Quick & Dirty Field Guide to Historic Artifacts
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Quick & Dirty Field Guide to Historic Artifacts Millersville University Archaeology 2011 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS COARSE EARTHENWARES Delftware, Polychrome 33 Redware 3 Delftware, Sponged 34 Agate Ware 4 STONEWARES Philly Slip 5 German Moravian Slipware 6 Brown Rhenish Stoneware 35 English Staffordshire Slipware 7 Westerwald Stoneware 36 North Devon Slipware, Sgraffito 8 English Jackfield-Type Ware 9 Fulham-Type Brown Salt-Glazed REFINED EARTHENWARES Stoneware 37 Creamware 10 English Brown Stoneware 38 Pearlware 11 Nottingham Stoneware 39 Transitional Whiteware 12 Elers-Type Stoneware 40 Whiteware 13 Black Basalt Stoneware 41 Ironstone 14 White Salt-Glazed Stoneware 42 Whieldon Ware 15 Scratch Blue Stoneware 43 Yellow Ware 16 Debased Scratch Blue Stoneware 44 American Rockingham Ware 17 American Stoneware 45 DECORATION STYLES PORCELAIN Hand-Painted, Blue on White 18 Chinese Hand-Painted, Polychrome 18 Dehua White 46 Transfer Printed 18 Ching Blue on White 47 Shell-Edged 19 Chinese Imari 48 Sponged/Spattered 19 Ching Polychrome Overglaze 49 Flow Blue 19 Brown Porcelain 50 Annular Wares Powder Blue Porcelain 51 Banded 20 Polychrome Chinese 52 Dendritic Mocha 20 English Speckled SlipField 21 English Soft Paste 53 Marbleized 21 Bone China 54 Cabled 22 TIN-GLAZED REFINED Borderware 55 EARTHENWARES French Faience Vessel Forms 56-62 Saint Cloud Polychrome 23 Bottle Anatomy 63 Seine Polychrome 24 Dutch and French Bottles 64 Rouen (Brün), Plain 25 Hand-Blown Bottle Seriation 64-65 Rouen (Brün), Polychrome 26 Dutch Gin Case Bottles 66 Provence Blue on White 27 Nails 67 Normandy, Plain 28 Pipes and Pipestems 68 Normandy, Blue on White 29 Lead Bale Seals 69 Brittany Blue on White 30 Gun Flints 69 Delftware Gun Parts 70 Plain Delftware 31 Coins 70-73 Delftware, Blue on White 32 Glossary 74-77 3 COARSE EARTHENWARES REDWARE Body Profile Various Redwares Dark Brown Manganese Glazed Redware Base Ceramic Type: Redware Category: Coarse Earthenware Origin: North America, Europe Date Range: 1500-Present Common Types: Manganese Glazed, Clear Lead Glazed Vessel Forms: BOWL, CANDLE HOLDER, CHAMBER POT, JAR, JUG, PAN, PITCHER, PLATE, PLATTER, SAUCER, TEA POT Body Color: Red to red-orange Glaze Color: Dark manganese glaze; light manganese; clear lead glaze Note: The glaze if present is usually on the interior of the vessel, although both side may glazed. Body Type: Vessel walls are generally heavy, reflecting the utilitarian nature of this pottery. 4 AGATE WARE Agate Ware Agate Ware body with swirled red and white clay Base Ceramic Type: Agate Ware Category: Coarse Earthenware Origin: England Date Range: 1740-1775 Vessel Forms: BOWL, DOOR KNOB, HANDLE, PLATE, PLATTER, TEA POT Body Color: Paste consists of multiple colors, usually red and white colored clays mixed together to create veins seen both inside and out. Paste is relatively hard, and thin. Glaze Color: Clear lead glaze, making the surface appear swirled with light and dark browns. Decoration Styles: The rim may be decorated with a yellow band incised with roulette impressions. Versions with a yellow decorated band were common in the third quarter of the eighteenth century. There was a revival of agate Comments: wares used as doorknobs in the late nineteenth century. Sources: Noel Hume 1969, South 1977 5 SLIPWARE, “PHILLY SLIP” SLIP-TRAILED REDWARE Looped Decoration Philadelphia Slipware Striped Decoration Philadelphia Slipware Wavy Striped Philadelphia Slipware Base Ceramic Type: Redware Category: Coarse Earthenware Origin: North America Date Range: 1750-1820 Common Types: Philadelphia Slipware Vessel Forms: BOWL, CANDLE HOLDER, CHAMBER POT, JAR, JUG, PAN, PITCHER, PLATE, PLATTER, SAUCER, TEA POT Body Color: Red to red-orange Glaze Color: The interior surface is covered with a clear lead glaze. Decoration Styles: Decoration is applied by slip-trailing in white, and is simple and geometric. Designs include broad bands, stripes, loops and lobes. Body Type: Vessel walls are generally heavy, reflecting the utilitarian nature of this pottery. Simple, slip-trailed redware vessels were produced at several locations in the Anglo-American colonies after 1750, initially by German potters who emigrated to Pennsylvania, New England and North Carolina. The simple geometric band and loop decoration Comments: on utilitarian forms is often referred to as "Philadelphia style", although as noted such wares were made in a number of centers in Eastern North America. The are most common from the third quarter of the eighteenth century into the first decades of the nineteenth century. Sources: Bower 1985; Magid and Means 2003 6 SLIPWARE, MORAVIAN Banded Moravian Slipware Squiggled White, Brown and Green Moravian Green Floral Moravian Slipware Base Ceramic Type: Redware Category: COARSE EARTHENWARE Origin: UNITED STATES Date Range: 1750-1825 Common Types: Moravian Slipware BOTTLE, BOWL, CANDLE HOLDER, CHAMBER POT, CUP, JAR, JUG, MUG, Vessel Forms: PAN, PITCHER, PLATE, POT, SAUCER, TEA POT Body Color: Varies in color from light red or orange, and less commonly, buff and yellow. Glaze Color: Clear lead glaze over the white slip decoration. Slip decoration could be trailed, marbled, overall slip washed, banded or sgraffito, using combinations of white, yellow, light brown, dark brown and green. Green decoration was usually applied over a base of white slip. Decoration Styles: Designs include a wide variety of floral and zoomorphic motifs, as well as inscriptions, dates, and abstract designs consisting of bands, stripes, squiggles, scrolls, dots and lobes. Interiors of many hollow forms were covered in a white slip wash before decoration. Moravian slip-decorated wares are distinct from English Staffordshire slipwares in their red-colored paste, their motifs, and their use of green decoration and highlighting. They were produced by German potters who settled in North Carolina and Pennsylvania in the Comments: 18th century, and the vessels exported widely in Eastern American by the late 18th century. For a more specific chronology of decorative categories, see South (2004). Sources: Bivins 1972; South 2004 7 SLIPWARE, STAFFORDSHIRE-TYPE, ENGLISH Combed Trailed Staffordshire w/ Crimped Rim Combed Trailed Staffordshire w/ Crimped Rim Dotted Staffordshire Dotted, Trailed & Combed Staffordshire Base Ceramic Type: Staffordshire Slipware Category: COARSE EARTHENWARE Origin: ENGLAND Date Range: 1675-1770 Common Types: Trailed, Dotted, Combed Vessel Forms: BOWL, CANDLE HOLDER, CHAMBER POT, CUP, MUG, PITCHER, PLATE, PLATTER, POSSET, CUP Body Color: Buff or tan in color, often with visible mineral tempering. Glaze Color: A clear lead glaze is applied over the slip decoration, giving the pottery its characteristic yellow and brown appearance. Surface is covered with white and/or brown slip, and decorated in a variety of ways. Decoration methods include trailing slip designs, “jewelling” (placing dots of slip on bands of contrasting color); combing, Decoration Styles: marbling (joggling), and impressed designs. Platters are usually decorated only in one side, and typically have a crimped (“piecrust”) lip. This yellow and brown slipware is associated with Staffordshire; however it was produced in several centers in England. It was Comments: made in a wide variety of both utilitarian and tableware forms. Vessels can be either wheel-thrown or bat molded. Sources: http://www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/Historic_Ceramic_Web_Page/Historic_Main.htm; Erikson and Hunter 2001; Grigsby 1993; Noel Hume 1970, 2001 8 NORTH DEVON SLIPWARE, SGRAFFITO Incised Sgraffito Incised Sgraffito with Various Designs Incised Zoomorphic Sgraffito Base Ceramic Type: Sgraffito Slipware Category: COARSE EARTHENWARE Origin: ENGLAND Date Range: 1650-1740 Common Types: Incised Vessel Forms: BOWL, CANDLE HOLDER, JUG, MUG, PITCHER, PLATE Body Color: Red to light reddish-brown in color. Many examples have a thin grey core. Glaze Color: A lead glaze covered the slipped surface, giving a yellow color to the slip. Vessels are covered with a thin layer of slip, and patterns were incised through the slip to reveal the red body below. Decoration Styles: Designs include, birds, animals, portraits, letters, naturalistic scenes, geometric, and floral patterns Comments: This incised slipware variety was probably produced in the North Devon area of England. Although common on 17th century English sites, it is rare on Spanish colonial sites. Sources: Grant 1983; Noel Hume 1970; Outlaw 2002 9 JACKFIELD-TYPE WARE Various Examples of Jackfield Base Ceramic Type: JACKFIELD-TYPE WARE Category: LEAD GLAZED COARSE EARTHENWARE Origin: ENGLAND Date Range: 1740-1790 Common Types: Plain, Hand Painted Vessel Forms: CUP, PITCHER, SAUCER, TEA POT Body Color: Very hard, dark purple to dark reddish-grey paste. Glaze Color: Deep, shiny, lustrous (often almost metallic-appearing) black glaze on interior and exterior. Decoration Styles: Decorated Jackfield wares can have oil gilded or enamel floral or foliate designs, or be decorated with slip designs in sprigs, bands or lines. Body Type: Thin-walled vessels. Jackfield production is historically associated with the town of Jackfield in Shropshire, however it was also commonly produced in Comments: Staffordshire by potters like Thomas Whieldon (thus the use of "Jackfield-type" wares). It‟s peak period of use was from about 1740-1760. Jackfield type ware made by Thomas Wheildon is characterized by a redder body and slightly more brilliant black glaze. Sources: Noel Hume 1969, 2001; South 1977; www.jefpat.org/diagnostic/Historic_Ceramic_Web_Page 10 REFINED