 2 Article 6 1952 The Inns of Court in London Charles E. Cook Follow this and additional works at: https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/clevstlrev Part of the European Law Commons, and the Legal Profession Commons How does access to this work benefit ou?y Let us know! Recommended Citation Charles E. Cook, The Inns of Court in London, 1(2) Clev.-Marshall L. Rev. 39 (1952) This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at EngagedScholarship@CSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Cleveland State Law Review by an authorized editor of EngagedScholarship@CSU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Inns of Court of London by Charles E. Cook* Introduction T IS A GENERALLY KNOWN FACT that most of our American law was adopted from the English Common Law. Therefore, it should be interesting to learn how the English lawyers are educated. The Inns of Court: Lincoln's Inn, Gray's Inn, Inner Temple, and Middle Temple are the four principal Inns which gave rise to the English law schools. Although there is some doubt as to the exact date of their beginning, most scholars agree that the Inns were in existence many years before the signing of the Magna Carta (Charta) in 1215 A. D. For reasons later men- tioned the four great Inns are located within the boundaries of the city of London. This location has been referred to by some writers as The Legal Site of London, and by others as The Legal Square of London. The Inns are still in existence, although some of the buildings suffered severely during the air-raids on London in the Second World War. Gradually they are being rebuilt. The Origin of the Inns of Court It is a curious fact that all of the Inns of Court are within the boundaries of the city of London, or within a few yards of the boundaries. They are, in fact, all either within or just beyond the borders of one city ward, that of Farringdon Without.' The principal reason for this particular location was because of the warlike atmosphere that existed in the year of 1115 and after the Roman Conquest. Men crowded into the city for mutual protection. Those who lived without the city defenses did so at the risk of having their houses plundered.2 In the more settled times of 1315, a great noble such as Lord Gray was not afraid * Mr. Cook holds a B. B. A. degree from Fenn College and is an alumnus of Cleveland-Marshall Law School. A combat veteran of World War II, he is now on the staff of the Cleveland office of the U. S. Department of Justice. His article is an example of an impressionistic approach to a subject which at first inspection would seem to be unsusceptible of any but a detached, objective treatment. 'W. J. Loftie, The Inns of Court and Chancery (London, 1908), p. 1. 'Id., p. 29. Published by EngagedScholarship@CSU, 1952 1 CLEVELAND-MARSHALL LAW REVIEW to build his house outside the city boundaries, and by the time of Henry VII even the unwarlike students of the law could live there securely. But why the lawyers selected this particular region for their settlements, rather than the King's courts at 3 Westminster, is difficult to say. The mists of a remote period hang densely about the founda- tion of the Inns of Court. The legal antiquary cannot fix upon the exact time of origin of these Inns, but it can be nearly ap- proximated. They carry the mind back to the depths of the Middle Ages. They antedate the discovery and settlement of America; they existed long before Columbus lifted the veil from the New World; they were in existence before the signing of the Magna Charta in 1215 A. D. King John lodged at the New Temple prior to signing the Charta, and pending the negotiations with his barons, which, in 1215 had their glorious issue at Runny- 4 mede. The Knights Templars were one of the numerous bands of Crusaders who in the eleventh century set forth to wrest Jeru- salem from the infidel. In order to keep up a supply of recruits, they opened agencies in all the countries of Europe, everywhere rivalling in zeal the Knights of St. John of Jerusalem, whose order was founded about the same time. The Templars' first house in London was in Holborn, but they soon became wealthy enough to acquire a better site by the river's side. The site owned by the Templars eventually came into the control of the lawyers and was later known as Middle Temple and Inner Temple.5 Modern usage associates the Saxon word "inne" as well as the French word "hotel" with houses of public entertainment. But at the time when the Inns of Court were established, the Norman French was much in use, and in that language they were called "hostels," a word signifying, as thus used, not a public place of entertainment but the private city or town man- sion of a person of rank or wealth. The word "inn" is the equiva- lent of the word "hotel"; and when the "hostel" of the Earl of Lincoln was let to the lawyers and students of law, it acquired the name of Lincoln's Inn. 6 4' Ibid. John F. Dillon, The Laws and Jurisprudence of England and America (Boston, 1895), p. 39. 'Loftie, The Inns of Court and Chancery, p. 32. 'Dillon, The Laws and Jurisprudence of England and America, p. 36. https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/clevstlrev/vol1/iss2/6 2 THE INNS OF COURT OF LONDON PUMP COURT LOCATED IN MIDDLE TEMPLE, LONDON. Published by EngagedScholarship@CSU, 1952 3 CLEVELAND-MARSHALL LAW REVIEW https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/clevstlrev/vol1/iss2/6 4 THE INNS OF COURT OF LONDON STATUE IN HONOR OF CHARLES LAMB IN THE GARDENS OF INNER TEMPLE, LONDON. Published by EngagedScholarship@CSU, 1952 5 CLEVELAND-MARSHALL LAW REVIEW LINCOLN'S INN GATEHOUSE, LONDON. https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/clevstlrev/vol1/iss2/6 6 THE INNS OF COURT OF LONDON THE CHAPEL AND HALL OF LINCOLN'S INN, LONDON. Published by EngagedScholarship@CSU, 1952 7 CLEVELAND-MARSHALL LAW REVIEW https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/clevstlrev/vol1/iss2/6 8 THE INNS OF COURT OF LONDON "THE WIG MAKER" Published by EngagedScholarship@CSU, 1952 9 https://engagedscholarship.csuohio.edu/clevstlrev/vol1/iss2/6 10 THE INNS OF COURT OF LONDON The site of Gray's Inn formed part of the manor of Portpoole, which became the property of Richard de Chygwell in 1280. This site passed in 1294 to the Dean of St. Paul, who leased it to Reginald De Grey, chief justice of Chester and first Lord Grey Wilton. There is little doubt that the judge lived there with of 7 his clerks and other officers of his court, and his law students. The Inns of Court seated in London, Lincoln's Inn, Gray's Inn, Middle Temple, and Inner Temple, are voluntary societies, unchartered, unincorporated and unendowed. It is quite clear, however, that they were the successors, if not the direct descend- ants of the early law schools which flourished in the city in the 12th and 13th centuries.8 The Inns and Westminster Hall, where the great courts were held for so many centuries until their removal in 1882 into the new Royal Courts of Justice Building, are the visible well- springs and fountains of English and derivatively of American law.9 The General Plan of the Inns The four great Inns are the Inner Temple, the Middle Temple, Lincoln's Inn, and Gray's Inn. With these there have been connected about ten smaller Inns known as Inns of Chancery, most of which were subordinate to one or another of the Inns of Court. But these Inns of Chancery have ceased to exist.10 The Inns of Court have been defined as colleges or cor- porate societies in London to which all barristers, sergeants-at- law, and all aspirants to these dignities must belong. This defini- tion also includes the buildings belonging to these societies in which the members of the Inns dine together and the barristers have their chambers. It is also said of the Inns that they are associations of lawyers which have about them a good deal of the club, something of the college, and something of the trade unions. They acquired the Inns or Hospices-that is the town houses-which had belonged to great noblemen such as the Earl of Lincoln, Lord Grey, and the Knights Templar." 'Encyclopedia Britannica, vol. 12 (Chicago, 1929), Inns of Court, p. 375. 'Id., p. 374. 9 Dillon, The Laws and Jurisprudence of England and America, p. 34. "Id., p. 35. "H. B. Traill, Social England, Vol. II (New York, 1903), p. 650. Published by EngagedScholarship@CSU, 1952 11 CLEVELAND-MARSHALL LAW REVIEW The Inn officials consist of the annual Treasurer and his permanent deputy, and a Bench, constituted by the Masters of the Bench, or briefly, Benchers. There are other officers but among the most important is the Reader, who usually becomes Treasurer in the following year. Formerly it was the Reader's business to give a reading or lecture during the dinner in hall, but the practice has long died out. As in other professions now, examinations are given, and the student finds that it is no longer 12 enough merely to assimilate knowledge during dinner. Professors of the common law, who had the exclusive priv- ilege of practising in the Court of Common Pleas, were known as serjeants-at-law.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Michael D. Weinstein, Esquire 2015 Pegasus Scholar Report
    REPORT OF PEGASUS SCHOLAR Michael D. Weinstein, Esquire 2015 Pegasus Scholar Report For six weeks in spring 2015, my life seemed surreal. I spent my days walking through the august halls of some of the world’s most historic courthouses, marveling at the majestic architecture around me. I worked in an office that overlooked a one‐thousand‐year‐old church still in use today. For lunch, I dined in the place where William Shakespeare first unveiled Twelfth Night to the public. And I was regularly invited to visit High Court Judges, Court of Appeal Judges, even a Justice of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. My days often ended on the rooftop of my flat overlooking the lively neighborhood of Kensington, a stone’s throw from Freddie Mercury’s old mansion, reflecting on this remarkable chapter of my life. For a young lawyer, curious about the world and the law, I can think of few experiences that can be as meaningful or memorable as the one I had as a Pegasus Scholar. This report details those six weeks I spent living and working in London. My co‐scholar and flatmate, Tyler Garrett, has submitted his own report that provides a peek into his remarkable experience as a Pegasus Scholar. While Tyler and I lived together and visited judicial chambers together, most of our days were spent apart, working in different barristers’ chambers. So although our experiences were similar in many ways, they were also very different. Tyler’s report provides a great overview of legal London, including: a description of the differences between solicitors and barristers, and an explanation of how they work together to obtain the best result for their mutual client; how barristers’ chambers are organized; and the role of the English Inns of Court in fostering and promoting civility and professionalism in the practice of law.
    [Show full text]
  • The Inns of Court
    1 Dr Peter Sillitoe, ShaLT Collection Enhancement Report No. 20 for the V&A, Theatre and Performance Department (May 2013) The Inns of Court NB: Earlier, the ShaLT Collection Enhancement Reports have used the printed collections at the National Art Library (particularly the unique Dyce Collection) to highlight printed texts in terms of issues such as authorship and genre. However, bearing in mind that the key outreach goal of the AHRC funding for the project was to further public awareness about the actual theatre sites (The Theatre, Blackfriars, and so on) it seems highly appropriate for a series of reports to focus on the actual theatre spaces. Thus, this report highlights the Inns of Court. Indeed, it is envisaged that the T&P Department at the V&A might be able to host a small exhibition of Dyce material in terms of the actual Shakespearean London Playhouses. With this in mind, this report picks-out printed work at the V&A that links to the Inns of Court. This topic should prove interesting to visitors to a potential exhibition because often the title page is the only evidence we have for the performance of a play at a certain location. The Inns of Court were established for the training of London's lawyers. But in this period the students often organised and acted in plays and masques at winter festival times at the Inn’s hall. Indeed, the Inns of Court still are London’s premier colleges for the training of lawyers (barristers and judges). In the Shakespearean period the four locations were sometimes referred to as ‘the third university’ after Oxford and Cambridge, since the young men who studied to qualify in the law - often wealthy and socially well-connected - occupied these elite spaces.
    [Show full text]
  • In Re Grant Macfarlane, Sr
    Brigham Young University Law School BYU Law Digital Commons Utah Supreme Court Briefs (pre-1965) 1959 In Re Grant MacFarlane, Sr. : Brief of Respondents Utah Supreme Court Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/uofu_sc1 Part of the Law Commons Original Brief submitted to the Utah Supreme Court; funding for digitization provided by the Institute of Museum and Library Services through the Library Services and Technology Act, administered by the Utah State Library, and sponsored by the S.J. Quinney Law Library; machine- generated OCR, may contain errors. Edward W. Clyde; Ray R. Christensen; Ned Warnock; Recommended Citation Brief of Respondent, State v. MacFarlane, No. 9051 (Utah Supreme Court, 1959). https://digitalcommons.law.byu.edu/uofu_sc1/3343 This Brief of Respondent is brought to you for free and open access by BYU Law Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Utah Supreme Court Briefs (pre-1965) by an authorized administrator of BYU Law Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. OCT I 4 1959 ~,.,.,, ._,u.v,.,y IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF UTAH ---+-:~ I L E D INRE GRANT MACF.ARLANE BRIEF OF RESPONDENTS EDWARD W. CLYDE RAY R. CHRISTENSEN NED WARNOCK Sponsored by the S.J. Quinney Law Library. Funding for digitization provided by the Institute of Museum and Library Services Library Services and Technology Act, administered by the Utah State Library. Machine-generated OCR, may contain errors. IXDEX Page TIIE FACTS- ARGUMENT ,' I. KATURB OF DTSCIPI,T'\ARY PROCEEDIKGS BY THE BAR COMMTSSIOK II. THE ~ATURE OF THF.
    [Show full text]
  • Mauritius's Constitution of 1968 with Amendments Through 2016
    PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:39 constituteproject.org Mauritius's Constitution of 1968 with Amendments through 2016 This complete constitution has been generated from excerpts of texts from the repository of the Comparative Constitutions Project, and distributed on constituteproject.org. constituteproject.org PDF generated: 26 Aug 2021, 16:39 Table of contents CHAPTER I: THE STATE AND THE CONSTITUTION . 7 1. The State . 7 2. Constitution is supreme law . 7 CHAPTER II: PROTECTION OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS AND FREEDOMS OF THE INDIVIDUAL . 7 3. Fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual . 7 4. Protection of right to life . 7 5. Protection of right to personal liberty . 8 6. Protection from slavery and forced labour . 10 7. Protection from inhuman treatment . 11 8. Protection from deprivation of property . 11 9. Protection for privacy of home and other property . 14 10. Provisions to secure protection of law . 15 11. Protection of freedom of conscience . 17 12. Protection of freedom of expression . 17 13. Protection of freedom of assembly and association . 18 14. Protection of freedom to establish schools . 18 15. Protection of freedom of movement . 19 16. Protection from discrimination . 20 17. Enforcement of protective provisions . 21 17A. Payment or retiring allowances to Members . 22 18. Derogations from fundamental rights and freedoms under emergency powers . 22 19. Interpretation and savings . 23 CHAPTER III: CITIZENSHIP . 25 20. Persons who became citizens on 12 March 1968 . 25 21. Persons entitled to be registered as citizens . 25 22. Persons born in Mauritius after 11 March 1968 . 26 23. Persons born outside Mauritius after 11 March 1968 .
    [Show full text]
  • Student Days at the Inns of Court
    STUDENT DAYS AT THE INNS OF COURT.* Fortescue tells us that when King John fixed the Court of Common Pleas at Westminster, the professors of the municipal law who heretofore had been scattered about the kingdom formed themselves into an aggregate body "wholly addicted to the study of the law." This body, having been excluded from Oxford and Cambridge where the civil and canon laws alone were taught, found it necessary to establish a university of its own. This it did by purchasing at various times certain houses between the City of Westminster, where the King's courts were held, and the City of London, where they could obtain their provisions. The nearest of these institutions to the City of London was the Temple. Passing through Ludgate, one came to the bridge over the Fleet Brook and continued down Fleet Street a short distance to Temple Bar where were the Middle, Inner and Outer Temples. The grounds of the Temples reached to the bank of the Thames and the barges of royalty were not infrequently seen drawn up to the landing, when kings and queens would honor the Inns with their presence at some of the elaborate revels. For at Westminster was also the Royal Palace and the Abbey, and the Thames was an easy highway from the market houses and busi- ness offices of London to the royal city of Westminster. Passage on land was a far different matter and at first only the clergy dared risk living beyond the gates, and then only in strongly-walled dwellings. St.
    [Show full text]
  • Pupillage: What to Expect
    PUPILLAGE: WHAT TO EXPECT WHAT IS IT? Pupillage is the Work-based Learning Component of becoming a barrister. It is a 12- 18 month practical training period which follows completion of the Bar Course. It is akin to an apprenticeship, in which you put into practise everything you have learned in your vocational studies whilst under the supervision of an experienced barrister. Almost all pupillages are found in sets of barristers’ chambers. However, there are a handful of pupillages at the ‘employed bar’, which involves being employed and working as a barrister in-house for a company, firm, charity or public agency, such as the Crown Prosecution Service. STRUCTURE Regardless of where you undertake your pupillage, the training is typically broken down into two (sometimes three) distinct parts or ‘sixes’. First Six First six is the informal name given to the first six months of pupillage. It is often referred to as the non-practising stage as you are not yet practising as a barrister in your own right. The majority of your time in first six will be spent attending court and conferences with your pupil supervisor, who will be an experienced barrister from your chambers. In a busy criminal set, you will be in court almost every day (unlike your peers in commercial chambers). In addition to attending court, you will assist your supervisor with preparation for court which may include conducting legal research and drafting documents such as advices, applications or skeleton arguments (a written document provided to the court in advance of a hearing). During first six you will be required to attend a compulsory advocacy training course with your Inn of Court.
    [Show full text]
  • Goulandris, Atalanta Redacted.Pdf
    City Research Online City, University of London Institutional Repository Citation: Goulandris, A. (2016). Continuity and change: the professional lives and culture of self-employed barristers in England and Wales. (Unpublished Doctoral thesis, City, University of London) This is the accepted version of the paper. This version of the publication may differ from the final published version. Permanent repository link: https://openaccess.city.ac.uk/id/eprint/17678/ Link to published version: Copyright: City Research Online aims to make research outputs of City, University of London available to a wider audience. Copyright and Moral Rights remain with the author(s) and/or copyright holders. URLs from City Research Online may be freely distributed and linked to. Reuse: Copies of full items can be used for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-profit purposes without prior permission or charge. Provided that the authors, title and full bibliographic details are credited, a hyperlink and/or URL is given for the original metadata page and the content is not changed in any way. City Research Online: http://openaccess.city.ac.uk/ [email protected] Continuity and Change: the professional lives and culture of self-employed barristers in England and Wales Atalanta Goulandris City, University of London Department of Sociology A thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy December 2016 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Table of Contents 2–5 Acknowledgements 6 Declaration and Note 7 Abstract 8 Key to Abbreviations 9 Introduction 10 PART
    [Show full text]
  • Is a Place on the Bench for You? the Basics of Becoming a Bencher …
    Is a place on the Bench for you? The Basics of Becoming a Bencher …. Several BACFI members are Benchers of their respective Inns. As such we thought that BACFI members, employed and self-employed barristers alike, might like to know a little more about the historic origins of this process, and how the modern day Bencher Application process works at each Inn of Court. The Inns are very supportive of nominations and applications from Employed Barristers. As a result of this article we hope that Employed Barristers in particular wish to be Benchers. What is a Bencher? Benchers provide the governance of each of the separate Inns of Court. They are primarily comprised of Judges, QCs and Barristers, self-employed and employed, and are individuals of significant standing and/or who have made a major contribution to the work and life of their Inn. The name comes from when the most senior barristers were permitted to sit on the bench at moots. This class of barristers became known as "Benchers" or "Masters of the Bench". Currently, after being successfully elected, a Bencher receives “voice and vote” meaning that they can both speak at the highest level of meetings of Benchers and also vote and receive papers on matters that need to be decided by the Inn. What do Benchers do? Benchers, as part of the decision making structure of the Inns of Court, will be involved in the governance of the Inn (which includes all issues related to the Inn including education, training, the library, finances, admittance of student members, election of other Benchers, dining and social occasions and other issues, such as advertising).
    [Show full text]
  • Caerfallen, Ruthin LL15 1SN
    Caerfallen, Ruthin LL15 1SN Researched and written by Zoë Henderson Edited by Gill. Jones & Ann Morgan 2017 HOUSE HISTORY RESEARCH Written in the language chosen by the volunteers and researchers & including information so far discovered PLEASE NOTE ALL THE HOUSES IN THIS PROJECT ARE PRIVATE AND THERE IS NO ADMISSION TO ANY OF THE PROPERTIES ©Discovering Old Welsh Houses Group [North West Wales Dendrochronolgy Project] Contents page no. 1. The Name 2 2. Dendrochronology 2 3. The Site and Building Description 3 4. Background History 6 5. 16th Century 10 5a. The Building of Caerfallen 11 6. 17th Century 13 7. 18th Century 17 8. 19th Century 18 9. 20th Century 23 10. 21st Century 25 Appendices 1. The Royal House of Cunedda 29 2. The De Grey family pedigree 30 3. The Turbridge family pedigree 32 4. Will of John Turbridge 1557 33 5. The Myddleton family pedigree 35 6. The Family of Robert Davies 36 7. Will of Evan Davies 1741 37 8. The West family pedigree 38 9. Will of John Garner 1854 39 1 Caerfallen, Ruthin, Denbighshire Grade: II* OS Grid Reference SJ 12755 59618 CADW no. 818 Date listed: 16 May 1978 1. The Name Cae’rfallen was also a township which appears to have had an Isaf and Uchaf area which ran towards Llanrydd from Caerfallen. Possible meanings of the name 'Caerfallen' 1. Caerfallen has a number of references to connections with local mills. The 1324 Cayvelyn could be a corruption of Caevelyn Field of the mill or Mill field. 2. Cae’rafallen could derive from Cae yr Afallen Field of the apple tree.
    [Show full text]
  • The Lives of the Chief Justices of England
    This is a reproduction of a library book that was digitized by Google as part of an ongoing effort to preserve the information in books and make it universally accessible. https://books.google.com Cui.U.K. &3o 1 THE LIVES OK THE CHIEF JUSTICES ENGLAND. FROM THE NORMAN CONQUEST TILL THE DEATH OF LORD TENTERDEN. By JOHN LOKD CAMPBELL, LL.D. F.E.S.E.: AUTHOR OF 'THE LIVES OF THE LOKD CHANCELLORS OF ENGLANd.' THIRD EDITION. IN FOUR VOLUMES.— Vol. II. LONDON: JOHN MUEKAY, ALBEMAELE STEEET. 1874. The right of Translation is reserved. Uniform with the present Work. LIVES OF THE LOED CHANCELLOBS, AND Keepers op the Great Skal op England, from the Earliest Times till the Reign of George the Fourth. By John Lord Campbell, LL.D. Fourth Edition. 10 vols. Crown 8vo. 6s. ' each. " A work of sterling merit — one of very great labour, of richly diversified interest, and, we arc satisfied, of lasting value and estimation. We doubt If there be half-a-dozen living men who could produce a Biographical Series on such a scale, at all likely to command so much applause from the candid among the iearned as well as from the curious of the laity." — Quarterly Review. &ONdON: PRINTEd BT WILLIAM CLOWES ANd SONS, STAMFORd STREET ANd CHARING CROSS. CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME. CHAPTER XI.— continued. LIVES OF THE CHIEF JUSTICES FROM THE DISMISSAL OF SIR EDWARD COKE TILL THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE COMMONWEALTH. Sir Nicholas Hyde, Page 1. His Reputation as a Lawyer, 1. His Con duct as Chief Justice of the King's Bench, 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Anglo-Jewry's Experience of Secondary Education
    Anglo-Jewry’s Experience of Secondary Education from the 1830s until 1920 Emma Tanya Harris A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements For award of the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Hebrew and Jewish Studies University College London London 2007 1 UMI Number: U592088 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U592088 Published by ProQuest LLC 2013. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Abstract of Thesis This thesis examines the birth of secondary education for Jews in England, focusing on the middle classes as defined in the text. This study explores various types of secondary education that are categorised under one of two generic terms - Jewish secondary education or secondary education for Jews. The former describes institutions, offered by individual Jews, which provided a blend of religious and/or secular education. The latter focuses on non-Jewish schools which accepted Jews (and some which did not but were, nevertheless, attended by Jews). Whilst this work emphasises London and its environs, other areas of Jewish residence, both major and minor, are also investigated.
    [Show full text]
  • Edmund Plowden, Master Treasurer of the Middle Temple
    The Catholic Lawyer Volume 3 Number 1 Volume 3, January 1957, Number 1 Article 7 Edmund Plowden, Master Treasurer of the Middle Temple Richard O'Sullivan Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarship.law.stjohns.edu/tcl Part of the Catholic Studies Commons This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Journals at St. John's Law Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Catholic Lawyer by an authorized editor of St. John's Law Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. EDMUND PLOWDEN' MASTER TREASURER OF THE MIDDLE TEMPLE (1561-1570) RICHARD O'SULLIVAN D ENUO SURREXIT DOMUS: the Latin inscription high on the outside wall of this stately building announces and records the fact that in the year 1949, under the hand of our Royal Treasurer, Elizabeth the Queen, the Hall of the Middle Temple rose again and became once more the centre of our professional life and aspiration. To those who early in the war had seen the destruction of these walls and the shattering of the screen and the disappearance of the Minstrels' Gallery; and to those who saw the timbers of the roof ablaze upon a certain -midnight in March 1944, the restoration of Domus must seem something of a miracle. All these things naturally link our thought with the work and the memory of Edmund Plowden who, in the reign of an earlier Queen Elizabeth, devoted his years as Treasurer and as Master of the House to the building of this noble Hall.
    [Show full text]