International Balzan Foundation

The Balzan Prizewinners’ Research Projects: An Overview 2016 © 2016, Fondazione Internazionale Balzan, Milano [www.balzan.org] Printed in Italy ISSN 2240-4406 Contents

The International Balzan Foundation ...... Pag. 5

The Balzan Prizewinners’ Research Projects: An Overview

Introduction by the Chairman of the Balzan General Prize Committee Salvatore Veca ...... » 9

Editor’s Note ...... » 11

The Balzan Prizewinners’ Research Projects (2011-2015) Literature, Moral Sciences, and the Arts ...... » 15 Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, and Medicine ...... » 69

The Balzan Prizewinners’ Research Projects (2001-2010) Literature, Moral Sciences, and the Arts ...... » 99 Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, and Medicine ...... » 155

Indices Balzan Prizewinners’ Research Projects ...... » 211 Institutions ...... » 217 People ...... » 225

3 Organization of the International Balzan Foundation: The Balzan Foundation “Prize” Board ...... Pag. 237 General Prize Committee ...... » 237 The Balzan “Fund” Foundation Board ...... » 238

Balzan Prizes (1961-2015) ...... » 239

4 The International Balzan Foundation

The International Balzan Foundation was established in Lugano in 1956 thanks to the generosity of Lina Balzan, who had come into a considerable inheritance on the death of her father, Eugenio. She decided to use this wealth to honour his memory.

Eugenio Francesco Balzan was born in Badia Polesine, near Rovigo (Northern Italy), on 20 April 1874 into a family of landowners. He spent almost his entire working life at Milan’s leading daily newspaper, Corriere della Sera. After joining the paper in 1897, he worked his way up from editorial assistant to news editor and special cor- respondent.1 In 1903 editor Luigi Albertini made him managing director of the paper’s publishing house; he then became a partner and shareholder in the company. He was not only a resourceful manager but also a leading personality in Milan. In 1933 he left Italy due to ever-increasing opposition to what was left of an independent Corriere. He then moved to Switzerland, living in Zurich and Lugano. He engaged in charitable activities, supporting many worthy causes.

He officially returned to Italy in 1950. Eugenio Balzan died in Lugano, Switzerland, on 15 July 1953.2

Today, the Balzan Foundation, international in character and scope, acts jointly through two Foundations, one under Italian jurisdiction and the other under Swiss jurisdiction.

In Milan, the International E. Balzan Prize Foundation “Prize” aims to promote, throughout the world, culture, science, and the most meritorious initiatives in the cause of humanity, peace and fraternity among peoples, regardless of nationality, race or creed. This aim is attained through the annual awarding of prizes in two general ac- ademic categories: literature, the moral sciences and the arts; medicine and the physi-

1 Renata Broggini (ed.), Eugenio Balzan. L’emigrazione in Canada nell’inchiesta del Corriere. 1901. Mi- lano: Corriere della Sera, 2009. 2 Renata Broggini, Eugenio Balzan 1874-1953. Una vita per il Corriere, un progetto per l’umanità. Milano: RCS Libri, 2001; second revised, expanded edition 2014; Renata Broggini, Eugenio Balzan 1874-1953. A Biography. Milano: Hoepli, 2007.

5 cal, mathematical and natural sciences. Specific subjects for the Prizes are chosen on an annual basis.

Nominations are received at the Foundation’s request from the world’s leading aca- demic institutions. Candidates are selected by the General Prize Committee, com- posed of eminent European scholars and scientists. Prizewinners must allocate half of the Prize to research, preferably involving young researchers.

At intervals of not less than three years, the Balzan Foundation also awards a prize for humanity, peace and fraternity among peoples.

In Zurich, the International E. Balzan Prize Foundation “Fund” administers Eugenio Balzan’s estate so as to place at the disposal of the International E. Balzan Prize Foun- dation “Prize” the necessary financial means to realize its objectives.

6 The Balzan Prizewinners’ Research Projects: An Overview

7 Introduction by the Chairman of the Balzan General Prize Committee

Salvatore Veca

The Balzan Research Projects are an integral part of the Balzan Prize and are the one element that marks the Balzan Prize out from other international awards. The projects go a long way in fulfilling the central aims of the Balzan Foundation as elaborated by Lina Balzan, to promote culture, the sciences and the most meritorious initiatives in the cause of humanity and peace among peoples throughout the world. Since 2001, half of each annual Balzan Prize has been set aside to support a research project developed by the Prizewinner and approved by the Balzan General Prize Committee. The structure of each research project is determined by the Prizewinner, and its management is the responsibility of an academic institution proposed by the Prizewinner. The Balzan General Prize Committee delegates one or more of its members to advise and assist Prizewinners in the definition and implementation of their projects. The projects are intended to give an opportunity to young researchers to make an impact at the beginning of their careers.

The sheer variety of projects undertaken to date is notable, ranging across all academic disciplines. Significant cutting edge research has emanated from these endeavours, with Balzan Prizes supporting the purchase of laboratory equipment and financing expeditions and the publication of major academic works. The variety and quality of this output can readily be observed in the lengthy bibliographies attached to the individual projects presented here. This output has also resulted in the establishment of a unique library at the headquarters of the Balzan Prize Foundation in Milan, which can be accessed by interested academics and researchers.

The total amount to date allocated to over fifty Balzan Research Projects is 27.5 million Swiss francs. A significant number of academic institutions and individual researchers worldwide have been involved in these research projects. This includes institutions from countries including Australia, Austria, Canada, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Russia, Switzerland, the Netherlands, the UK and the USA. Over five hundred researchers and administrators have been involved, representing an input

9 from many other countries including China, Finland, India, Iran, Romania, Ukraine, Ireland and Poland.

I would like to convey my heartfelt thanks to Clarice Zdanski and all the staff at the Balzan “Prize” Foundation for their efforts in editing this new edition.

October 2016

10 The Research Projects: An Overview Editor’s Note

The fourth edition of the Overview reflects fifteen years of research carried out in projects devised and overseen by the Balzan Prizewinners. Over this period of time, many have concluded their research and achieved their goals; others are practically finished, but still occasionally produce results or publications. Consequently, a new format had been adopted, with one part dedicated to detailed, in-depth descriptions of ongoing projects, and another shorter, summary section dedicated to projects from the first ten years of the research project programme. For further information on all projects from 2001 to 2014, the reader is referred to the previous three editions of the Overview, which can be requested in paperback from the Foundation, or downloaded in pdf form from the International Balzan Foundation site (http://www.balzan.org/en/ publications).

Within these two parts, the projects are organized according to the two subject areas in which the Balzan Prizes are awarded each year: Literature, Moral Sciences and the Arts; the Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, and Medicine. Entries are listed chronologically, beginning with the most recent. The entries for each Prizewinner are organized as follows: name of project, prizewinner, year and subject area of award; adviser from the Balzan General Prize Committee (GPC); names of researchers and/ or project directors; affiliated institution(s); period foreseen for research; web links.

Clarice Zdanski October 2016

11 The Balzan Prizewinners’ Research Projects: 2011-2015

13 Literature, Moral Sciences, and the Arts

15 Iconic Presence: Images in Religion Hans Belting 2015 Balzan Prize for the History of European Art (1300-1700)

Balzan GPC Adviser: Victor Stoichita Project Directors: Sigrid Weigel, Klaus Krüger, Ivan Foletti Affiliated Institutions: Zentrum für Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaft, Berlin; Freie Universität, Berlin; Center for Medieval Studies, Department of Art History, Czech Masarykovy University, Brno Period: 2016-

Hans Belting is Emeritus Professor for Art History and Media Theory at the Staatliche Hochschule für Gestaltung Karlsruhe. His project concerns the central role of images in religions and the significance of material practice in religion, which have become major topics in the field of religious studies as a result of notions like “Iconic Religion” (a project at the University Bochum), “Visible Religion” (the title of a journal of the 1980s at the University Groningen), or “mediation and genesis of presence” (Birgit Meyer, 2012 inaugural lecture, University of Utrecht). Hans Belting’s own attention to notions of Likeness and Presence (as in the title for the English edition of Bild und Kult) make a claim for enforced presence, as was the case with the use of very old or miraculous images in the Christian religion.

The iconic production and ritual enactment of images differ significantly between different religions, and focus the gaze on the specific nature and history of each. Likewise, the contemporary significance of religion differs from culture to culture. Therefore, the modern experience of religion, which derives from the Enlightenment, must be re-evaluated in order to understand images in religions other than Christianity. Anthropology has usually been considered the appropriate field for such topics.

Today a paradigm shift has also affected our own culture in a global context. The so-called “pre-modern” history of Europe, when religion definitely played a more important role than today, must also be reformulated. The Eurocentric prejudice

17 which was developed in colonial times and strengthened during missionary activity in other cultures mainly applies to Christian theology, which cast a paternalistic gaze on non-Christian or colonial forms of religion for a long time. Thus an anthropological discussion instead of a theological one must be initiated.

In religions, the evidence of images has a profile of its own since images must be able to represent or give presence to what is not available to the human gaze. Time and again, the collective power of such images over the imagination has been questioned. Each instance of iconoclasm has caused a debate about true or false images (the latter considered as idols). The prohibition of images which played such an important role in Judaism and Islam reveals a fear of being betrayed by images and manipulated by ideology. Aniconism is also a (negative) iconic theory caused by suspicion against the ontology inherent in images. However, the search for a “true image” of Christ in late antiquity reveals the lack of an authentic “prophetic” Urtext in religion. Islam has responded with a verbal revelation in the Qur’an.

A very different situation is presented by the modern era, when the specific evidence of religious images suddenly suffered a loss of legitimacy. This may also be seen as the legacy of the Renaissance concept of art. Today, we are confronted with the existence of other iconic cultures which in the field of iconology challenge the closed European horizon and also affect our theoretical stance with its hegemonic universalism. Contemporary worldwide art production also questions the western monopoly on the concept of art.

RESEARCH PROGRAM

The funds of the Balzan Prize offer support to young scholars to do research on images and to involve literary or cultural studies as well as religious studies. For this purpose, Hans Belting has initiated cooperative programmes with three different institutions which will address the project from their different perspectives.

In the Zentrum für Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaft in Berlin (ZfL), the former director, Sigrid Weigel, is a partner in the project. Renowned for her work in image theory, she has recently published Grammatologie der Bilder (Suhrkamp 2015). The subject of religion is well established at the ZfL, as can be seen by the work of Martin Treml. A postdoctoral position (50%) for three years will have the task

18 of cooperating with the two other institutions in organizing conferences, seminars, and publications.

Secondly, the programme Research Group Evidence of Images has been instituted at the Free University in Berlin, where Belting is an elected Fellow. The Berlin project is directed by the art historian Klaus Krüger, who is known in the field of image theory and for his recently published book on religion and art, Gratia und Grazia. A PhD position (50%) for three years will serve to coordinate research in conjunction with the other two institutions.

The third institution is the Center for Medieval Studies in the Seminar dejin umeni (art history) at the Czech Masarykovy University in Brno, where art historian Ivan Foletti, editor of the international journal Convivium and lecturer at Brno and at the University of Lausanne, will act as head of the project. He has recently published the book Zona liminare, Il nartece di Santa Sabina a Roma (Viella 2015). A postdoctoral position (100%) with emphasis on late Antiquity and the Middle Ages in East and West will help to broaden the perspective of the project in the spatial and temporal sense.

19 Global and Quantitative Economic History Joel Mokyr 2015 Balzan Prize for Economic History

Balzan GPC Adviser: Thomas Maissen Project Directors: Joel Mokyr, Joseph Ferrie, Louis Cain Main Researchers: Carola Frydman, José Espin, Natalya Naumenko, Aniket Panjwani, Yannay Spitzer, Mara Squicciarini, Taco Terpstra, Marlous van Waijenburg, Anthony Wray, Heyu Xiong, Yiling Zhao, Ariell Zimran, Nicola Bianchi Affiliated Institution:Northwestern Center for Economic History Period: 2016-

Joel Mokyr is Robert H. Strotz Professor of Arts and Sciences and Professor of Economics and History at Northwestern University, Evanston IL, and Sackler Professorial Fellow at the Eitan Berglas School of Economics at the University of Tel Aviv. He would channel the entire half of his Balzan Prize to research through the Northwestern Center for Economic History, which he directs together with his Northwestern colleagues Professor Joseph Ferrie and Louis Cain. The Center was set up in 2012 with very limited seed money from Northwestern University, and the Balzan Prize would make it possible to continue this funding at a higher level. In addition to supporting graduate students, the Balzan funds will be used to support other young investigators from all over the world who are affiliated with the Center, including junior faculty at other universities who recently graduated from Northwestern. More specifically, Mokyr plans to support the graduate students’ and young investigators’ travel to libraries and archives, employ undergraduate research assistance, purchase and process data, travel to professional conferences, and attend local seminars and workshops.

In addition, a position for a postdoctoral fellow in Economic History will be created, requiring the candidate to spend a full year at Northwestern in the Economics or History department engaged in research under Mokyr’s supervision. Part of the position would entail teaching one or two courses in global and quantitative economic history, which could be used to supplement the postdoc’s salary, as well as prepare her or him for an

20 academic career. It is also proposed that the Center help fund data collection systems, specifically maintaining and extending a data transcription system named d’Entry, originally developed by Dr. Roy Mill at Stanford. This program is critical to the “big- data” projects currently ongoing or planned by Northwestern students and recent graduates. It allows an easy and fast transcription of quantitative information from sources such as Ancestry.com and the US Census into machine-readable databases.

At the time of writing, the following individuals have been designated to participate in Mokyr’s Balzan research project: Carola Frydman (Harvard PhD), from Argentina, an Assistant Professor at the Northwestern Kellogg School of Management; José Espin, from Spain, PhD 2013 (Northwestern), now Assistant Professor of Economics at Yale University; Natalya Naumenko, from Russia, economics PhD student at Northwestern University, expected to receive her degree in 2018; Aniket Panjwani, from India, economics PhD student at Northwestern University, expecting to graduate in 2018; Yannay Spitzer, from Israel, PhD 2015 (Northwestern), currently Assistant Professor in the Department of Economics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem; Mara Squicciarini, from Italy, PhD 2014 (KU Leuven), postdoctoral visitor at Northwestern University; Taco Terpstra, from the Netherlands, PhD 2011 (Columbia University), an Assistant Professor at Northwestern in the Classics Department; Marlous van Waijenburg, from the Netherlands, sixth year PhD student in history at Northwestern University (expected in 2016), specializing in African economic history; Anthony Wray, from Canada, (Northwestern PhD, 2015) currently a postdoctoral fellow at Hitotsubashi University in Japan; Heyu Xiong, from China, economics PhD student at Northwestern University, expected year of PhD, 2018; Yiling Zhao from China, currently a PhD student at Northwestern, expected year of PhD 2019; Ariell Zimran, from the USA, economics PhD student at Northwestern University, expected year of PhD 2016; Nicola Bianchi, from Italy, PhD (Stanford), currently an Assistant Professor at Northwestern’s Kellogg School of Management Strategy Department.

In addition, the funds will be used for two other purposes. First, a week to 10-day residency at Northwestern for a distinguished scholar, wherein he/she will interact with the graduate students and the postdoctoral fellow, engaging in discussions and providing them with in-depth advice on their research projects. The senior scholars will be designated as Balzan Visitors. Second, two small international conferences in economic history – officially designated as Balzan Conferences – to be held on the Northwestern campus, and which will include a keynote address by a distinguished scholar.

21 In summary, the Center for Economic History at Northwestern funds, supports and guides the work of young researchers (six current PhD students, three Northwestern recent graduates, the resident postdoctoral fellow and three Assistant Professors, one in the Classics Department and the two others in the Kellogg School of Management). Their work will lead to the construction of historical databases, completed PhD dissertations, and the publication of articles in refereed journals and books. These publications will acknowledge the support of the Balzan Foundation. All research projects funded by the Balzan Foundation via the center will be carried out by young researchers under the direction of the Prizewinner, Professor Joel Mokyr. Professors Joseph Ferrie (a Professor in the Economics Department) and Louis Cain (an adjunct Professor in the Economics Department) will serve as deputy supervisors, assisting in project implementation and assuming an active role in coordinating research presentations.

22 Styles of Reasoning Ian Hacking 2014 Balzan Prize for Epistemology and Philosophy of Mind

Balzan GPC Adviser: Salvatore Veca Project Director: Cheryl Misak, Deputy Supervisor Research Fellows: Maria Keller, Melissa Rees, David Suarez, Zachary Irving, Natalie Helberg, Kristina Pucko, Taro Okamura, Li Haosheng, Julia Smith, James Davies, Griffin Klemick, Johanna Thoma, Robert Matyasi, Prach Panchakunathorn Affiliated Institution: The University of Toronto Period: 2015-2019 Website: http://www.philosophy.utoronto.ca/research/balzan-research-project-2015- 19-styles-of-reasoning/

Ian Hacking is University Professor Emeritus at the University of Toronto. The aim of his Balzan Styles of Reasoning research project is to contribute to his important and ground-breaking work through the support of young researchers, conferences, travel and publications. Although Professor Hacking’s work covers a tremendous range, it is united by a single concern. He shows how our contemporary investigations of nature and of ourselves – our sciences, mathematics, philosophy, and definitions of chance, illness, and the self – have been shaped by our concepts and their histories. Hacking’s socio-historical-philosophical examinations of the rise and fall of different styles of reasoning have had a lasting impact on all the major domains of inquiry: science, social science and humanities. His work demonstrates his mastery of the formal techniques of logic and confirmation theory, as well as his tremendous learning in contemporary science and its history. It has led to the introduction and elaboration of new conceptual structures; distinctive ways of understanding the possibility and growth of knowledge; and new understandings of the relation between thought, language, and cognition.

The Balzan Styles of Reasoning research project will allow emerging scholars to continue to explore styles of reasoning in the wide range of topics dealt with by Professor Hacking: medicine, psychiatry, sociology, philosophy of mind, epistemology,

23 philosophy of science, philosophical psychology, statistical inference, the philosophy of mathematics and logic, ethics, the philosophy of language, and history. In order to continue to advance the overarching project, detailed studies of different kinds of reasoning and inquiry will be conducted. In each of the years of the project, funds will be made available to support doctoral students so that they can explore in depth a style of reasoning. They are designated ‘Balzan Styles of Reasoning Graduate Fellows’. The plan is to support at least one graduate student in each of the philosophical areas most centrally connected to the Project: The Philosophy of Mind, Epistemology, Philosophy of Science and Mathematics, and Social and Political Philosophy. Funds are also made available, via travel fellowships, to support graduate student members of the Styles of Reasoning community to disseminate the results of their research. In addition, for each of the four years of the project, money will be made available for one or more visiting international graduate students writing dissertations in relevant areas to further enrich the University of Toronto community of scholarship on Styles of Reasoning.

In the fourth year of the research program, an international conference will be held in which students who have contributed to the Styles of Reasoning project will return to the University of Toronto to report on the results of their research. Whereas the precise organization of panels for the conference will depend in part on the specific research areas of the students working in them, a major two-day conference is planned, with principal papers presented by students who have worked in the Styles Project and commentaries by more established but still relatively junior researchers.

2015-16 Balzan Styles of Reasoning Graduate Fellows

Maria Keller Melissa Rees David Suarez Zachary Irving Natalie Helberg

2015-16 Balzan Styles of Reasoning Visiting Fellows

Kristina Pucko Taro Okamura Li Haosheng

24 2015-16 Balzan Styles of Reasoning Travel Fellowships

Julia Smith James Davies Griffin Klemick Johanna Thoma Robert Matyasi Prach Panchakunathorn

Balzan Styles of Reasoning research output

Publications · Johanna Thoma, “Bargaining and the Impartiality of the Social Contract,” forthcoming in Philosophical Studies. · Griffin Klemick, “Prospects for an Objective Pragmatism: Frank Ramsey on Truth, Meaning, and Justification,” in Sami Pihlström, ed., Pragmatism and Objectivity, London: Pickering & Chatto, forthcoming.

Theses Completed · Zachary Irving, Mind-Wandering is Unguided Attention. · David Suarez, Thinking Nature: Towards A Phenomenological Naturalism.

Presentations · James Davies: “Mathematical Fictionalists Cannot be Sceptics About Reference to Abstract Objects.” American Philosophical Association, Central Division Meetings, St Louis, MO, February 2015. · Julia Smith: “Against Cohen’s Defense of the Equal Weight View.” American Philosophical Association Pacific Division Meetings, Vancouver, BC, April 2015. · Johanna Thoma: “Bargaining and the Impartiality of the Social Contract.” American Philosophical Association Pacific Division Meetings, Vancouver, BC, April 2015. · Prach Panchakunathorn: “Moral Expressivism and the Inconsistency Problem,” 20th Annual Conference of the Philosophy and Religion Society,” Silpakorn University, Thailand, January 2016.

25 · Johanna Thoma: “Risk Aversion and the Long Run.” Varieties of Agency Workshop at the Center for Humanities at Stanford, Palo Alto, CA, February 2016.

All publications, conferences, websites, scholarships and visitorships will acknowledge the generosity of the Balzan Foundation in making this vital project possible. The Deputy Supervisor, Professor Cheryl Misak, will provide annual reports on the progress of the project.

26 Ancient Sanctuaries of the Area of Etruria and Lazio: Religious and Cultural Interference Mario Torelli 2014 Balzan Prize for Classical Archaeology

Balzan GPC Adviser: Paolo Matthiae Project Directors: Mario Torelli, Fausto Zevi, Lucio Fiorini Main Researchers: Elisa Marroni, Sofia Cerrone, Andrea Di Miceli, Ilaria Manzini, Diego Ronchi, Fabrizio Santi, Luca Pulcinelli, Anna Maria Sgubini Moretti, Gilda Benedettini, Andrea Carini Affiliated Institutions: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei; Università di Roma “La Sapienza”; Università di Perugia Period: 2015-

Mario Torelli is Professore emerito di Storia dell’arte greca e romana at the Università di Cagliari and Università di Perugia. At the centre of his six-fold project is the religious interference which grew out of the different cultures in contact with each other between the proto-historic age and the Archaic and Classical periods.

1. The cult of the Dioskuri, from Sparta to Italy – Director: Professor Mario Torelli, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei – Researchers: Elisa Marroni, Sofia Cerrone

One line of research will be dedicated to a remarkable, undoubtedly multi-faceted case of religious interference between Greece and the Latin, Etruscan and Italic world: the cult of the Dioskuri, the archaeological and historical-religious aspects of which will be investigated, as will the area of origin, Laconia and Taranto. Italy’s entrance into this non-Greek cult is undoubtedly the fruit of the intense relationship between the Etruscan and Latin world and the world of the Greek motherland and its colonies, which started between the eighth and the seventh century BCE and progressively expanded to all of the societies on the peninsula between the Archaic and Hellenistic ages. The underlying reasons are essentially still unknown.

27 An announcement was posted for an annual renewable grant for a doctoral researcher in the field of the history of religious cults, for a research project on the theme of the cult of the Dioskuri on the Italian peninsula from the Archaic to the Late Republican period. The position was awarded to Elisa Marroni, and started in October 2015. Another smaller grant for a young graduate for research on the theme of the cult of the Dioskuri in Sparta and in Taranto in relation to the main cults in Laconia was awarded to Sofia Cerrone, who began research in January 2016.

Whereas the work of Sofia Cerrone has just started, Elisa Marroni’s analytic recording of literary, epigraphic, numismatic and archaeological evidence (monuments, sculpture, painting, ceramics, etc.) of the cult of the Dioskuri in Lazio, in Abruzzo, in Sardinia and in Calabria is vigorously underway. In the course of the first year, she plans to have finished her work for the Italian peninsula and for Sicily. Marroni’s grant work is closely connected with other work, and together with Professor Mario Torelli, she has completed and published (Edizioni ETS, Pisa) the volume L’obolo di Persefone. Immaginario e ritualità dei pinakes di Locri, with the first results of the Balzan Prize research. Printed in January 2016, it is available to subscribers.

2. Gravisca. The Greek Sanctuary at the Port of Tarquinia – Director: Professor Lucio Fiorini, Università di Perugia – Researcher: Andrea Di Miceli

From the wide-ranging case history of this instance of interference between the Greek area and non-Greek cultures, another significant example is the justly renowned sanctuary-emporium of Gravisca at the port of Tarquinia, where between 590 and 480 BCE Greek merchants (mainly Greek-Orientalizing) traded with their Etruscan counterparts under the protection of divinities venerated in both their Greek and Etruscan aspects in dedications and inscriptions: two types of materials are planned for publication, to be included as the last two volumes in the final edition of the excavations, one on archaic painted ceramics of clear Ionic inspiration and the other on Greek and Etruscan transport amphorae. The study of these two types of ceramic materials may furnish useful diagnostic data on the precise provenance of both the Greek and the Etruscan merchants.

Andrea Di Miceli won the postdoctoral grant announced by the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei with funds made available by the International Balzan Foundation. He is at work on the theme of the classification of the ceramics found at the Greek Sanctuary of Gravisca, the execution of drawings of materials and digital illustration. His

28 fellowship lasted from August 2015 to March 2016, during which time he classified and prepared digital drawings of the Greek shipping amphorae found at Gravisca. Moreover, this served as preliminary work for the publication of the volume Gravisca. Scavi nel santuario greco 13. Le anfore da trasporto greche ed etrusche, part of the series directed by Professor Mario Torelli and dedicated to the study of the artefacts which came to light during the excavations carried out in Gravisca in the 1970s. At the same time as this undertaking, an analysis of the painted ceramics discovered at Gravisca is also underway, with an eye toward the publication of a second volume in the abovementioned series. This will be published as part of the project in question, with the title Gravisca. Scavi nel santuario greco 7. Le ceramiche etrusche dipinte arcaiche.

3. Ostia, the Temple of the Round Altar – Director: Professor Fausto Zevi, Università di Roma “La Sapienza” – Researcher: Ilaria Manzini

Another case of interference between the Etruscan-Latin world and the Greek world concerns the cult of Apollo. From the boundless evidence of the presence of the god of Delphi in Italy, one controversial case was chosen: a recent hypothesis attributes the temple of the Round Altar in Ostia to Apollo. The unpublished study of the materials discovered years ago in the excavations of the cella and the overall re-examination of the archaeological, epigraphic, topographical and monumental documentation are expected to lead to new data for a more certain identification with the divinity. In order to carry out the approved project, an announcement was made for an eight-month fellowship, which was won by Ilaria Manzini, in the dottore di ricerca programme in Methodology of Archaeological Research at the Rome’s “La Sapienza” University. She began her work in August 2015. During the first six months of this grant, the following activities were carried out:

1. Subdivision of the material by category, number and morphological classification. Overall, 10,733 fragments of various categories were examined. For the most part, they were ceramics, but there were also architectural, plaster and stucco, glass, metal, and bone fragments. Wherever possible, they were compared with the reference typologies of related categories and with bibliography pertinent to other contexts of the excavation, with the purpose of placing them in a topological and chronological framework. A catalogue of the types of clay used for the different categories of ceramics was also produced. The data were compiled in an Excel table in order to make further elaboration easier (numbering the fragments by layer and by type).

29 2. Graphic and photographic documentation of the material. Altogether, 504 drawings of the most significant material for the reconstruction of the chronology of the strata in question were carried out. They were then elaborated using Adobe Illustrator. Again, with the aim of producing documentation for a publication on the excavation, 232 photographs of various materials and 103 photographs of broken ceramics fragments (magnified 50 times through a microscope) were taken in order to document the different types of clay identified in the course of the study.

3. Editing text for the scientific publication on the excavation. The drafting of a text to present the material in the general edition of the excavation was begun. The material is presented according to stratigraphic sequence, which is in turn organized by phase. Strata outside the sequence are presented in a separate section. The text is organized as follows: synthetic presentation of the strata for each phase, including a discussion of the chronological data revealed by the study of the material as a whole; hence, a presentation of the material by category, together with tables and diagrams.

In the months Manzini held the fellowship, she proceeded by working on comparisons and on drafting the text for publication, as well as organizing drawings in the tables. A continuation of her fellowship may be necessary before the final submission due to the imposing amount of material under examination.

The work, which the directors of the project are completely satisfied with, even if it does not seem that it will generate crucial elements as far as the most ancient phases of the city are concerned, will thus reach its primary objective: to ascertain the chronology of this important building in the abovementioned temple context, acknowledging it as one of the most significant among those which have come to light in Ostia in the Republican period, and the most significant for the complex, with its important references to the urban environment.

4. Circeo, the Latin Colony and its Sanctuaries – Director: Professor Mario Torelli, Accademic Nazionale dei Lincei – Researcher: Diego Ronchi

Yet another case concerns the cult of Circe, the goddess at the centre of one of the most important myths of the Odyssey. The sanctuary dedicated to her rose in the Latin colony of Circeo (393 BCE), which took its name from the mythical sorceress and from the promontory where the cult was located. The editing of a recently defended doctoral thesis on the centre and its many antiquities has shown that the traditional

30 identification of a colossal base supported by vaulted structures inopera incerta with a villa (the so-called Villa dei Quattro Venti) is unfounded. Both the data collected by the careful analysis of the structures and the discovery of a votive dedication from the Republican period on the inside of the complex suggest instead that this great monument can be identified as the sanctuary of Circe, and that the imposing architectural complex can be recognized as one of the “Sullan sanctuaries” of Lazio, like Fortuna Primigenia in Palestrina and Hercules Victor in Tivoli. Once the general framework of the archaeological district of Circeo has been analysed, this sanctuary will mainly be discussed in relation to what different sources say about the relationship with the place of the cult of Circe.

Diego Ronchi won the grant announced in July 2015, and it was agreed that he should draft a volume based on research for his dottorato di ricerca in archaeology at the Università di Roma “Tor Vergata” (2015). The volume should have nine chapters, four of which have already been written and approved by Torelli (chapter 1: the territorial context; chapter 2: historiography; chapter 3: analysis of the literary sources; chapter 4: the so-called Sanctuary of Circe in Circeo). The remaining five will be finished by the end of the fellowship period in the summer of 2016 (chapter 5: the Sanctuary of Monticchio; chapter 6: the so-called Villa of the Four Winds; chapter 7: the colony of the Circeii; chapter 8: access and the road system; chapter 9: conclusions: the acquisition of a great new “Sullan” sanctuary), and the volume will then be ready for print, with the provisional title La colonia latina di Circei e il santuario di Circe.

5. Lanuvio, the Sanctuary of Juno Sospita – Director: Fausto Zevi, Università di Roma “La Sapienza” – Researchers: Fabrizio Santi, Luca Pulcinelli

On the larger theme of the so-called Sullan sanctuaries, a link will be re-established with research on the sanctuary of Juno Sospita in Lanuvio, already begun three years ago under the direction of Prof. Fausto Zevi, who will continue to supervise the research, addressing the study of ceramic materials found in the excavation and expanding investigations to the area of the lower sanctuary of the late Republican and Imperial era. Together with Ronchi’s study, it will be possible to obtain not only more articulate information on the Proto-historic and Archaic phases, to which the birth of the cult is dated, but also more precise data on the plan in terms of the late Republican, monumentalizing phase of the sanctuary, which in fact connects the transformation of the sanctuary complex to the grandiose, scenographic architecture of the Late Hellenistic period.

31 According to plan, the project completed most of the analysis of the western half of the excavation area, corresponding to approximately the front half of the mid-republic temple. Thus far, the analysis carried out has led to the identification of elements not completely recognized until now. To that end, two fellowships were planned, for twelve and eighteen months respectively.

The twelve-month fellowship began in September 2015, and was assigned to Fabrizio Santi, dottore di ricerca in classical archaeology at Rome’s La Sapienza University, and already known for his scholarly research on archaic temple architecture. The work of the first months of research concentrated essentially on the detailed analysis of the evidence from the 2006-2011 excavations, in order to produce a complete regesta of all of the structures, tombs and operations of various kinds identified in the temple of Juno Sospita. Then it proceeded with the drawing up of data sheets for the individual items (small buildings, tombs, pits, etc.) that, with the assistance of plans and indicators numbered according to the stratigraphic units under consideration, would make up a substantial, fundamental part of the final publication on the excavation. The positive or negative stratigraphic units that could not clearly be associated with any structure were also catalogued, because they can be inserted into a specific chronological phase and serve as pendants to the analysis of the materials of a late archaic temple wall, which did not have, as in the hypothesis put forward by Galieti, a second row of columns behind those of the façade, but a wall with an opening providing access to the cella. Hence this meant a substantial modification of the reconstructions presented to date. The editing of the data sheets came about through the use and collation of the general plan, the chart of phases, the photographs, the UUSS data sheets, the heights and the measurements. This made it possible to better understand, in some cases, the traces on the ground that have inexplicably remained there until now. The intention is to go on with work in this direction, ending the close examination of all of the evidence hitherto not analysed. From 11 to 13 December 2015 in Orvieto, Santi participated in the XXIII Convegno Internazionale di Studi sulla Storia e l’Archeologia dell’Etruria with a paper on the theme Dalla Capanna al Palazzo. Edilizia abitativa nell’Italia preromana.

The eighteen-month fellowship also began in September 2015, and was assigned to Luca Pulcinelli, dottore di ricerca in Etruscology at Rome’s La Sapienza University. On the basis of drawings and inventories, he first re-examined the documentation, which in some cases was further expanded with new drawings. The next step was to prepare provisional typological tables in which the drawings of the artefacts were

32 organized by category and by form, thus also initiating a summary distinction of types. At the moment, this work is limited to material from the Orientalizing and Archaic periods, which in any event constitute the largest part of the artefacts under study. Over 350 diagnostic objects subdivided into various categories have been identified. After long reflection, and an examination of the excavation publications thatin some way can be compared with the situation in Lanuvio, the study shifted to the artefacts according to prevalently typological and chronological criteria in line with the most recent trends in ceramics studies. Despite the risks resulting from the relative meagreness of the sample analysed, and from problems posed by the well-known events associated with the history of the site (pollution from modern interventions, much of the stratigraphic sequence previously removed but not documented), this set-up was preferred in the hopes of providing scholars with a useful tool to analyse a territory and a historical era that still need an overall framework. In consideration of these limits, an extremely simple, traditional (hence ‘closed’) structure was adopted, and a flexible subdivision by form (based as far as possible on dictionaries of terms), with the forms divided by type and progressive number. For the same reasons, variants were used as little as possible (indicated by a letter of the alphabet) as were further subdivisions. Thus a typological repertory was set up that could in the future serve as “contributions to a typology” rather than a typology in its own right (an ‘open’, articulated structure, in accordance with current orientations in the discipline). In any event, the typological analysis of the artefacts from Lanuvio complements but does not substitute a catalogue-type presentation for them, where under each entry there is space for more detailed information on the ceramic body and the surface treatment, but where above all, the associations between categories and different types within the strata and contexts under examination can be appreciated. In the data sheets in preparation, for every type, possible concordances with general existing typologies are indicated, as well as proposed chronology, bibliographic references and comparisons with excavation publications. For the comparisons, sacred and inhabited contexts contemporary with Rome and sites of Latium vetus were preferred where possible, and only secondarily with centres of southern Etruria, with special attention to evidence from the Veii area.

At present, even if bibliographical analysis and comparative research still have to be expanded and taken into greater depth, types related to Attic, black figure, Italo- geometric and Etrusco-Corinthian ceramics, to bucchero, to sandy white clay and red clay have found a definitive arrangement.

33 6. A Great Inter-ethnic Sanctuary: Lucus Feroniae and Its Votive Offerings – Director: Professor Mario Torelli, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei – Researchers: Anna Maria Sgubini Moretti, Gilda Benedettini, Andrea Carini

No less significant are a few known cases of interference that took place in the religious sphere between the various ethne on the Italian peninsula, and the characteristics of inter-ethnical sanctuaries have been recognized. Pertinent to the Etruria-Lazio area that is the subject of this research, one example of such a place of ethnical and cultural contact has been chosen from among these different places: the Lucus Feroniae, or “sacred woods” dedicated to the Sabine-Faliscan goddess Feronia. The sanctuary, where three cultures met (Latin, Faliscan-Capenate and Etruscan), has on several occasions revealed an enormous quantity of votive materials amassed after it was sacked by Hannibal. However, only those retrieved in the most recent excavation campaigns carried out by former Superintendent of the Villa Giulia, Anna Maria Sgubini Moretti, and her collaborator, Gilda Benedettini, will be studied. The extraordinary archaeological situation of the deposition of the votive objects, all of very high quality, will be presented by the excavators, while the research carried out by young Balzan research fellows will in fact concern the classification and analytic study of the ex-votos, whose provenance will constitute a fundamental indicator of the currents that used the sanctuary.

The winner of the first announced grant, Andrea Carini, started his work in January 2016. The project has only just begun, Carini and his research fellows Sgubini Moretti and Benedettini, have made progress in the classification of the immense amount of material in bronze, which, besides the substantial amount of ornamental objects, tableware and arms, contains very important V-IVth century BC votive figurines of worshippers.

Publications

De Miceli, Andrea. Gravisca. Scavi nel santuario greco, 13. Le anfore da trasporto greche ed etrusche. (forthcoming) Fiorini, Lucio. Gravisca. Scavi nel santuario greco, 7. Le ceramiche etrusche dipinte arcaiche (planned for December 2017) Marrone, Elisa and Mario Torelli. L’obolo di Persefone. Immaginario e ritualità dei pinakes di Locri. MOUSAI. Laboratorio di archeologia e storia dell’arte 1. Pisa: ETS, 2016. Ronchi, Diego. La colonia latina di Circei e il santuario di Circe. (in progress)

34 The Cultural and Social Dimensions of the Economic Crisis 2008-2014. Financial Cultures, Human Suffering and Social Protests Manuel Castells 2013 Balzan Prize for Sociology

Balzan GPC Adviser: Dominique Schnapper Project Directors: John Thompson, Sarah Banet-Weiser, Mireia Fernandez-Ardevol Main Researchers: Michelle Forelle, Nahoi Koo, Lana Swartz, Arnau Monterde, Javier Toret, Enrique Serrano, Eirini Avramopoulou, Silvia Pasquetti Affiliated Institutions: University of Cambridge; University of Southern California; Open University of Catalonia, Barcelona Period: 2014-2016

Manuel Castells is University Professor and Wallis Annenberg Chair of Communication Technology and Society at the University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Professor at the Open University of Catalonia, Barcelona; Director of Research in the Department of Sociology, University of Cambridge; and Professor Emeritus of Sociology and of City and Regional Planning at the University of California at Berkeley. His threefold research program, conducted over three years (2014-2016), in the three different institutions to which he is directly affiliated (the University of Southern California, the Open University of Catalonia and Cambridge University), falls under the general theme, The Cultural and Social Dimensions of the 2008 Economic Crisis. Castells coordinates the entire research program, with associate directors taking scientific responsibility for supervising the work of the young researchers (at the University of Southern California, Professor Sara Banet-Weiser; at the Open University of Catalonia, Dr. Mireia Fernandez-Ardevol; at the University of Cambridge, Professor John Thompson). The young researchers in each of the three institutions conduct their own research, leading eventually to their own publications, with the guidance and support of the coordinator and supervisors of the research program. Several individual publications are already projected or underway, and the publication of a final volume with all of the results of the three studies is planned.

35 RESEARCH TEAM 1: University of Southern California, Annenberg School of Communication – “NEW FINANCIAL CULTURES AFTER THE CRISIS”

Director: Professor Sarah Banet-Weiser Young Researchers: Michelle Forelle, Nahoi Koo, Lana Swartz

Part 1: New Financial Culture in Wall Street

Michelle Forelle: Deriving Wall Street

Although there is little consensus on the specific moment that set off the collapse of global financial markets in 2008, there is little doubt that credit default swaps – powerful, but opaque, new financial instruments – were a major contributor to the crisis. Credit default swaps thus provide a rich site for analysis due to their novelty; in designing, refining, and introducing these instruments to the market, the public and regulators, the financial industry simultaneously had to reiterate its own relationships to those entities. Through an analysis of trade press, Congressional testimony, and interviews with financial workers, this research project interrogates that process of reiteration, to better understand how the financial industry’s perception of its position in society led to the development of such potent, and ultimately dangerous, products. Understanding this positionality may provide insights into how to begin to reshape the financial industry, through regulatory reform or workplace culture interventions, to hopefully avoid such disastrous outcomes in the future.

Part 2: The New Financial Cultures of Silicon Valley

Lana Swartz and Nahoi Koo have been working on the New Financial Cultures in response to the 2008 global financial crisis. Their focus is on the cultures of financial innovation in Silicon Valley, including new forms of currency, new payment systems, and new forms of collaborative consumption and alternative economic practices. In 2014, their research topics were Bitcoin and the so-called “sharing economy”, and their research-related activities during the year included a research trip to Mountain View, California, and attendance at a Payments Insight workshop, Bitcoin: Basics and Beyond, organized by Glenbrook Partners, one of the key industry groups in financial technology; and collaboration with Annenberg Research Network on International Communication (ARNIC) in organizing a conference on Money as Communication.

36 The conference included four three-hour sessions composed of three-person panels for a total of twelve speakers. Each session consisted of three 30-minute presentations followed by questions and answers and an open group discussion. The four sessions were: (1) Money: Infrastructure and Imagination, (2) Cryptographic Currencies, (3) The Financial and the Technological, and (4) Personal Data, Credit and Payment. This conference should result in a special issue of a leading journal.

This research directly impacted Swartz's dissertation on new financial cultures and practices, enabling her to complete a chapter on Bitcoin, which included data gathered as a result of participation in the Glenbrook workshop, and to begin another on transactional data, surveillance, and social media business models. She also co- authored an invited chapter for the MoneyLab reader, published by the Institute of Networked Culture in Amsterdam.

Independently, Koo worked on research related to the investor-investee relationship in the sharing economy, producing a paper investigating the kinds of networks the sharing economy produces and how these networks reflect the current structural trends in the sharing economy. The paper was submitted for the Sunbelt Social Networks Conference of the International Network for Social Network Analysis in May 2015. Koo is also using big data analysis for work on a research project on the startup ecosystem in Silicon Valley after the 2008 financial crisis. She plans to submit the paper to the Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business Innovation for future publication.

Lana Swartz: New Money Systems

Money has been made strange. It is growing, changing. There has been tremendous "innovation in the money space," as those working in it describe it. Both start-ups and big tech firms have brought countless new payment systems to market. It is crucial now to understand the promises and perils of this democratization and especially the privatization of money. Financial innovation has extended beyond business ventures as well. Local and community currency groups have developed online accounting and exchange platforms. The anarcho-capitalist cryptocurrency Bitcoin and related projects have survived multiple bubbles of value and attention.

However, this discourse is not unified, and the meaning and practices it produces are not monolithic. Like other technologies, it is shaped by a variety of stakeholders,

37 but its discursive field is distributed, reflecting the architecture of Bitcoin itself. In addition to these research concerns, Swartz produced the following scholarship, related to the Balzan research project in 2014:

Swartz, Lana. “Tokens, Ledgers, and Rails: The Communication of Money”, PhD Dissertation, Annenberg School for Communication and Journalism, University of Southern California, 2015 (will be submitted for publication). Swartz, Lana. “Blockchain Dreams: Beyond Bitcoin.” In Culture and Economy in a Time of Crisis, edited by Manuel Castells. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2017. Swartz, Lana. “Gendered Transactions: Identity and Payment at Midcentury.” Wom- en’s Studies Quarterly, Special Issue: Debt, 43, 1 and 2 (2014): 137-153. Maurer, Bill and Lana Swartz, eds. Payment Objects: Explorations with Transac- tional Things. (under solicitation by MIT Press). Maurer, Bill and Lana Swartz. The MoneyLab Reader. Edited by Geert Lovink and Nate Tkacz. Institute of Network Culture, Amsterdam (invited, forthcoming).

Presentations

Swartz, Lana. Invited Speaker, The Politics of the Money Form, Digital Cash. University of California Los Angeles, September 2014, Los Angeles, CA

Swartz, Lana. Invited Speaker, Designing Economic Alternatives, Coining Alternatives, MoneyLab. Institute of Network Cultures, Amsterdam University of Applied Sciences, March 2014, Amsterdam.

Nahoi Koo: Startup ecosystem in post-crisis Silicon Valley. The new wave of innovation

This research project concerns an empirical study on the startup ecosystem in Silicon Valley after the 2008 financial crisis. Since the 1970s, Silicon Valley has long been the milieu of innovation where startups came to cluster and form networks of technological and business linkages (Saxenian, 2006). This study explores what kinds of startups are being formed and what types of innovations are being produced in the current new waves of startups. Under these new conditions, the study hypothesizes that existing entrepreneurialism and innovation have become more diversified than ever with more accessibility and desirability by the public.

38 In describing changes in economic systems, Schumpeter (1939) depicted the entrepreneur as an active agent of economic progress who causes disruption in equilibrium. In particular, the dynamic entrepreneur is the chief agent who innovates and makes new combinations in production, and competition is an economic process that involves these dynamic innovations of the entrepreneur. Schumpeter also suggested five telling features of such innovations: (1) creation of a new good or new quality of good, (2) creation of a new method of production, (3) the opening of a new market, (4) the capture of a new source of supply, and (5) a new organization of industry – creation or destruction of a monopoly. Taking Schumpeter’s notion of innovation as a theoretical construct, this study investigates whether these conditions are fulfilled in the startup ecosystem in Silicon Valley. Using big data from the CrunchBase dataset, it quantitatively explores the typology of innovation from post-crisis and also investigates how the current waves of innovation differ from the past in terms of method of production, business category, and opening of a new market.

RESEARCH TEAM 2: Open University of Catalonia, Seminar on Communication and Civil Society – “SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AGAINST THE MANAGEMENT OF THE FINANCIAL CRISIS”

Director: Dr. Mireia Fernandez-Ardevol Young Researchers: Arnau Monterde, Javier Toret, Enrique Serrano

In 2014 the team started the first part of their research for the Balzan project “The Global Network movements: From 15M to Global Spring. Comparative study between network movements in Spain and the US (2011-2014)”. They carried out a diagnostic of the situation of network-movements, initiated the characterization of the two movements under study (15M and Occupy) with two surveys run in May (on 15M) and September-October (on Occupy). Secondly, they have produced several documents to publicize their technical work, published two books on 15M and sent a scientific article to an indexed journal. Thirdly, they have organized several public activities and conferences and publicized the project on their new web site and via social networks.

39 Research Development a) Review

Elaboration of a diagnostic of the situation of network movements, oriented to draw a theoretical framework connecting the various research disciplines and lines nurturing a transdisciplinary perspective. For that purpose, a review of theoretical positions from different research areas was undertaken: Social Movement Studies (from the 60s to the present), Communication Studies, Science, Technology and Society Studies, Complexity Sciences and Network Theory (in relation to Data Science), and Neuroscience. b) Online survey: 15M movement

In May 2014, coinciding with 15M’s third anniversary, an online survey was launched. The survey included several blocks of questions on respondents’ demographic and socioeconomic characteristics, on forms of participation in the 15M movement and ICT use, on the role of emotions in the movement, on the evolution of the movement after three years and, finally, on 15M’s impacts. During the period from 13 to 22 May, 1,320 responses were gathered. This enabled the team to start characterizing the 15M movement. After successfully closing the survey, a technical report with the results was formulated, and the data published. c) Online survey: Occupy Wall Street (OWS) movement

In September 2014, after several months of collaboration and preparation with researcher-participants in Occupy Wall Street, a similar survey aimed at gathering responses from Occupy activists was launched. This had a double objective: to analyze the movement three years after its beginning and to compare and contrast it with 15M. During the period 17 September to 21 October 2014, 552 responses were gathered. The first technical report on this second survey is being prepared for publication. The analytical comparison of both surveys has been started, while other data from social networks and from in-depth interviews has been collected in order to check the survey data.

40 Scientific Production a) Journal article

Monterde, A., Aguilera, M., Baradiaran, X., Calleja-López, A., Postill, J. (submitted). Special Issue “Social media and Emerging Protest Identities”, in Information, Communication & Society. b) Books

Toret, J. (2014). Tecnopolítica y 15M: La potencia de las multitudes conectadas. Un nuevo paradigma de la política distribuida. [Technopolitics: the potential of connected multitudes. The 15M network-system as a new paradigm of distributed politics] Barcelona: Editorial UOC.

Serrano, E., Calleja-López, A., Monterde, A., Toret, J., eds. (2014). 15MP2P. Una mirada transdisciplinar del 15M. [15Mp2p a transdisciplinary approach of 15M] Barcelona: UOC-IN3. c) Technical reports

15M Survey 2014: Networks, Movements, and Technopolitics. (2014). #Encuesta15M2014 [Technical Report]. Barcelona, Spain: IN3, Open University of Catalonia. Recovered from http:// tecnopolitica.net/encuesta15m2014_datos.

Occupy Survey 2014 Networks, Movements, and Technopolitics. (forthcoming). #OccupySurvey [Technical Report]. Barcelona, Spain: IN3, Open University of Catalonia (forthcoming). d) PhD dissertation

Monterde, A. (2015). “The emergence and evolution of 15M Network-Movement 2011-2014”. Information and Knowledge Society Doctoral Programme. Internet Interdisciplinary Institute - Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (IN3/UOC). Supervisor: Manuel Castells.

41 Diffusion of Findings

In 2014 public activities were organized and the group participated in several conferences to publicize the research related to the Balzan project. The most relevant are listed below:

Monterde, A. Tecnopolítica y reinvención de la plaza en la onda global por la democracia real [ Technopolitics and reinvention of the square in the real democracy global wave]. Independent studies program (MACBA); Barcelona, 18 June 2014

Monterde, A. La emergencia de los movimientos red. Una conversación empírica y multidisciplinar con la teoría de los movimientos sociales [The emergence of network movements. An empirical and multidisciplinary conversation with social movements theory]. Datanalysis15M meeting (IN3-UOC); Barcelona, 18 September 2014

Toret, J. Límites y potencias de prácticas tecnopolíticas del 15M a #OccupyCentral. Nuevos experimentos tecnopoliticos en la fase constituyente 2013-2015 [Limits and powers of technopolitical practices, from 15M to #OccupyCentral. New technopolitics experiments in the constituent phase 2013-2015]. Networked Democracy and Technopolitics (IN3-UOC); Barcelona, 4 November 2014

Toret, J. #OccupyHongKong: los movimientos en red llegan a Asia [#OccupyHongKong: network movements arrive Asia]. Network, Movements, and Technopolitics (IN3- UOC); Barcelona, 24 November 2014

The website Tecnopolitica.net was opened, where the Balzan project is explained and where every new step and result of research is uploaded. Blog entries presenting the preliminary results from the 15M survey have also been published, and activities have been publicized through the following venues: online streaming, social networks, and UOC channels (newsletter, websites, social media profiles, etc.), as well as through mainstream media. Moreover, before and after the publication of the results, several mass media and blogs published information on the survey.

42 RESEARCH TEAM 3: Cambridge University – “THE HUMAN AND SOCIAL COST OF ECONOMIC CRISIS”

Director: Professor John Thompson

The aim of this project is to explore the ways in which individuals and groups in different parts of Europe live through and experience the economic crisis, how it affects them and how they respond to it, both at the level of feelings, emotions and forms of suffering and in terms of practices and types of collective action. It takes a bottom-up approach, studying in a close, ethnographic way the daily lives of ordinary individuals in carefully selected regions of Europe. It aims to develop the concepts we need to understand these feelings, emotions, forms of suffering and practices, and does so by examining the ways that these responses feed into types of collective action, including protest movements and other kinds of political mobilization.

Progress to date:

Researchers: Eirini Avramopoulou (research in Greece); Silvia Pasquetti (research in Italy)

The original plan was to carry out fieldwork in two southern European countries, Greece and Italy, where the deleterious consequences of the economic crisis have been most apparent.

Eirini Avramopoulou (PhD in social anthropology, Cambridge, 2013; postdoctoral research fellow, the Institute for Cultural Inquiry, Berlin, 2013-14) took up her position as a Research Associate on the project in August 2014, and has been engaged full-time on this research in Athens since then, intensively working on interviews with a range of individuals (full-time employees in the private or public sector, well-educated but currently unemployed individuals, precariously employed or self- employed individuals, pensioners). After completing roughly half of the total number of interviews planned, she will then shift the focus of her fieldwork to Pelion and Volos in eastern Thessaly, where she has already established contacts.

Silvia Pasquetti (degree in political science, University of Florence; PhD in sociology, University of California, Berkeley, 2011; Junior Research Fellow, Clare College,

43 Cambridge, 2011-2014) took up her position as a Research Associate on our project on 1 January 2015 after completing preparatory work, including establishing contacts with numerous potential interviewees. She will carry out her research in three sites: Sicily, as a peripheral region in the south, Rome, and a traditionally wealthy small city in the North, either Pavia or Piacenza in Lombardy. Pasquetti and Avramopoulou work together, sharing their interview templates and plans, and speaking regularly by Skype, thus ensuring a degree of consistency in the way that the fieldwork is being carried out and the interviews are being conducted. Both scholars are also working closely with John Thompson, who is taking overall responsibility for the project.

The research in Greece is already producing some very interesting results. Interviewees can be divided into two main categories in terms of their circumstances and the ways they respond to the crisis: those who are living ‘an indebted life’ (i.e., they know that they will never manage to pay back their debts but still manage to survive, although trapped in their situation); and those who are experiencing ‘relative despair’ (i.e., middle class professionals whose economic conditions have deteriorated significantly and people without a stable salary but who find ‘small jobs’ to get by). These people’s lives have changed in many ways, but most importantly, their dreams about the future and their professional expectations have been shattered. However, they manage because they feel that there are worse cases than theirs.

Avramopoulou’s interviews thus explore the emotional dimensions of the crises, with themes of depression, anxiety, sadness, guilt and anger featuring prominently in her interview material. Many of her interviewees also emphasize that the crisis is above all a crisis of values, yet interestingly and somewhat surprisingly, the importance of solidarity networks or family support has not come up. The theme of becoming ‘closed off’ (in the sense of turning to oneself and turning away from others, and blocking off the outside world) recurs. In the final analysis, very complex issues are emerging, which demand both empirical and theoretical research as well as a comparative approach.

Substantial reports and transcripts of selected material from their interviews will be produced in English by all of the research associates, with the publication of one or more articles based on their research. Once the bulk of their fieldwork has been completed, work on the collaborative volume outlined in the original proposal will begin.

44 The Cult of Saints in the West in the Latter Centuries of the Middle Ages, Research on Shrines and Religious Life in France and Italy André Vauchez 2013 Balzan Prize for Medieval History

Balzan GPC Adviser: Karlheinz Stierle Project Directors: André Vauchez, Catherine Vincent, Sofia Boesch Gajano, Umberto Longo Researchers: Immacolata Aulisa, Geneviève Hasenohr, Damien Ruiz, Alexis Charansonnet, Alessandra Malquori, Cécile Caby, Nicole Bériou, Ludovic Viallet, Claudine Delacroix, Luc Ferrier, Laurent Théry, Armelle Le Huérou, François Bougard, Sylvie Duval Affiliated Institution:Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres, Paris Period: 2014- Website: http://sanctuaires.aibl.fr/

André Vauchez is Professeur émérite d’histoire du Moyen Âge at the Université de Paris Ouest Nanterre. The second half of his 2013 Balzan Prize in Medieval History is devoted to the endowment of the Fondation André Vauchez pour le développement des recherches en histoire religieuse du Moyen Âge, established under the aegis of the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-lettres in Paris in 2014. It has the aim of assisting researchers in carrying out their projects and advancing their scientific programmes. It can also provide financial assistance for young researchers under thirty-five years of age who are engaged in doctoral or postdoctoral research. Several projects are currently underway: editing texts related to the religious history of the Middle Ages (thirteenth-fifteenth century); research on sanctuaries and religious life in France and in Italy; publication of works related to religious life and culture in the Middle Ages.

Among the scientific projects that the André Vauchez Foundation has decided to support, some are already well advanced, whereas others have experienced difficulties in getting off to a timely start due to administrative or financial issues.

45 1) Funds for publication In 2015, thanks to contributions from the Foundation, the volume by Immacolata Aulisa (University of Bari), Les Juifs dans les récits chrétiens du Moyen Âge, was published by CNRS Editions, and a collection of studies by Geneviève Hasenohr (IRHT-CNRS) entitled Textes de dévotion et lectures spirituelles en langue romane (France, XIIe-XVIe siècle) was published by Brepols.

2) Funds for editing texts and documents Damien Ruiz corrected the proofs for his critical edition of the Opera omnia of Hugh of Digne, a Franciscan from Provence, with plans for future publication in the series of the International Society of Franciscan Studies in Assisi. He has also undertaken a critical edition of the Sermons of the French Cardinal Hugues de Châteauroux in collaboration with Alexis Charansonnet (Université de Lyon II). About 25% of the texts have been processed.

3) Research programmes a) Research under the direction of Catherine Vincent (Université de Paris-Ouest- Nanterre) and her collaborators with the aim of compiling an inventory on sanctuaries and pilgrimage sites in France in the Middle Ages (Inventaire des sanctuaires et lieux de pèlerinage en France à l’époque médiévale) is well underway after two years of work, and an agreement has been made with a computer programmer for digitisation and the creation of an Internet site. A programme was developed for the treatment of data already collected. b) Conventions were ratified with the University of Rome “La Sapienza” in June 2015, but the grant could not be transferred there until November 2015. Hence, the research program on sanctuaries and sacred places in the Sabine region in the Middle Ages, Sanctuaires et espaces sacrés de la Sabine à l’époque médiévale et moderne, got off to a late start, but should catch up quickly. The group in Rome under the directorship of Sofia Boesch Gajano and Umberto Longo held a colloquium on the digitisation of data already collected (Ricerca scientifica e tecnologia digitale) in Rieti on 9 and 10 February 2016. c) An agreement was signed with CIHAM (CNRS-Université de Lyon II) in order to draw up an online atlas, the Atlas de la Thébaïde on line, under the direction of Alessandra Malquori (Florence) and Cécile Caby (Université de Lyon II) and Nicole Bériou (IRHT-CNRS). A programme to process data (texts and images) has been developed and tested. This project has the aim of assembling a base of knowledge providing access to figurative themes in representations of hermits in the Tuscan

46 Thébaïdes in connection with other documents (manuscripts and manuscript illumination, the Bible and its commentaries, moral and spiritual texts).

Prospects for 2016

By now, the André Vauchez Foundation has become widely known, and applications for financial aid are flowing in, which is a good sign.

1) Funds for publication - An application came from Ludovic Viallet (Université de Clermont-Ferrand) to prepare the conference proceedings from Dévotion au Saint-Sépulcre et sanctuaires à réplique à la fin du Moyen Âge, which he organized together with Laura Gaffuri (University of Turin), for publication. It was accepted. - Assistance was granted to Claudine Delacroix, Professeur Émérite at the University of Amiens, for publishing a volume in memory of Evelyne Patlagean, eminent specialist in the history of medieval Judaism and the religious history of Byzantium (Publications de l’EHESS). - The André Vauchez Foundation decided to participate in a campaign launched in 2015 by the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, which would enable the library to acquire from its current owners the illuminated manuscript of the Psautier des Dominicaines de Saint-Louis de Poissy, dated to the beginning of the fourteenth century. This contribution, combined with many others, has recently led to the purchase of this document of great importance for the history of female piety in France in the Middle Ages.

2) Funds for editing medieval texts and documents - Luc Ferrier, project engineer at EHESS, will resume and finish the edition that he had previously started under the direction of André Vauchez on the process of canonisation of Philippe Berruyer, Archbishop of Bourges (†1261), which took place in 1265-66 and was prolonged until 1331 according to manuscripts in the Vatican Library. - Following the death of Jean-Christophe Cassard, who had agreed to do the project, Laurent Théry and Armelle Le Huérou (Rennes) will resume the study and editing of documents related to the process of canonisation of Charles of Blois, Duke of Brittany (†1364), of which one part, housed in the Archives of the Vatican, is still unpublished. It is a fundamental text for the religious history of Brittany in the fourteenth century.

47 3) New research programmes - A research project concerning liturgical manuscripts from the Middle Ages in Italy (Iter liturgicum italicum) was presented by François Bougard, director of the IRHT. He would like to be able to get permission during the year 2016 to use the rich repertory of liturgical manuscripts amassed by Giacomo Baroffio and valorize it by creating an online database with free access. A contribution will be made to this programme. - Assistance was granted to Ludovic Viallet and Sylvie Duval (former member of the Ecole française in Rome, CIHAM-Lyon II) to launch a research programme on Observance in Europe from the fourteenth to the beginning of the sixteenth century from a comparative point of view, including all of the religious orders. The first stage of this study will be a round table at the end of 2016, with various teams employed in this project, which will be situated in a European perspective.

On the other hand, the project on wall paintings of saints in Alpine regions, Préalpes. Recherches sur les peintures murales des saints dans les régions alpines, could not benefit from assistance from the André Vauchez Foundation because of unfavourable circumstances that currently make it impossible to carry out.

All of the works and documents published by the research teams funded by this Foundation must include this citation: published with the support of the Fondation pour le développement des recherches en histoire religieuse du Moyen Âge (André Vauchez, 2013 Balzan Prize). The programmes of the conferences and round tables organised with support from Vauchez’s research project funds must use the logo on the front page and on posters.

Publications

Hasenohr, Geneviève. Textes de dévotion et lectures spirituelles en langue romane (France, XIIe-XVIe siècle). Turnhout: Brepols, 2016. Aulisa, Immacolata. Les Juifs dans les récits chrétiens du Moyen Âge. Paris: CNRS Editions, 2015.

48 Dworkin-Balzan Fellowship Programme Ronald Dworkin† 2012 Balzan Prize for Jurisprudence

Balzan GPC Adviser: Antonio Padoa Schioppa Project Directors: Liam Murphy, Jeremy Waldron Research Fellows: Jacob Weinrib, Jed Lewinsohn, Hadassa Noorda, Candice Delmas, Katharina Stevens Affiliated Institutions: New York University Period: 2014-2017 Website: http://www.law.nyu.edu/centers/lawphilosophy/fellowships

Ronald Dworkin† was Professor of Philosophy in the Philosophy Department and Frank Henry Sommer Professor of Law at the School of Law, New York University, and Emeritus Professor of Jurisprudence at Oxford University and University College London. Due to his unfortunate and untimely death, responsibility for the project was delegated to Liam Murphy (NYU), who elaborated Dworkin’s project to include more young researchers and a fellowship programme extending over three years. For the final year of the project, Jeremy Waldron (NYU) will serve as co-director.

The New York University School of Law is hosting and implementing the research project associated with Dworkin’s Balzan Prize. The programme has two main elements: three to five postdoctoral fellowships to be awarded over a period of three years in association with the NYU Colloquium in Legal, Political, and Social Philosophy (at the centre of Dworkin’s academic life); a conference to be held at NYU in the third year of the project to discuss themes from Ronald Dworkin’s work. The participants would include the postdoctoral fellows, other young philosophers and legal scholars who had presented at the Colloquium during this period, and several more senior scholars with special expertise on Dworkin’s work. The programme focuses on the following sets of interconnected themes that were of special interest for him: legitimacy, democracy, the rule of law, and the role of courts; international law and justice; the nature of rights; the relation between the moral life and the good life; philosophical foundations of substantive areas of law; legal interpretation; justice,

49 equality, and the market economy; law and political obligation; the objectivity of value.

The world-renowned Colloquium in Legal, Political, and Social Philosophy, taught by Professors Dworkin and Nagel for twenty-five years, introduced a distinctive format for discussion of unpublished work. It has been widely imitated, and has attracted many of the world’s most distinguished philosophers and legal theorists as guests, including John Rawls, Jürgen Habermas, T. M. Scanlon, Judith Jarvis Thompson, and Peter Singer. In 2014, the colloquium reconvened, led by Samuel Scheffler and Liam Murphy. In 2015, it was convened by Scheffler andJeremy Waldron; in 2016, Murphy and Waldron will convene. The colloquium will continue to be taught every year, by some combination of Scheffler, Murphy, and Waldron. As this colloquium was at the centre of Ronald Dworkin’s academic life, it is appropriate that the colloquium should have a central role in the research project associated with his Balzan Prize.

Successful applicants for the fellowships will have a doctorate in philosophy or law, and will be selected in part on the basis of their fit with the themes of the research project. Fellows will be required to attend the colloquium regularly and participate in discussion. They will be expected to participate in the conference. The two fellows appointed for 2014-2015 were Jed Lewinsohn and Jacob Weinrib, and descriptions of their work can be found in the 2014 edition of the Overview and on the Balzan Foundation website. The current fellow is Hadassa Noorda.

Hadassa Noorda studies philosophy (BA, MA) and law (LLB, LLM) at the University of Amsterdam and Columbia University, and wrote a PhD dissertation in law and philosophy at the University of Amsterdam. She was visiting researcher at UC Berkeley Law, Georgetown University and the European University Institute. She is on the editorial board of The Netherlands Journal of Legal Philosophy.

Noorda works in the area of philosophy of law and, primarily, philosophy of criminal law and of the laws of war. She has published in international refereed journals (including Criminal Law and Philosophy) and spoken at a number of conferences and workshops (including meetings of the American Philosophical Association, Robina Institute of Criminal Law and Criminal Justice, and the Stockholm Centre for the Ethics of War and Peace.) Her articles can be accessed on SSRN and Academia.

50 As a Dworkin-Balzan Fellow, Noorda will focus on non-state actors, including non- state armies and terrorist networks. The objective of her research is to contribute to developing criteria for assessing the conduct of states towards such non-state actors.

The fellows for the final year of the project have recently been appointed. They are Candice Delmas and Katharina Stevens.

Candice Delmas is Assistant Professor of Philosophy and Political Science at Northeastern University, and the Associate Director of the Politics, Philosophy, and Economics Program. Before joining Northeastern, she was Assistant Professor of Philosophy at Clemson University. Candice completed her PhD in the Philosophy Department at Boston University in 2012 and received a MA in Philosophy from Georgia State University in 2006. Previously, she studied philosophy in France at the Université of Paris-X Nanterre and the Université of Paris IV-Sorbonne. She works in moral, legal, and political philosophy. Her research addresses citizens’ responsibilities under conditions of injustice, focusing on civil disobedience, political resistance, conscientious objection, government whistleblowing, hacktivism, and violence. Delmas has published her work in Ethics, Law and Philosophy, Analysis, Social Theory and Practice, Jurisprudence, The Ethics Forum, and Res Publica, among other journals. Her recent publications include “Disobedience, Civil and Otherwise” (Criminal Law and Philosophy 2015), “False Convictions and True Conscience” (Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 2015), and “Political Resistance for Hedgehogs” in The Legacy of Ronald Dworkin, Will Waluchow and Stefan Sciaraffa eds. (forthcoming at Oxford University Press). Candice has also recently explored the neuroethics of sexual re-orientation. Find Candice’s work on PhilPapers, Academia, and her personal website. As a Dworkin-Balzan Fellow, she will be completing a book on political obligation and civil and uncivil disobedience entitled Duty to Disobey.

Katharina Stevens studied philosophy at the University of Hamburg and the University of Windsor. She wrote her doctoral dissertation in the philosophy of law at McMaster University in Ontario, Canada. Katharina works in legal philosophy and argumentation theory. Her primary interest lies with legal reasoning, but she has also published and presented on constitutional interpretation, rhetoric and virtue- argumentation theory. As a Dworkin-Balzan Fellow, Stevens will focus on the role of authority in legal reasoning. She will use insights into arguments by authority and argumentative burden of proof in order to clarify the reasoning processes that stand behind judicial decision making.

51 The research project plan called for a conference organized around the themes of the project, to be held at NYU in the third year of the project. In addition to the fellows, younger presenters at the colloquium during the term of the research project will be invited, along with various more senior scholars who have particular insight into the themes of the project. If appropriate, conference papers may be submitted to a publisher for publication.

52 Towards a Global History of Music Reinhard Strohm 2012 Balzan Prize for Musicology

Balzan GPC Adviser: Gottfried Scholz Project Directors and Research Coordinators: Reinhard Strohm (Director), Laurenz Lütteken (Deputy Director); Marie-Alice Frappat, Angharad Gabriel- Zamastil (Research Coordinators) Affiliated Institutions: University of Oxford; Universität Zürich Research Visitors: Jonathan Goldman, Tobias Robert Klein, Henry Spiller, David R. M. Irving, Suddhaseel Sen, Jason Stoessel, Estelle Joubert, María Cáceres-Piñuel, Tomasz Jeż, Shu Bing Jia, Melanie Plesch, Jin-Ah Kim, Anna G. Piotrowska, Morag Josephine Grant, Margaret Walker, Christina Richter-Ibañez, Andrea F. Bohlman, Luis Velasco-Pufleau, Gabriela Currie, James Mitchell, Lisa Nielson, Barbara Titus, Avra Xepapadakou Period: 2013-2017 Website: http://www.music.ox.ac.uk/research/projects/balzan-research-project/

Reinhard Strohm is Emeritus Professor of Music at the University of Oxford. His research project aims to promote post-European historical thinking, beginning with the consideration of what ‘western music’ would look like in an account of music history aspiring to be truly global. The project is not meant to create a universal (or global) history in itself, but to explore, through assembled case studies, parameters and terminologies that are suitable to describe a history of many different voices.

The programme has a Steering Committee consisting mainly of the representatives of the six collaborating institutions (Faculty of Music, Oxford University; Department of Music, King’s College, University of London; Institut für Musikwissenschaft, Universität Zürich; Musicology Department, Faculty of the Humanities, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem; Institut für Musikwissenschaft, Universität Wien; Institut für Musikwissenschaft und Medienwissenschaft, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin), and an Advisory Board of international specialists of musicology and ethnomusicology.

53 Research Visitorships

The programme is now, 2015/2016, in its third year. It is again supporting, as in 2013/2014 and 2014/2015, researchers in musicology or ethnomusicology at an intermediate stage of their academic careers (postdoctorates but not yet full professors with tenure) for short-term research visitorships. These visitorships have been advertised worldwide for each of the three years in March preceding the respective tenures; candidates have been selected by the Steering Committee. The visitorships are not appointments by or at the respective universities. The research visitors engage with the history and historiography of music in cultures of other continents, and/or with its interactions with western music history, and/or with the question of an intercontinental/global history of music. They use the visitorships to carry out further research on their special topics, or widen the purview of their studies. They communicate about their work with colleagues, students and the public.

Research Visitors 2013/2014

Humboldt Universität Berlin Prof. Jonathan Goldman (Faculté de Musique, Université de Montréal, Canada): The Invention of a Gamelan Tradition in Avant-Garde Music, 1970-1995 Dr. Tobias Robert Klein (Humboldt Universität Berlin, Germany): Panafrica and the “Idea of Non Absolute Music”: An Exercise in the Global History and Aesthetics of Music Prof. Henry Spiller (University of California Davis, USA): Javanese and Sundanese music and dance in European historical reflections

King’s College, University of London Dr. David R. M. Irving (School of Music, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia): Analogues of Antiquity: World Cultures, Ancient Greek Music, and Comparative Anthropologies, 1500-1800 Dr. Suddhaseel Sen (Stanford University, USA): Intimate Strangers: Cross-Cultural Exchanges between Indian and Western Musicians 1880-1940

Faculty of Music, University of Oxford Dr. Jason Stoessel (University of New England, Armidale, Australia): The role of the

54 singing voice and concepts of song in encounters between Latin, Persian and Mongol cultures during the time of the Mongol Empire, 1206–1368 Prof. Estelle Joubert (Department of Music, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Cana­da): ‘Analytical Encounters’: Global Music Criticism and Enlightenment Ethnomusicology

Research Visitors 2014/2015

Institut für Musikwissenschaft, Universität Wien Dr. María Cáceres-Piñuel (Institut für Musikwissenschaft, Universität Bern, Switzerland): The International Music and Theatre Exhibition in Vienna 1892 Dr. Tomasz Jeż (University of Warsaw, Poland): Music in the cultural strategies of Jesuits in Latin America (17th-18th centuries)

Department of Music, King’s College, University of London Dr. Jia, Shu Bing (Musicology Department, Central conservatory of Music, Beijing, China): The dissemination of Western music through Catholic missions in High Qing China, 1662-1795

Faculty of Music, University of Oxford Dr. Melanie Plesch (Department of Music, University of Melbourne, Australia): Towards an understanding of the rhetorical efficacy of Latin American art music: topics of landscape

Musikwissenschaftliches Institut, Universität Zürich Dr. Kim, Jin-Ah (Institut für Musikwissenschaft, Humboldt-Universität, Berlin): Transfer, Reception and Appropriation of music: East Asia and Western Europe

Research Visitors 2015/2016 appointed in 2014

Department of Musicology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem Dr. Anna G. Piotrowska (Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland): Gypsy Music in European Culture (October-November 2015)

55 Institut für Musikwissenschaft, Universität Wien Dr. Morag Josephine Grant (Independent researcher, Berlin, Germany): Martial music in global historical perspective (January-February 2016)

Department of Music, King’s College, University of London Dr. Margaret Walker (Queens University, Kingston, Canada): Orientalism and Exchange: The Indian “Nautch” as Musical Nexus (January-February 2016)

Research Visitors 2015/2016

Faculty of Music, University of Oxford Dr. Christina Richter-Ibañez (University of Tübingen, Germany): A global view on Bach Prof. Andrea F. Bohlman (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA): Music and Unofficial Media in Communist Poland Dr. Luis Velasco-Pufleau (University of Salzburg, Austria): European new music festivals and the emergence of an intercontinental history of contemporary art music

Institut für Musikwissenschaft, Humboldt-Universität, Berlin Dr. Gabriela Currie (University of Minnesota, USA): Sounding Alexander’s legacy: the Gandharan nexus

Department of Music, King’s College, University of London Dr. James Mitchell (Khon Kaen University, Thailand, and Monash University, Australia): The Rabbit and the Hound: A reassessment of the impact of western recording activities on non-western music traditions (1900-1950), using Siam/ Thailand as a new case study

Department of Musicology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem Dr. Lisa Nielson (Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA): Concerning Music and Musical Instruments: A 15th century collection of anti-samāc treatises

Institut für Musikwissenschaft, Universität Wien Dr. Barbara Titus (University of Amsterdam): The West in musical retrospect: South African maskanda music as historiography

56 Musikwissenschaftliches Institut, Universität Zürich Dr. Avra Xepapadakou (University of Crete, Greece): Western European opera and operetta companies touring in the south-eastern Mediterranean during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

Workshops and Conferences

2013/2104

A one-day research workshop entitled “Mongols Howling, Latins Barking”: Voice and Song in Early Musical Encounters in Pre-colonial Eurasia was held on 2 December 2013 at the Faculty of Music, Oxford. This was convened by Jason Stoessel (research visitor 2013/2014). Speakers were Charles Burnett (The Warburg Institute, University of London), Manuel Pedro Ferreira (Universidade Nova de Lisboa), Felicitas Schmieder (Fernuniversität Hagen, Germany) and Jason Stoessel (University of New England, Australia). The main theme of the event was the cultural diversity of concepts of the voice in the Middle Ages (12th-14th centuries) and its relevance for global relationships. The concluding panel discussion, in which Catherine Holmes (University of Oxford) also participated, was chaired by Jason Stoessel.

From 15 to 17 January 2014, an international workshop-conference was held at the Humboldt-Universität and Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin, on the invitation of Prof. Dr. Laurenz Lütteken, entitled Alternative Modernities: Postcolonial Transformations of “Traditional” Music in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries. Co-convenor with Laurenz Lütteken was Tobias Robert Klein (research visitor 2013/2014). The papers with their discussions revealed much of the reciprocity of musical developments in the West and in East Asia and Africa in the so-called “modern” period, whether through the increase of actual “influences” and cultural borrowings, or by the effect of historical events and encounters (including industrial relations, missions, global economies and wars) on national and regional musical identities. Papers were delivered by François Picard (Université de la Sorbonne, Paris), Yang Chien-Chang (National Taiwan University, Taipei), Tobias Robert Klein (Berlin), Nicholas Cook (University of Cambridge), Jonathan Goldman (Université de Montréal) and Henry Spiller (University of California, Davis). Research visitors of 2013/2014 were Klein, Goldman and Spiller. The event was introduced by Prof. Dr. Reinhart Meyer-Kalkus (Wissenschaftskolleg zu Berlin) and Reinhard Strohm.

57 The events in Berlin also included a meeting of the Steering Committee of the project (Humboldt University, 15 January), a public panel discussion between Balzan-Prizewinners Manfred Brauneck, Ludwig Finscher and Reinhard Strohm (convened at the Istituto Italiano di Cultura, Berlin, by Prof. Gottfried Scholz; entitled Die grössere Welt: Transkulturelle Projekte der Musik- und Theaterforschung, 15 January), and a concluding discussion of the project Towards a global history of music with all workshop speakers, Steering Committee members and advisors (Humboldt University, 17 January).

On 27 May 2014, the workshop Theorizing across Cultures: Ethnomusicological and Historical-Musicological Perspectives was held at King’s College, University of London. Convened by Suddhaseel Sen (Stanford University/Presidency University, India; Research Visitor 2014/2015), speakers included Michael Fend, Suddhaseel Sen, Tina K. Ramnarine, Matthew Pritchard, Georgina Born, Richard David Williams, Raymond Head, Naresh Sohal, Nicholas Cook, Martin Stokes, Reinhard Strohm and David R. M. Irving.

Another workshop, Alterity and Universalism in Eighteenth-Century Musical Thought, was held from 30 May to 1 June 2014 at the Faculty of Music at Oxford. Convenors were David R. M. Irving and Estelle Joubert (research visitors 2013/2014). Papers were delivered by Philip Bohlman, Michael Fend, Emily Dolan, Keith Chapin, Glenda Goodman, Katherine Butler Schofield, Joan-Pau Rubiés, Ruth HaCohen, Matthew Gelbart, Miguel Á. Marín, David R. M. Irving and Estelle Joubert.

2014/2015

On 10 and 11 October 2014, Reinhard Strohm, Michele Calella and Angharad Gabriel-Zamastil convened an international workshop at the Institute for Musicology at the University of Vienna. Its title was Many Kinds of Music History: a Cross- cultural Enquiry. It hosted Regina Allgayer-Kaufmann, Tina K. Ramnarine, Tobias Robert Klein (research visitor 2013/2014), Britta Sweers, María Gembero-Ustárroz, Sławomira Żeranska-Kominek, Michael Fend, Reinhard Strohm and August Schmidhofer as speakers.

A workshop entitled The Global Music Culture of the Catholic Missions in the 17th- 18th Centuries was held at King’s College, University of London, on 6 and 7 February 2015, convened by Tomasz Jeż and Jia Shubing (research visitors 2014/2015), who

58 gave papers on Jesuit missions in Latin America, and Western musicians in China in the 17th century, respectively. Other speakers were Bernardo Illari (University of North Texas College of Music), Leonardo Waisman (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Argentina), Egberto Bermúdez (Universidad Nacional de Colombia), Jutta Toelle (Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics, Frankfurt), Peter Allsop (Visiting Professor, Central Conservatory of Music, Beijing), Gabriele Tarsetti and Fabio G. Galeffi (Teodorico Pedrini Centre, Fermo, Italy), Lars Peter Laamann (SOAS, University of London), David R. M. Irving (The Australian National University), Daniele V. Filippi (Schola Cantorum Basiliensis) and Mateusz Kapustka (University of Zurich). Joyce Lindorff (Temple University, US), harpsicord, with Jean-Christophe Frisch, flute, and David R.M. Irving, violin, gave a recital with an introduction and discussion of Teodorico Pedrini’s op. 3 Trio sonatas, composed in China.

A conference-workshop on Topical Encounters and Rhetorics of Identity in Latin American Art Music was convened by Melanie Plesch (research visitor 2014/2015) at the Faculty of Music, Oxford University, from 13 to 15 February. The papers were given by Melanie Plesch (The University of Melbourne), Julio Mendívil (Stiftung Universität Hildesheim), Paulo de Tarso Salles (Universidade de São Paolo, Brazil), Omar Corrado (Universidad de Buenos Aires), Roberto Kolb-Neuhaus (Universidad Autónoma de México), Omar García Brunelli (Instituto Nacional de Musicología, Argentina), Acácio Pieade (Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brazil), Juan Francisco Sans (Universidad Central de Venezuela). The keynote address was delivered by Kofi Agawu (Princeton University). Virginia Correa Dupuy, mezzo-soprano, and Marcel Ayub, piano, gave a recital of Latin American art music of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Historiography on Display: the Musical (Inter)nationalisms of the Fin-de-siècle was the title of the workshop held at the Österreichische Gesellschaft für Musik, Vienna, on 14 March 2015, convened by Maria Cáceres-Piñuel (research visitor 2014/2015). Papers on aspects of the international exhibitions in Vienna and elsewhere in Europe were offered by Nicholas Cook (University of Cambridge), Cristina Urchueguía (University of Bern), Maria Cáceres-Piñuel (University of Bern), Rachel Beckles- Willson (Royal Holloway, University of London), Stefan M. Schmidl (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften) and Katharina Wessely (Österreichische Akademie der Wissenschaften).

Another workshop entitled “European” Music in East Asia? The Musical Intertwining of Western Europe and East Asia in the 19th and 20th Centuries was held on 1-2

59 May 2015 at the Institut für Musikwissenschaft, Universität Zürich with Jin-Ah Kim (research visitor 2014/2015) as convenor. Speakers included Nicola Spakowski (University of Freiburg), Max Peter Baumann (University of Würzburg), Jin-Ah Kim (Humboldt University, Berlin), Zhang Boyu (Central Conservatory of Music, Beijing), Keith Howard (SOAS, University of London), Rinko Fujita (University of Vienna) and Oliver Seibt (Goethe University, Frankfurt).

Outside Europe, the workshop Musical Cultures under Relationships of Power: Eastern Europe and the Middle East was held at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem on 25 and 26 October 2015. It was convened by Anna G. Piotrowska (University of Kraków) and Ruth HaCohen (The Hebrew University). The event was inaugurated by a welcome from Dr. Suzanne Werder (International Balzan Foundation “Prize”, Milan) and Prof. Gottfried Scholz (Balzan Prize Committee); the visit of these two representatives, which helped to intensify the interest in the Balzan Prize in Jerusalem, was much appreciated by the participants and the local audience. After an opening session with a dialogue talk by Ruth HaCohen and Edwin Seroussi (The Hebrew University, Jerusalem), sketching the general framework for discussing musical cultures under relations of power, the two-day event consisted of the following sessions: Power, politics and musical legacy chaired by Marina Ritzareva; Revisiting ‘national’ in music chaired by Alexander Rosenblatt; East of Europe? Europe vis-a-vis the Middle East chaired by Abigail Wood. Papers were delivered by Bennett Zon (Durham University), Valentina Sandu-Dediu (Bucharest University), Judit Frigyesi (Bar Ilan University), Nadeed Karkabi (Martin Buber Institute, The Hebrew University), Marina Frolova-Walker (Cambridge University), Martin Stokes (University of London King’s College); other discutants included Milena Boshikova (Institute of Art Studies, Sofia) and Avra Xepapadakou (University of Crete). The workshop concluded with a round table entitled ‘Insiders’ and/or ‘Outsiders’ in the history of music in Eastern Europe and the Middle East, a general discussion, chaired and introduced by Anna G. Piotrowska, and a conclusion by Reinhard Strohm.

On 22 and 23 January 2016, a workshop Towards a global history of martial and military music: Comparative perspectives for the early and pre-modern period was held at the Institut für Musikwissenschaft, Universität Wien, with Morag Josephine Grant (Berlin) as convenor. The other speakers were Ralph Martin Jäger (Universität Münster), Nina Reuther (Konstanz), Vivien Estelle Williams (University of Glasgow), Bruce Gleason (University of St. Thomas, Minnesota/USA), Keith Howard (SOAS, University of London) and Silke Wenzel (Hochschule für Musik und Theater, Hamburg). The

60 workshop opened up a remarkable narrative of intercontinental parallels and relations between ceremonial and martial music-making already in early modern times.

Places of Interaction: Histories of Music and Dance in India, Africa, and South- East Asia was held at the British Academy in London on 16 and 17 June 2016, with convenors Margaret Walker (Queen’s Univeristy, Kingston, Canada), James L. Mitchell (Khon Kean University, Thailand) and Reinhard Strohm. Keynote speakers were Katherine Butler Schofield (King’s College, University of London) and Anna Mari Buisse Berger (University of California, Davis). Speakers included James Mitchell, Rainer Lotz, James Kirby (University of Edinburgh), Margaret Walker, Tiziana Leucci (CNRS, France), Ann David (University of Roehampton, London), Nalini Ghuman (Mills College, Oakland), Gerhard Kubik (University of Klagenfurt and C. J. Jung Institut, Zurich), Barbara Titus (University of Amsterdam and 2016 Balzan Research Visitor), Luis Velasco-Pufleau (University of Salzburg and 2016 Balzan Research Visitor), Andrée Grau (University of Roehampton, London), Judit Frigyesi (Bar Ian University, Israel), Sen Suddhaseel (University Kolkata, India).

In 2016, Eastern Mediterranean and Western Asian Music, Ancient and Modern, a workshop on medieval and more recent middle Eastern musical life, is scheduled for 4-6 November 2016 at the Faculty of Music, Oxford University, with Gabriela Currie, Lisa Nielson and Avra Xepapadakou presiding. A conference entitled Global Bach: Media Systems and Politics is planed for the spring of 2017 in Berlin, with Christina Richter-Ibañez and Andrea F. Bohlman presiding.

Marie-Alice Frappat is the research coordinator for London and Oxford; Angharad Gabriel-Zamastil for all others.

Full details on individual workshops and conferences can be found at the following websites: http://www.kcl.ac.uk/artshums/depts/music/events/Balzan2015.pdf; http://www.music.ox.ac.uk/assets/Conference-Programme.pdf; http://mcr.wadham.ox.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Musical-cultures-under- relationships-of-power-Eastern-Europe-and-the-Middle-East.pdf https://musikwissenschaft.univie.ac.at/fileadmin/user_upload/inst_ musikwissenschaft/2016_Diverses/grant_workshop_flyer_online_1.pdf

61 A Critical Dictionary of Utopia in the Century of the Enlightenment Bronislaw Baczko† 2011 Balzan Prize for Enlightenment Studies

Balzan GPC Adviser: Dominique Schnapper Project Directors and Main Researchers: Bronislaw Baczko, Michel Porret, François Rosset (Project Directors); Mirjana Farkas (Coordinator); forty-five researchers and academicians around the world involved in writing entires for the dictionary Affiliated Institution: Université de Genève Period: 2012-2016

Bronislaw Baczko† was Honorary Professor at the Université de Genève. The purpose of his research project was to fill the gap in current existing reference works on utopia with the publication of a collective reference work containing contributions from the most respected international scholars in the field.

Several fundamental features distinguish this endeavour. First, the tradition of utopia is not treated in its full temporal and historical scope. The Enlightenment is understood in a broad chronological sense, from the second half of the seventeenth to the early nineteenth century, and this Dictionnaire critique regards utopia as a model of thought and speech which underlay the profoundly reformist tendencies of the eighteenth century. From this perspective, the articles in the Dictionnaire critique do not deal with works or authors singularly. Rather, separate entries deal with the abstract concepts that define the horizon of utopia, and concern objects that exerted significant influence on the reformist thinking of the Enlightenment, building on the literary tradition, philosophical and political aspects of utopia. Approximately fifty entries have been put together, which should permit the fullest possible expression of this milieu.

The directors of the project do not intend to give a fixed definition of utopia which might serve as a common matrix for the articles. Rather than a model or a determined object, the concept of utopia around which the authors are invited to think can be

62 regarded as a set of discursive and narrative embodiments that provide a multifaceted body to this prospective and reformist thought process. Thus, the authors are free to define the approach they deem most appropriate.

The development of the project involved graduate students from the École doctorale interdisciplinaire dix-huitiémiste of the Université de Genève, Université de Lausanne, Université de Neuchâtel, Université de Fribourg, Universität Bern. Workshops were organized with the authors of the relevant articles.

The work of managing the project, drafting the articles, the overall elaboration of the index and bibliography, as well as the illustrations, was entrusted to a coordinator appointed for a period of two years. The contents consist of the following entries: Amérique; Amour; Anciens et modernes; Animal; Anti-utopie; Architecture; Arts; Bible; Corps humain; Communication; Crime et châtiments; Démographie; Droits de l’homme; Economie; Esclavage; État; Famille et education; Femme; Géographie; Guerre et Paix; Homme de lettres; Illustrations; Jardins; Langue; Législation; Livres et bibliothèques; Loi; Luxe; Mal; Mathématiques et géométrie; Missions jésuites; Mœurs; Mort; Nature; Paradis; Paraguay; Pauvreté; Paysage; Pirates, Piraterie; Polices; Propriété; Religions; Réseaux; Révolution; Révolution française; Santé; Sauvage; Savant; Sciences et Techniques; Sexualité; Sujet – Citoyen; Temps; Ville; Voyage.

The following authors contributed to the dictionary: Jean-Christophe Abramovici (Université de Paris-Sorbonne); Bronislaw Baczko † (Université de Genève); Pierre-Yves Beaurepaire (Université de Nice); Ugo Bellagamba (Université de Nice); Marc-André Bernier (Université du Québec à Trois Rivières); Marie-Françoise Bosquet (Université de La Réunion); Fabrice Brandli (Université de Genève); Joël Castonguay-Bélanger (University of British Columbia); Marco Cicchini (Université de Genève); Yves Citton (Université Stendhal-Grenoble 3); Deborah Cohen (Université d’Aix-Marseille); Jean Ehrard (Université de Clermont-Ferrand); Jérôme Ferrand (Université de Grenoble); Vincenzo Ferrone (Università di Torino); Laurence Fontaine (CRH-CNRS/EHESS); Vita Fortunati (Università di Bologna); Jean-Marie Goulemot (Université de Tours); Audrey Higelin-Fusté (Université de Grenoble); Girolamo Imbruglia (Università di Napoli); Claire Jaquier (Université de Neuchâtel); Catherine Larrère (Université de Paris I, Panthéon-Sorbonne); Antoine Lilti (École nationale supérieure, Paris); Stéphanie Lojkine (Université d’Aix-Marseille); Robin Majeur (Université de Genève); Jean-Clément Martin (Université de Paris I, Panthéon-Sorbonne); Didier Masseau (Université de Tours); Helder Mendes Baiao (Université de Lausanne); Anne-Marie

63 Mercier-Faivrè (Université de Lyon I); Christian Michel (Université de Lausanne); Vincent Milliot (Université de Caen); Giovanni Paoletti (Università di Pisa); Adrien Paschoud (Université de Lausanne); Paul Pelckmans (Universiteit Antwerpen); Krzysztof Pomian (CNRS, Uniwersytet Mikołaja Kopernika w Toruniu, Poland); Michel Porret (Université de Genève); Jean-Michel Racault (Université de la Réunion); Claude Reichler (Université de Lausanne); Jean-Marc Rohrbasser (INRD - Institut national de recherches démographiques); François Rosset (Université de Lausanne); Stéphanie Roza (Université de Paris I, Panthéon-Sorbonne); Pierre Serna (Université de Paris I); Gabriella Silvestrini (Università degli Studi del Piemonte Orientale «Amedeo Avogadro»); Stéphane Van Damme (European University Institut, Florence); Nathalie Vuillernin (Université de Neuchâtel); Przemyslaw B. Witkowski (Université de Montpellier III).

The dictionary was published by Les éditions Georg of Geneva in the spring of 2016.

Publications

Dictionnaire critique de l’utopie au temps des Lumières. Edited by Bronislaw Baczko, Michel Porret and François Rosset. Geneva: Georg, 2016.

64 Figures in a Landscape: Topography and Hagiography in the World of Syriac Christianity Peter R. L. Brown 2011 Balzan Prize for Ancient History (The Graeco-Roman World)

Balzan GPC Adviser: Paolo Matthiae Project Directors and Main Researchers: David Michelson, Jeanne-Nicole Mellon Saint-Laurent (heads of research team); Adam Kane (undergraduate research assistant); Justin Arnwine, Aram Bar Schabo, Anthony Davis, Nathan Gibson, Daniel Greeson, Tucker Hannah, Erin Johnson (graduate research assistants); Thomas Carlson (postdoctoral research assistant); Thomas Elliott, Winona Salesky, George Kiraz, James Bennett (technical development staff) Affiliated Institution:Princeton University Period: 2012- Website: www.syriaca.org

Peter R. L. Brown is Philip and Beulah Rollins Professor of History at Princeton University. His Figures in a Landscape project is engaged in new research on texts written in Syriac, a dialect of Aramaic. In the past two decades, scholarly interest in Syriac has increased dramatically as scholars have realized that these sources offer different perspectives from better known historical sources in Greek, Latin or Arabic. In spite of this high level of interest, scholarly use of Syriac texts has been limited due to the lack of appropriate tools, such as an index of notable persons or a reference work for the geography of the Near East in Late Antiquity. Figures in a Landscape has begun to address this problem by collecting and identifying the locations of Syriac monasteries and Syriac centres of culture alongside the names of the figures associated with these places. The aim is to establish the topography of the activities of holy men of the varied Syriac traditions, across an area which once extended from modern eastern Turkey, through Syria and northern Iraq to the borders of Iran. Figures in a Landscape will also bring this vivid world to the attention of scholars and educated readers through a reference guide to these lives, with texts in both Syriac and in Christian Arabic, which are awaiting discovery.

65 Since 2012, the team has collected, collated, or revised information concerning: over 2400 places (including over 5000 variant toponyms in Syriac, Arabic, and English); over 700 saints (including over 2000 variant names in Syriac, English and French); over 1800 Syriac texts containing lives of saints; over 100 Syriac manuscripts from the British Library.

Work on the project is occurring in four areas: publication of geographic data, publication of hagiographic data, data preservation, and development of technical tools.

David Michelson headed the geographic data team comprised of Thomas Carlson, Winona Salesky, Thomas Elliott and Anthony Davis. This part of the project is now complete and has been published as The Syriac Gazetteer, an open access online resource available at http://syriaca.org/geo/.

Jeanne-Nicole Mellon Saint-Laurent is leading the team involved in the publication of hagiographic data, which consists of David Michelson, Adam Kane, Aram Bar Schabo, Nathan Gibson, and advising from Dr. Daniel Schwartz of Texas A&M University and Fr. Ugo Zanetti. This part of the project, Qadishe: A Digital Catalogue of Saints in the Syriac Tradition and Bibliotheca Hagiographica Syriaca Electronica, is now available at http://wwwb.library.vanderbilt.edu/exist/apps/srophe/saints/index. html.

As for data preservation, the team consists of David Michelson (head), Thomas Elliott and Winona Salesky. Michelson has directed the development of electronic tools for preserving and disseminating the data through the Syriac Reference Portal. Salesky has built the eXist XML database for the The Syriac Gazetteer, and the same database is used to publish the Hagiography Database as well.

George Kiraz heads the team concerned with technical tools, which also had James Bennett and David Michelson as members. David Michelson is collaborating with the Beth Mardutho Research Library to develop digital tools of immediate use to the Figures in a Landscape project. The most important of these tools is The SEDRA Parser for Text Analysis, a Syriac digital lexicon and grammatical analysis tool. It is available online in a draft form at: https://sedra.tara-lu.com/.

66 Team members have made twenty-five public presentations about Peter Brown’s Figures in a Landscape project. These presentations included demonstrations of the dataset and the solicitation of editorial comment from scholars in the field. A list of the presentations can be found at http://syriaca.org/blog/.

Two important publications associated with this project, the Bibliotheca Hagiographica Syriaca Electronica and Qadishe: A Guide to Syriac Saints, were publicly released at the XII Symposium Syriacum held at the Pontificio Istituto Orientale in Rome (19- 24 August 2016). Both reference works are major steps forward in the field as the Bibliotheca Hagiographica Syriaca is the first work of its kind, describing over 1800 texts, and the Guide to Syriac Saints contains three times as many entries as former works on Syriac hagiography.

As the project nears its conclusion, the project team is in the process of determining the most cost-efficient ways to enhance its digital publications to ensure their long term utility to Syriac studies, especially in light of the catastrophic destruction of Syriac culture which is currently occurring as a result of the violent conflicts in Syria and Iraq. Among its remaining objectives is firstly the publication of an online edition (free and open access) of the Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage, with over 600 entries on topics related to our existing reference databases. The publisher of the print edition (2011) has granted free reuse of the text so that it will be fully integrated with the project’s previous publications, thus enhancing its overall usefulness to scholars. Dr. Ute Possekel, a lecturer in Syriac at Harvard University, has agreed to act as a researcher to assist with this publication.

Secondly, work on the online Syriac grammatical parser will be continued, so that Syriac texts can be uploaded to the project’s partner site and returned in a fully lemmatized text with parsing information and definitions. This will greatly enhance the ability of non-Syriac scholars to use Syriac texts in research, and will be fully integrated into existing publications.

Finally, an agreement has been reached with two partner projects, Qatar University and Hebrew University of Jerusalem, to contribute data to this research.

67 Publications

Bibliotheca Hagiographica Syriaca Electronica (New Handbook of Syriac Literature, Volume 1), available at http://syriaca.org/bhse/index.html. Qadishe: A Guide to Syriac Saints (Syriac Biographical Dictionary, Volume 1), available at http://syriaca.org/q/index.html.

68 Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, and Medicine Balzan Fellowship for a Postdoctoral Researcher Francis Halzen 2015 Balzan Prize for Astroparticle Physics including neutrino and gamma-ray observation

Balzan GPC Adviser: Bengt Gustafsson, Luciano Maiani Affiliated Institutions: Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center (WIPAC) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison Period: 2016-2019

Francis Halzen is Hilldale and Gregory Breit Distinguished Professor at the Universi- ty of Wisconsin-Madison and Director of its Institute for Elementary Particle Physics.

With the second half of his Balzan Prize, Francis Halzen would like to create a Bal- zan Fellowship at the Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center (WIPAC) at the University of Wisconsin–Madison for an outstanding postdoctoral candidate to work with the IceCube neutrino experiment. The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is the first detector of its kind, designed to observe the cosmos from deep within the South Pole ice. It does so by recording the interactions of a nearly massless subatomic particle called the neutrino. IceCube is also the world’s largest neutrino detector, en- compassing a cubic kilometre of ice. The neutrinos come from the most violent astro- physical sources, like exploding stars, gamma-ray bursts, and cataclysmic phenomena involving black holes and neutron stars. Thus the IceCube telescope is a powerful tool to search for dark matter, and could reveal the physical processes associated with the enigmatic origin of the highest energy particles in nature. Moreover, by exploring the background of neutrinos produced in the atmosphere, IceCube studies the neutrinos themselves; their energies far exceed those produced by accelerator beams.

At WIPAC, the Balzan Fellow would work with the IceCube neutrino experiment, with special emphasis on future technologies and/or multi-wavelength campaigns to advance the future of neutrino astronomy. The fellow should be able to carry out a vig- orous independent research program in experimental neutrino physics and astronomy as a member of the IceCube group in Madison. In addition to IceCube, WIPAC is

71 involved in other experimental and theoretical activities in astroparticle and neutrino physics that have strong connections to IceCube. At present, these include the High- Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) experiment, the Askaryan Radio Array (ARA), and the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA). It therefore provides an ideal research en- vironment for the Balzan fellow, who would also have access to the Physical Sciences Laboratory of UW-Madison, which led the construction of IceCube and contributed components of the CMS detector at the Large Hadron Collider.

72 Microbial Processes at Ocean Station ALOHA David M. Karl 2015 Balzan Prize for Oceanography

Balzan GPC Advisers: Enric Banda, Charles Godfray Main Researchers: Sara Ferrón, Benedetto Barone Affiliated Institutions: Ocean Station ALOHA (A Long-term Oligotrophic Habitat Assessment) Period: 2016-2018 Website: hahana.soest.hawaii.edu; scope.soest.hawaii.edu; cmore.soest.hawaii.edu

David M. Karl is Professor of Oceanography at the School of Ocean and Earth Science and Technology at the University of Hawaii at Manoa and Director of the University of Hawaii’s Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education. Ocean Station ALOHA (A Long-term Oligotrophic Habitat Assessment) is a novel oceanographic research site located approximately 100 km north of Oahu, Hawaii, in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, one of Earth’s largest habitats. On approximately monthly intervals since October 1988, interdisciplinary teams of scientists from institutions worldwide have studied the biology, physiology and ecology of microorganisms, from genomes to biomes. Research at Ocean Station ALOHA has helped to define the new and exciting discipline of Microbial Oceanography. The numerous scientific discoveries from Ocean Station ALOHA, including novel microorganisms, unprecedented metabolic pathways and complex interactions, have transformed our understanding of microbial life in the sea. The uncertain nature of future climate change and the potential impacts on the structure and function of marine ecosystems demand a comprehensive description and understanding of the sea around us. Sustained research of marine microbes is vital, so continued field observations and experimentation at Ocean Station ALOHA is both timely and important. Two outstanding early career scientists, Sara Ferrón and Benedetto Barone, will receive financial support from the Balzan Prize fund to take them past this important training period for their future careers in science, help them develop new leadership and research skills, as well as gain additional self-confidence and independence.

73 Microbial Oceanography is a new discipline that integrates the principles of marine microbiology, microbial ecology, and oceanography to study the role of microorganisms in the biogeochemical dynamics of natural marine ecosystems. A general goal of Microbial Oceanography is to observe and understand microbial life in the sea well enough to make accurate ecological predictions, for example, of the impact of climate variability on microbial processes in the global ocean. By analogy to a living cell, the ocean has a collective metabolism that is based largely on its dynamic genetic blueprint, with expressed phenotypes that control fluxes of energy and matter. The microbial processes that underlie this collective metabolism are influenced by environmental forcing and are governed by the laws of physics and chemistry.

A major contemporary challenge in Microbial Oceanography revolves around the pathways and rates of energy and matter transformations, ranging from solar energy capture to major element cycles, especially carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), and phosphorus (P). Several new observational and analytical techniques, in part developed or refined in Karl’s laboratory over the past two decades, provide novel opportunities to move the field forward. Ferrón and Barone will participate in these ongoing studies at Ocean Station ALOHA. Sara Ferrón’s (PhD 2009, University of Cádiz, Spain) current research interests include marine primary production and the oceanic carbon cycle, biogeochemical cycling and sea-to-atmosphere exchange of biogenic gases, including carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. She has recently devised novel methods for the measurement of gross primary production, net community production and community respiration, and has applied these methods to estimate the net metabolic state of the sea. Karl’s research project funds will provide partial support for Dr. Ferrón to continue her research on marine primary production 18 18 using a novel approach to measure the production of O2 from O-labeled H2O in field experiments. She will also use the Balzan Prize support to help plan and execute a set of novel at-sea deliberate tracer release experiments (using inorganic nutrients and the inert gas sulfur hexafluoride), hopefuly to be conducted at Ocean Station ALOHA in 2017 or 2018. David Karl will be her primary supervisor throughout the duration of this project.

Benedetto Barone’s (PhD 2010, Università degli studi di Napoli “Federico II” and Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Italy) current research interests include marine primary productivity, biogeochemistry and physical-biological modeling of marine ecosystems. He has recently been involved in field research at Ocean Station ALOHA using bio-optical methods to study the dynamics of marine phytoplankton. In the past

74 decade, several novel autonomous observational and sampling systems have become available to improve our understanding of the controls on the spatial and temporal variability of microbial processes in the sea. At Ocean Station ALOHA, autonomous Seagliders capable of measuring temperature, salinity, oxygen, chlorophyll and optical backscatter caused by suspended particulate matter, including living phytoplankton cells, have been deployed to map daily changes in oxygen (caused by photosynthesis and respiration) and in particulate matter distributions. A recent (2014) 2-month Seaglider mission has yielded results of great interest and importance in studies of the oceanic carbon cycle. Karl’s Balzan Prize funds will provide support for a new University of Hawaii based Balzan Research Fellow, and Barone would be the inaugural recipient of this prestigious fellowship, which will provide full-time support for a period not to exceed three years. During his fellowship, Barone will continue his ongoing analysis of four years of past Seaglider missions at Ocean Station ALOHA, and plan, execute and analyze data from new missions. Within the next year, new remote sensing and sampling systems will also be acquired, including a fleet of three purpose-built, long-range (1,000 km) autonomous underwater vehicles (AUV), and a commercially available Waveglider. These new assets, along with the Seaglider fleet will provide an unprecedented view of spatial and temporal variability in the oligotrophic North Pacific Subtropical Gyre, and an outstanding training opportunity for an ambitious and creative early career scientist. David Karl will be the primary supervisor throughout the duration of this project.

75 Computing Three Dimensional Fluids Dennis Parnell Sullivan 2014 Balzan Prize for Mathematics (pure/applied)

Balzan GPC Adviser: Etienne Ghys Project Directors and Main Researchers: Dennis Sullivan, Scott Wilson, Aradhana Kumari, Samir Shah, Cameron Crowe Affiliated Institution: SUNY Stony Brook; City University of New York (CUNY) Period: 2016-2018

Dennis Parnell Sullivan is Albert Einstein Professor of Science and Distinguished Professor of Mathematics at the City University of New York Graduate School and University Center, and Professor of Mathematics at Stony Brook University.

In order to compute fluid motion, any fluid model must be discretized in terms of finitely many parameters. Discretizing space by dividing it into cells was Poincaré’s starting point when he invented topology to study qualitative dynamical systems just over one hundred years ago. In the middle of the twentieth century, great advances were made in algebraic topology, which is also based on these cells. These advances were related to the algebraic products that are involved in the discretization process for the nonlinear term of the fluid models.

When discretizing, certain algebraic symmetry in the ideal models is broken. This loss of symmetry is correctable by an elegant hierarchy of corrections based on these algebraic topology advances. These corrections are similar but not exactly the same as the Feynman diagrams used in the algorithms to compute physical effects in quantum theories.

Sullivan and his student colleagues have long been engaged in understanding the corrections and building theoretical algorithms for fluid computations based on these conceptual ideas. Their work led to the revelation that different ways of writing the ideal model which are equivalent at the ideal level are inequivalent at the discrete level.

76 There is coherence, however, if one allows for the extended sequence of corrections alluded to above. Systematically testing the various algorithms in terms of their extended corrections would hence prove beneficial in connection with known fluid data. With the second part of his Balzan Prize, Sullivan would take up a project that he has wanted to carry out for some time, that is to say, initiating the practical part of this theoretical work, which is essentially complete.

The project will primarily be based at Stony Brook University, with parts being carried out at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York.

77 Biodiversity: Causes, Consequences and Conservation G. David Tilman 2014 Balzan Prize for Basic/applied Plant Biology

Balzan GPC Adviser: Charles Godfray Project Directors: David Tilman; Clarence Lehman, Forest Isbell (Deputy Supervisors) Affiliated Institution: University of Minnesota Period: 2015-2020

G. David Tilman is Regents Professor and McKnight Presidential Chair in Ecology at the University of Minnesota and Director of the Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve. He is also Professor at the University of California-Santa Barbara and Honorary Professor at the China Agricultural University in Beijing. Tilman has spent his career pursuing answers to three major scientific questions related to biodiversity. First, why is life so diverse? Second, how do changes in biodiversity impact the productivity, stability and other ways that ecosystems function? And finally, why and how are human actions leading to the loss of biodiversity, and how might such losses be minimized or prevented?

In trying to answer these questions he has formulated a “universal tradeoff” hypothesis, which suggests that a deep underlying unity of causation explains why the world became so diverse and why biodiversity has such large impacts on how ecosystems function.

The second half of Tilman’s Balzan Prize will be used for a project in which he will work with young scholars to address three issues related to his “universal tradeoff” hypothesis and its implications: (1) how evolutionary and ecological processes interact to cause speciation and diversification; (2) why the effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functioning are so unexpectedly large; (3) the mechanisms whereby human actions could cause species extinctions, the number of species so threatened, and ways to prevent such extinctions.

78 1. Causes of Biodiversity Tilman’s goal is to thoroughly test the limits of applicability of the universal tradeoff hypothesis and seek data sets that might refute it. This will be done by determining if its logical implications are supported by a reexamination of the fossil record, by deeper exploration of the mechanisms that allow competing species to coexist, and by examination of the forces that allow multispecies coexistence across the full range of trophic interactions, not just competition. The evolutionary implications of the universal tradeoff hypothesis must also be tested, for example, by determining if the pattern of micro-evolutionary changes in multispecies communities are consistent with the universal tradeoff hypothesis, and with how such tradeoffs then might influence speciation and subsequent coexistence.

Research staff planned: Tilman with the assistance of one or two younger scholars (PhD students or postdoctoral researchers), whom he would recruit based on their skills and interests.

2. Why are Biodiversity Effects so Large? Although Tilman’s experiments in the Midwest USA as well as those of other researchers have found large effects of biodiversity, there is as yet no rigorous theoretical explanation for the magnitude of the diversity effects. In conjunction with either a PhD student or a postdoctoral researcher, Tilman will re-explore both underlying theory and data gathered over the past twenty years of biodiversity experimentation.

3. Causes of Extinctions, and Ways to Prevent Extinction In collaboration with a postdoctoral researcher or a graduate student, Tilman will synthesize existing evidence and related mathematical theory on human-caused extinction threats, with the aim of testing existing theories and seeking new theories that can integrate the simultaneous effects of multiple stressors to predict their interactive effects on extinctions.

Collaboration and Publication Over the next five years, younger scholars will be involved as collaborators and co-authors of papers on the research proposed above, hopefully publishing them in disciplinary journals, as well as in multidisciplinary journals such as Science and Nature.

79 Tilman also plans to immediately start work on writing a book that would summarize his past work and establish the conceptual foundation for the issues outlined above. The book will not be multi-authored, but will involve mentoring an advanced undergraduate university with a stellar academic record in ecology or evolution who can benefit greatly from spending a year assisting with his research.

Duration of the Project and Collaborating Institution Tilman intends to use Balzan research funds over a five-year period, with funds allocated to supporting two postdoctoral researchers, two or three PhD students and advanced undergraduate students (or students who have recently completed their undergraduate degrees). Other funds will be used to cover research supplies and travel costs.

The funds are to be administered by the University of Minnesota Foundation, with Dr. Clarence Lehman and Dr. Forest Isbell of the University of Minnesota (St. Paul) Department of Ecology, Evolution and Behavior acting as Deputy Supervisors.

80 Quantum Information Processing and Communication: Quantum Information with Photons and Atoms Alain Aspect 2013 Balzan Prize for Quantum Information Processing and Communication

Balzan GPC Adviser: Luciano Maiani Project Directors and Main Researchers: Chris Westbrook (Research Coordinator); David Clément, Marc Cheneau; Sébastien Tanzili (YQIS project) Affiliated Institution:Institut d’Optique Graduate School (IOGS) Period: 2014- Website: http://yqis15.sciencesconf.org/

Alain Aspect is Professor at the Institut d’Optique Graduate School and the École Polytechnique in Palaiseau, and CNRS Distinguished Scientist Emeritus at the Laboratoire Charles Fabry at the Institut d’Optique. Aspect proposed two projects for the use of the second half of his Balzan Prize. The first was to promote a series of conferences, Young Quantum Information Scientists (YQIS), based on the model of the Young Atom Opticians conference launched by Professor Aspect and Professor Mlynek twenty years ago to enable PhD students and postdoctoral scholars working in cold atoms to gain experience by organizing conferences and creating a European community. The first edition of YQIS, initiated by Alain Aspect together with Sébastien Tanzilli of the Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée at Nice (CNRS and Université Nice Sophia Antipolis), France, was held at the Institut d’Optique Graduate School in Palaiseau, France. As a conference “made by young researchers for young researchers (PhD students and postdoctoral fellows)”, YQIS makes it possible for young research fellows to communicate their research in the newly recognized field of Quantum Information, and to exchange ideas. An abstract of contributions can be downloaded at http://yqis15.sciencesconf.org/conference/ yqis15/pages/BoA_YQIS2015_IOGS_2.pdf. This conference was a great success, and although it was held immediately after the terror attacks of November 2015 in

81 Paris, almost all of the eighty registered participants from many different countries showed up, and demonstrated their ability to form a genuine community.

The second proposal was to fund two young researchers, David Clément and Marc Cheneau, for projects of quantum simulators of quantum correlated matter. Quantum simulators are a variety of quantum computers proposed by Feynman in his milestone paper on quantum information. They consist of realizing systems to emulate quantum systems very difficult to study directly. Ultra cold atoms placed into optical potentials realized with laser beams are remarkable examples of such simulators, giving access to quantum properties of entangled many-body systems of condensed matter. Marc Cheneau’s project concerns a cold atoms quantum simulator of supersolids, and he intends to measure directly spatial correlations with resolution enabling him to see each individual atom. Balzan funding has been used for the acquisition of a high performance camera and the high grade optical components necessary for this goal. David Clément’s project concerns a quantum simulator of a strongly interacting quantum atomic gas, with the first goal to measure how quantum depletion depends on the strength of the interactions. Balzan funds have allowed him to buy a laser and to support a postdoctoral researcher for one year. Both projects have received adequate laboratory space. Marc Cheneau’s experiment is still under development, while David Clément’s experiment is already producing original results, which will be published in 2016 with acknowledgement of the Balzan Prize.

82 Epigenetics and Bacterial Infections: The Role of a Novel Histone Deacetylase SIRT2 Pascale Cossart 2013 Balzan Prize for Infectious Diseases: Basic and Clinical Aspects

Balzan GPC Advisers: Jules Hoffmann, Peter Suter Main Researcher: Melanie Hamon (Research Coordinator) Affiliated Institution: Institut Pasteur Period: 2014- Website: http://research.pasteur.fr/en/team/bacteria-cell-interactions

Pascale Cossart is Director of the Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules and Professeur de Classe Exceptionnelle at the Institut Pasteur, Paris. She is also Secrétaire perpetuel to the Académie des sciences in Paris. Her project will further investigate recent results obtained in epigenetics and bacterial infections, a new research area in infection biology. In order to establish a successful infection, bacteria manipulate the host chromatin structure, dynamics and function to their own profit. Bacterial pathogens can manipulate chromatin directly by addressing factors that interact with histones or other chromatin components to the nucleus, or indirectly by interacting with signaling pathways which then affect the chromatin structure or dynamics. The Cossart team’s research has recently shown that the bacterial pathogen Listeria monocytogenes infection induces the nuclear translocation of SIRT2, an event dependent on the interaction between the bacterial protein InlB and its receptor Met on the cell surface and critical for a successful infection in vivo as shown by the resistance to infection of SIRT2-/- mice.

A graduate student and a postdoctoral fellow will carry out the project, which has four aims: to elucidate the mechanism underlying SIRT2 nuclear translocation induced by L. monocytogenes infection; to investigate the genome-wide impact of SIRT2-induced H3K18 deacetylation during infection with L. monocytogenes; to determine whether H3K18 deacetylation by SIRT2 is a common strategy used by other pathogens for host subversion; to determine whether L. monocytogenes infection induces an epigenetic memory in the host.

83 Further Investigation of Epigenetics in Hybrids and Evolution David Charles Baulcombe 2012 Balzan Prize for Epigenetics

Balzan GPC Adviser: Marc Van Montagu Affiliated Institution: University of Cambridge Period: 2013-

David Charles Baulcombe is Regius Professor of Botany, Royal Society Research Professor and Head of the Department of Plant Sciences at the University of Cambridge. His two-part project is designed to address fundamental questions in biology using a genetic and molecular approach. It is also intended to introduce young scientists to the statistics and computational aspects of handling large datasets related to genome-wide profiling of epigenetic modification, gene expression and genome sequence. The advent of high throughput sequencing technology has been transformational in biology, and their ability to use the resulting datasets is essential for their career progression as research scientists.

Part I is based on recent discoveries from Baulcombe’s laboratory determining that epigenetic marks affecting gene expression are initiated in the genomes of hybrid organisms. It will have two stages. The first stage will involve dissection of an epigenetic change that has already been observed, to be initiated in hybrids between the tomato – Solanum lycopersicum – and a wild relative – S. pennellii. When completed, the conclusions will give a baseline for the analysis of other loci that will be identified in the second stage, which will involve genome-wide characterisation of genetic and epigenetic changes in the lycopersicum pennellii hybrids. This research will indicate the extent to which induced epigenetic changes might affect the phenotype of the hybrid plants.

Part II exploits the unicellular green alga – Chlamydomonas reinhardtii – to investigate the role of epigenetic mechanisms in adaptation. The aim of the experiments is to test

84 a hypothesis related to soft inheritance, asking whether algae that are defective in soft inheritance are compromised in the ability to adapt to an altered environment. The first stage will characterise mutant and knock down lines of C. reinhardtii for epigenetics and RNA silencing. In parallel with this molecular biology preparation, a series of long term culture experiments will be set up in which cultures are subject to mild stress herbicides and high CO2. The detailed experimental regime will be designed in collaboration with Sinead Collins (Edinburgh Institute of Evolutionary Biology), and will take account of previous studies in which C. reinhardtii cultures were adapted to these stresses.

85 Sea-level Change during Glacial Cycles Kurt Lambeck 2012 Balzan Prize for Solid Earth Sciences, with emphasis on interdisciplinary research

Balzan GPC Adviser: Enric Banda Main Researchers: Brenda Dechnik, Brigid Morrison, Anthony Purcell, Hélène Rouby, Ye-Ying Sun Affiliated Institution: Australian National University Period: 2013-

Kurt Lambeck is Emeritus Professor at Australian National University. The research component of the second part of his Balzan Prize addresses three important elements of the broad subject of sea-level change.

The first involves geophysical modelling of interactions between ice sheets, the solid earth and sea level. One of the goals of the project is to develop a version of the numerical models suitable for use by ‘non-experts’ so as to make the methodology available to geologists and archaeologists. Another goal is to develop the next iteration of ice sheet models with a particular focus on the Antarctic ice sheet, which up to now has played a rather passive role in the discussion of past sea levels, despite its being important in assessing the future of this ice sheet in a framework of a warming planet. Other targets include an improved ice sheet model for southern Greenland and improvements in the North American ice sheet model. These models provide improved reference points for testing climate models under conditions very different from today as well as the basis for palaeogeographic reconstructions during recent glacial cycles to explore possible constraints on human migrations.

The second deals with past interglacials as analogs of the present interglacial, which is particularly important because its traces are best preserved in the geological record. Its climate was similar to today, but possibly a few degrees warmer, and sea levels were 4-6 meters higher than today. But the precise timing of this occurrence and any variability within the interglacial interval remains poorly constrained. Yet

86 this information is important in the context of current climate change debate for understanding the sensitivity of ice sheets to changes in temperature. Field sites for which the team has preliminary information include: Western and Northern Australia, the Seychelles, and the Mediterranean. Earlier interglacials will also be examined including the Pliocene (~ 3 million years ago), when the global glacial-interglacial cycles were markedly different from those of the past 800,000 years.

The third theme is the present interglacial (the Holocene). Ocean volumes have remained approximately constant during the past 6,000 years, but periodically the argument arises that large amplitude (1-2 m) changes have occurred within relatively short time periods (a few hundred years). If correct, this has major implications for the instability of the climate system when the planet is not in an ice age. There are many reasons why this question remains debated. One is of the nature of the observational evidence. Another is land movement caused by tectonic and global dynamic processes. A third is the ongoing interaction between the past ice sheets and the solid earth and oceans. These issues will be addressed in order to arrive at what should be a definitive answer to the question of sea-level (and hence climate) stability or instability during interglacial periods.

Balzan funding has enabled a research associate to be appointed for two years at the Australian National University (ANU) to work on the modelling aspects of the various components of the earth-ocean-ice system. The appointee, Dr. Anthony Purcell, has experience in this research area, so as to build on past work. A second appointment of a Postdoctoral Fellow, Dr Hélène Rouby, has been made together with the École Normale Supérieure (ENS) in Paris to work on the analysis of sea-level data to develop high-resolution models for sea-level change in low- and mid-latitude regions. This is part of a longer-term proposal to transfer the ANU software and experience to ENS for use by French researchers and to introduce a more complex mantle rheology into the models.

Support was also provided to Ye-Ying Sun from the University of Hong Kong (UHK) to work as a Balzan Student at the Australian National University (ANU) during 2013 compiling and analyzing sea-level data from South East Asia, from Malaysia to Japan, and learning the elements of geophysical modelling. This work is significant for both the global studies and for examining the past subsidence rates of the large east and southeast Asian river deltas. Contributions to two field projects have been made to permit students to extend their PhD work. One is a project with Brigid Morrison from

87 the University of Tasmania to collect further core samples from sites in Tasmania, and to provide radiocarbon dating to examine the rise of sea level during the past 7,000 years. The significance of this study is that it may answer questions about the role of Antarctica to the global sea-level change since the last glacial maximum. The other project has provided support for PhD student Brenda Dechnik from Sydney University to participate in fieldwork in the Seychelles that examines earlier interglacial reefs that are now above sea level. These projects focus on specific scientific targets that bring together young and experienced researchers in selected field environments, in the requisite laboratory methods and in computational methods. Further field projects involving young researchers in Australia are being examined and will be gradually introduced.

Sea level is an important component of the four-yearly Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change assessment of the science of climate change. In May 2013, the Final Draft of the Working Group 1 report was delivered. It highlighted many important questions in need of better answers, which the research inspired by Lambeck’s Balzan Prize project may contribute significantly to providing.

88 Theories of Quantitative Character Evolution and Stochastic Population Dynamics Russell Scott Lande 2011 Balzan Prize for Theoretical Biology or Bioinformatics

Balzan GPC Adviser: Charles Godfray Main Researchers: Emmanuelle Porcher, Céline Devaux Affiliated Institution: Imperial College London Period: 2012-2015

Russell Scott Lande is Royal Society Research Professor at Imperial College London. With the second part of his Balzan Prize, Lande supported young researchers at the postdoctoral and graduate student levels. Two experienced postdoctoral researchers were employed through Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, modeling the joint evolution of mating systems, flowering phenology and inbreeding depression in plants. Both were based at their home institutions in France: Emmanuelle Porcher at the Musée national d’Histoire naturelle and Céline Devaux at Université Montpellier 2, doing collaborative research supervised by Professor Lande, with frequent visits to Silwood Park by them and to their home institutions by Professor Lande.

The Centre for Conservation Biology (CCB) organized a workshop entitled Stochastic demography in fluctuating environments: theory and empirical patterns from 23 to 27 April 2012. The workshop was aimed at young scientists in the initial stages of their scientific career and focused on models for describing the demography of populations in fluctuating environments, methods for estimation of parameters from data and presentations of empirical examples that illustrate the practical application of this quantitative approach for understanding dynamics of populations. Central topics covered were the concepts of demographic and environmental stochasticity, density- dependence in age-structured populations, techniques for estimating key parameters in age-structured models, spatial synchrony in population fluctuations, population viability analyses and community dynamics.

A major part of the workshop was comprised of introductory lectures by Professors

89 Steinar Engen, Russell Lande and Bernt-Erik Sæther. The aim of these lectures was to give an overview of the theories in stochastic population dynamics and demography, to show their significance for general understanding of principles explaining patterns in fluctuations of natural populations and to demonstrate how these models could be parameterized using data from different model systems. The second part of the course consisted of exercises in practical applications of the models in analyses of data using a multitude of computer programmes mainly developed by researchers at CCB. These practicals were supervised by Professor Jarle Tufto and Researcher Vidar Grøtan. The final part of the course consisted of short presentations in which the participants presented their own research.

Research was conducted with Dr. Céline Devaux, who was hired as a consultant for three summers, and with Dr. Emmanuelle Porcher who was hired as an employee of Imperial College London for two years beginning September 2012. Results to date include five published papers and one submitted, and two manuscripts in preparation. The research focuses on developing quantitative theories of the evolution of plant mating systems, particularly mixed self-fertilization and outcrossing, as influenced by pollination ecology and the evolution of inbreeding depression.

Publications

Porcher, E. and R. Lande. 2013. Evaluating a simple approximation to modeling the joint evolution of self-fertilization and inbreeding depression. Evolution 67: 3628- 3635. Devaux, C., R. Lande and E. Porcher. 2014. Pollination ecology and inbreeding depression control individual flowering phenologies and mixed mating. Evolution 68: 3051-3065. Devaux, C., C. Lepers and E. Porcher. 2014. Pollinator constraints on the ecology and evolution of plant mating systems. Journal of Evolutionary Biology 27: 1413-1430. Connor, J. and R. Lande. 2014. Raissa L. Berg’s contributions to the study of phenotypic integration, with a professional biographical sketch. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B 369: 20130250. Lande, R. and E. Porcher. 2015. Maintenance of quantitative genetic variance under partial self-fertilization, with implications for evolution of selfing. Genetics 200: 891-906. Porcher, E. and R. Lande. 2016. Inbreeding depression under mixed outcrossing, self- fertilization and sib-mating. (submitted).

90 Devaux, C., E. Porcher and R. Lande. 2016. The evolution of pollen limitation in self- compatible animal-pollinated plants. (manuscript). Lande, R. and E. Porcher. 2016. Interaction of stabilizing selection on quantitative traits with purging of recessive lethal mutations in partially selfing populations. (manuscript).

91 An Oxford New College-Johns Hopkins Centre for Cosmological Studies Joseph Ivor Silk 2011 Balzan Prize for The Early Universe (from the Planck Time to the First Galaxies)

Balzan GPC Adviser: Bengt Gustafsson Project Directors: Chris Lintott (Project Director); Adrienne Slyz, Marc Kamionkowski, John March-Russell (Advisory Committee) Researchers: Alissa Bams, Melanie Beck, Razieh Emami Meibody, Seyda Ipek, Suvodip Murkherjee, Joakim Rosdahl, Julien Devriendt, Mark Richardson, John Chisolm, Ricarda Beckmann, Cora Uhlemann, Rebekka Bieri, Emanuele Castorina, Rajul Datta, Francesco De Bernardis, Joanna Dunkley, Zachary Dugan, Anastasia Fialkov, Farhang Habibi, Mariele Motta, Rafael Batista, Cliff Johnson Affiliated Institution: New College, University of Oxford Period: 2013- Website: http://balzan.new.ox.ac.uk/home.shtml

Joseph Ivor Silk is Professor of Physics at the Institut d’Astrophysique at the Université Pierre et Marie Curie in Paris, Homewood Professor in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore, and Senior Fellow in the Beecroft Institute­ of Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology of the Department of Physics at the University of Oxford. Silk has designated part of his Balzan research funds for the creation of a Centre for Cosmological Studies based at New College Oxford and at the Department of Physics and Astronomy at the Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore. It also involves the Oxford University Department of Physics and the Institut d’Astrophysique of the Université Pierre et Marie Curie- Sorbonne Universities in Paris. The Centre’s goal is to provide Balzan grants for young researchers in cosmology in frontier areas of research that are consistent with the scientific themes supported by the Centre, and to establish international links involving leading young researchers to develop scientific interactions and collaborations that will benefit their careers as well as enhance the scientific life of the partner institution.

92 The first grants were awarded in the autumn of 2013 to Visiting Junior Research Fellows hosted at the institutions mentioned above. During the first three years of operation of the Oxford New College-Johns Hopkins Centre for Cosmological Studies, some twenty-four young researchers were hosted at the participating institutions for periods of up to two months each. The researchers were selected from a large field of candidates, and chosen because of their outstanding science potential and their interactivity with cosmology faculty at the participating institutions. The goal is to choose brilliant young researchers who will boost their careers by developing new collaborations. Several visited New College, while others were at the Johns Hopkins University at IAP, Paris.

The New College Balzan fellows initiated a series of Balzan Conversations, a well-attended informal discussion about their research, to which the New College fellowship as well as undergraduate and postgraduate physics students were invited. New College Balzan guests also participated in many high table and lunchtime discussions with fellows. Their research interests spanned subjects including the origin of cosmic structure and the fossil radiation echo from the Big Bang.

An indication of the success of the programme may be gleaned from the fact that nearly 50% of the researchers were doctoral students and one-third were female, all first-choice candidates and highly likely to continue successful careers in research boosted by the opportunity offered by the Balzan grant to Silk for enabling them to become better acquainted with leading institutions.

2015 candidates: Alissa Bams, a postdoctoral student at the Adler Planetarium in Chicago, visited the University of Oxford to work on issues of object retirement for the zooinverse project, Disk Detective, whose main goal is to find signs of planet formation (like dusty asteroid belts) around nearby star systems. Rafael Batista, a PhD student at the University of Hamburg, went to the University of Oxford to work on a project on ultra-high energy cosmic rays and the magnetized cosmic web, which resulted in an article to be submitted for publication and results presented at invited seminars at the Federal University of Rio de Janiero, Brazil, and the University of Oxford. Melanie Beck, a PhD student at the University of Minnesota, visited the University of Oxford to develop an innovative galaxy morphology classifier utilizing human and machine intelligence to address the issue of scalability when considering the next generation of massive astronomical datasets presented in surveys such as the LSST and Euclid. To accomplish this she proposed reinventing the Galaxy Zoo classification system by

93 incorporating various machine learning algorithms with users’ visual classifications to increase efficiency and scalability and by implementing a novel ‘filtering’ approach whereby human and machine classifiers would be fully integrated and recursive. She expects to publish on this research in 2016. Razieh Emami Meibody, a PhD student at the Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences in Iran, visited Johns Hopkins University, and worked under the supervision of Professor Marc Kamionkowski on the following projects: cosmological constraints to an axiverse-inspired quintessence field; probing the scale dependence of non-Gaussianity with spectral distortions of the cosmic microwave background (published in 2015); and clustering fossil from primordial gravitational waves in anisotropic inflation (published in 2015). Seyda Ipek, PhD student at the University of Washington, went to the University of Oxford to investigate the dynamics of oscillations in an attempt to find out where all the antimatter in the universe is. She developed a testable model of the history of our Universe when the matter-antimatter asymmetry was produced. Suvodip Murkherjee, a PhD student at the IUCAA in India, visited Johns Hopkins University to work on the problem of hemispherical asymmetry from bubble collisions. Joakim Rosdahl, a postdoctoral researcher at Leiden University, had two aims in visiting the University of Oxford to work with the group of Adrienne Slyz and Julien Devriendt. The main one was to study the effects of stellar radiation feedback in galaxy evolution by using a suite of cosmological zoom simulations. This work has led to the development of a parallel project with Mark Richardson at Oxford Astrophysics and John Chisolm at the University of Wisconsin comparing real observations in order to understand what physical models in their simulations might produce the best matches, with publications expected in 2016. The secondary aim was to work with Ricarda Beckmann on studying the role of photoionisation and radiation pressure around active galactic nuclei. Cora Uhlemann, a postdoctoral researcher at LMN in Munich, visited the Institut d’Astrophysique in Paris to carry out research focused on physically understanding, analytically modelling and accurately predicting the large scale structure of the universe, that is, how the universe evolved from a nearly uniform initial state into a stage featuring structures on various scales, from stars over galaxies to clusters. Her work involves theoretical aspects that are intimately connected to both numerical measurements obtained from N-body simulations and astrophysical observations provided by galaxy surveys, which make it possible to extract and constrain cosmological parameters. The preprint for a related article is listed below.

2014 candidates: Rebekka Bieri, PhD student at the Institut d’Astrophysique in Paris, visited Johns Hopkins University to study the impact of Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN)

94 feedback on the host galaxy and the precise communication mechanism between AGN and the galaxy’s gas, and to investigate positive AGN feedback. Emanuele Castorina from the SISSA International School for Advanced Studies in Trieste, Italy, went to the Institut d’Astrophysique in Paris to report on quantitative predictions for cosmic voids statistics. His specific contribution consisted in extending analytical tools typically used to describe overdense regions to voids, systematically taking into account the number of objects out of which voids are defined, and developing a model giving the right abundances and shapes of voids as a function of size for high enough densities. This represents the first attempt to consistently describe voids statistics as a function of the number of density of galaxies. Rajul Datta, graduate student at the Department of Physics at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, visited Johns Hopkins University in the USA to work on galaxy formation and evolution in the universe, namely, the detection of galaxies in the cosmic microwave background (CMB) maps from the currently observing Atacama Cosmology Telescope Polarization (ACTPol). Francesco De Bernardis, postdoctoral student at Cornell University, went to Oxford University to interact with the ACTPol collaboration group led by Professor Joanna Dunkley and to work in collaboration with Professor Silk on a project to determine the possibility of detecting variations from a black-bosy spectra in the frequency distribution of the intensity of the CMB. Zachary Dugan, a graduate student in the Department of Physics and Astronomy at Johns Hopkins University USA, visited the University of Heidelberg to investigate the relationship between super massive black holes, which reside at the centre of all galaxies, and their host galaxies (publication 2014). Anastasia Fialkov, Junior Research Chair Fellow at the International Center for Fundamental Physics of the École Normale Superieure in Paris, went to Johns Hopkins University to do work on the distortion of the luminosity function of high-redshift galaxies by gravitational lensing. Focusing on how gravitational lensing affects the observable luminosity function of the distant sources, the main conclusion of Fialkov’s work is that depending on the intrinsic properties of the background galaxies, gravitational lensing can significantly affect the observed luminosity function even when no obvious strong lenses are present. Farhang Habibi, postdoctoral researcher at the School of Astronomy, IPM, Iran, visited the Institut d’Astrophysique de Paris to develop methods to test the accuracy of models of modified gravity. Cliff Johnson, graduate student in the Department of Astronomy at the University of Washington, went to Oxford University to collaborate with the Zooniverse citizen science organization and to complete work on the Andromeda Project catalog publication. Mariele Motta, postdoctoral researcher at the University of Heidelberg, went to Oxford University to do work on theories of gravity and how gravity affects the dynamics of galaxies.

95 Publications are planned for the near future for the projects of Datta and De Bernardis. For further information on 2013 awardees and their publications, see the third edition of the Overview on the International Balzan Foundation website: http://www.balzan. org/en/prizewinners/joseph-ivor-silk/research-project-silk.

Publications

Desjacques, V., J. Chluba, J. Silk, F. De Bernardis, O. Doré. Submitted March 2015. Detecting the cosmological recombination signal from space. arXiv:1503.05589. Dugan, Z., S. Bryan, V. Gaibler, J. Silk, M. Haas. 2014. Stellar signatures of AGN- JET-triggered start formation. The Astrophysical Journal. Vol. 796, no. 2. DOI 10.188/0004-637X/796/2/113. Emami, R., E. Dimastrogiovani, J. Chluba, M. Kamionkowski. 2015. Probing the scale dependence of non-Gaussianity with spectral disortions of the cosmic micro- wave background. Phys. Rev. D 91, 123531. Emami, R., H. Firouzjahi. 2015. Clustering fossil from primordial gravitational waves in anisotropic inflation. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. DOI 10.1088/1475-751/2015/10/043. Uhlemann, C., S. Codis, C. Pichon, F. Bernardeau, P. Reimberg. Submitted 17 De- cember 2015. Back in the saddle: Large-deviation statistics of the cosmic log-den- sity field. arXiv:151205793.

96 The Balzan Prizewinners’ Research Projects: 2001-2010

97 Literature, Moral Sciences, and the Arts

99 The Role of Independent Theatre in Contemporary European Theatre: Structural and Aesthetic Changes Manfred Brauneck 2010 Balzan Prize for the History of the Theatre in All Its Aspects

Balzan GPC Adviser: Gottfried Scholz Main Researchers: Andrea Hensel, Tine Koch, Petra Sabisch, Azadeh Sharifi Affiliated Institution: German Centre of the International Theatre Institute (ITI), Berlin Period: 2011-2016 Website: http://www.iti-germany.de/index.php?id=223&L=5

Manfred Brauneck is Former Professor of Theatre Studies at the Universität Hamburg and Director of the Zentrum für Theaterforschung in Hamburg. He has designated half of his Balzan Prize to a research project which investigates the interaction between changes within social and legal conditions for performing artists, changing methods of production and distribution of theatre art and the shifting dialectics of content versus form in European contemporary theatre. The role of independent theatres in the holistic systems of theatre culture will be the centre of focus.

The proposed research entailed producing four thematic studies consistently oriented towards fostering a new generation of researchers. The first colloquium took place on 20 October 2011 in the ITI offices in Berlin’s Kunstquartier Bethanien. Its aims were to reach a fundamental understanding of the project, to discuss the first steps to take, and to work out how to approach the thematic studies. Another of the study’s aims was to investigate the phenomenon of “independent theatre” within the European context – even though it is conceptualized very differently in different countries – and to examine social changes with regard to the effect they have had on independent theatre while also examining how this independent scene has reacted to those changes.

101 The second colloquium took place in the Kulturfabrik Kampnagel in Hamburg on 27 and 28 January 2012. The host, director Amelie Deuflhard, provided an extensive report on her work in Kampnagel and as head of the production house Sophiensaele in Berlin. She focused particularly on structural changes and changes to modes of production in the independent scene, delineated financial and funding models, and described the professionalization of independent performing artists that has now been achieved. Equally useful in guiding the research was a discussion with the Viennese performance collective God’s Entertainment, who provided an insight into their working practices as an independent artists’ collective within the Austrian cultural scene. The young researchers presented their work up to that point, and there was a discussion of the steps to be taken in the coming months. It was also decided to include the main aspects of the individual country reports within the framework of the thematic studies.

The third colloquium took place at the invitation of the Stiftung Universität Hildesheim from 11 to 13 May 2012 in Hildesheim. The main topic of discussion was how to place the independent scene’s developments, production forms and aesthetic concepts within the general context of the German theatre landscape. Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Schneider and the dramaturge Henning Fülle provided a complementary report on the position of independent theatre within the debate on cultural politics in Germany. Prof. Schneider gave an analysis of cultural politics in Germany with regard to the subsidised theatre system and the policy of supporting independent theatre. As part of the analysis, he outlined the criteria for this support, which he primarily saw as multidisciplinarity, interculturalism and internationalism. Henning Fülle reported from the studies forming his doctoral project at the Stiftung Universität Hildesheim, concentrating on the emergence of independent theatre in Germany and its evolution since the 1960s. Fülle discussed the discourse of recognition of the independent scene in politics, the media and the theatre industry.

A fourth colloquium with the title Art and Life. Transformations in (Eastern) Europe’s Independent Theatre Scene was held on 8 November 2012 at the University of Leipzig in the framework of the euro-scene festival in Leipzig. The discussions and panels primarily addressed the international perspective. This entailed considering the structures and working practices of free and independent theatre in other European countries.

A conference, Post-migrant Perspectives on European Theatre, was held from 20 to 22 March 2013 at the Goethe Institute in London. It analyzed these developments

102 together with representatives from the arts, academia and the cultural policy. Based on the regional theatre scenes in Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden and the UK, the conference mainly focused on questions of representation, networking and the institutionalization of post-migrant theatre in Europe.

The fifth colloquium took place again at Kampnagel in Hamburg on 10 and 11 April 2013. It was dedicated to the topic of independent music theatre. Prof. Dr. Matthias Rebstock was invited as expert to give an overview on the varieties and developments of independent music theatre in Europe.

The fourth year of the research project, The Role of the Independent Theatre in Contemporary European Theatre: Structural and Aesthetic Changes, was dedicated to the completion of the thematic studies. The authors submitted final versions of their studies, which are being edited and translated into English before publication by transcript-Verlag in November of 2016.

The final symposium, in close collaboration with the Institute for Media, Theatre and Popular Culture and the Institute for Cultural Policy at Hildesheim University, was held in Hildesheim in December 2015. The concept for this international symposium was developed in collaboration with Prof. Dr. Geesche Wartemann and Prof. Dr. Matthias Rebstock (both from the Institute for Media, Theatre and Popular Culture, University of Hildesheim) and Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Schneider (Institute for Cultural Policy, University of Hildesheim).

ITI Germany has presented the research project on the ITI website and in its annual report, as well as details on the ongoing developments on a regular basis in its newsletter. In addition, the ITI centres, cooperating associations and universities as well as the Goethe-Institut have been informed about the Balzan project.

Publication

Independent Theatre in Contemporary Europe: Structures – Aesthetics – Cultural Policy. Edited by Manfred Brauneck and ITI. Bielefeld: Transcript Verlag, 2016. Published in German and English.

103 A Comparative Approach to Religions. A Historical Perspective – from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries Carlo Ginzburg 2010 Balzan Prize for European History (1400-1700)

Balzan GPC Advisers: Quentin Skinner, Salvatore Veca Main Researchers: Angela Ballone, Lucio Biasiori, Giovanni Tarantino Affiliated Institution: Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa Period: 2011-2017

Carlo Ginzburg is Former Professor at the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa and Franklin D. Murphy Professor of Italian Renaissance Studies at the University of California, Los Angeles. Ginzburg dedicated the second half of his Balzan Prize to a research programme in which he intends to scrutinize the emergence of a comparative approach to religions. Two young scholars, Biasiori and Tarantino, were initially involved in a research project going back to the 1500s, exploring the emergence of a comparative approach to religions, and focusing on the connection between antiquarianism and early ethnology, in the framework of European colonial expansion. A series of analytical studies emanating from this research were planned. Ballone joined the project at a later stage.

The initial phase of the project consisted in several publications by Carlo Ginzburg (Machiavelli e gli antiquari; Provincializing the World: Europeans, Indians, Jews (1704); Ancora sui riti cinesi: documenti vecchi e nuovi). Researchers also considered questions raised in the following works: Guy Stroumsa, A New Science. The Discovery of Religion in the Age of Reason, Harvard University Press, 2010; Arnaldo Momigliano, “Ancient History and the Antiquarian,” Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institute, 1950; Arnaldo Momigliano, “Prospettiva 1967 della storia greca,” Rivista Storica Italiana 80 (1969).

Three one-year researcher’s positions at the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa were

104 awarded between 2011 and 2014. An international workshop, Comparing Religions. A Historical Approach (16th-18th Centuries), was also organized by Ginzburg at the Scuola Normale Superiore in Pisa from 10 to 11 June 2013. Another workshop, Norms and Exceptions. A Comparative Approach to Casuistry, was held in Florence from 11 to 13 December 2014. The proceedings of both workshops will later be published by Cambridge University Press.

Publications

Ginzburg, Carlo. “Machiavelli e gli antiquari,” in L’Europa divisa e gli altri mondi. Per Adriano Prosperi, vol. 2: 3–9. Pisa: Edizioni della Normale, 2011. Ginzburg, Carlo. “Provincializing the World: Europeans, Indians, Jews (1704).” Postcolonial Studies. Volume 14, Issue 2 (2011): 135-150. Tarantino, Giovanni. Republicanism, Sinophilia and Historical Writing. Thomas Gordon (c. 1691-1750) and his ‘History of England.’ Turnhout: Brepols, 2012.

105 The Balzan Interdisciplinary Seminar: Literature as an Object of Knowledge

Terence Cave 2009 Balzan Prize for Literature since 1500

Balzan GPC Adviser: Karlheinz Stierle Project Directors and Main Researchers: Wes Williams, Raphael Lyne (Deputy Directors); Karin Kukkonen, Olivia Smith (Balzan Research Fellows); Kathryn Banks, Timothy Chesters, James Helgeson, Raphael Lyne, Ita Mac Carthy (Balzan Research Lecturers); Miranda Anderson, Jennifer Gosetti-Ferencei, Patricia Kolaiti, Sabine Müller, Kirsti Sellevold, Emily Troscianko (Associate Researchers) Affiliated Institution: St. John’s College, Oxford Period: 2010-2013 Website: http://www.sjc.ox.ac.uk/3122/The-Balzan-Project.html

Terence Cave is Emeritus Professor of French Literature at the University of Oxford, Emeritus Research Fellow of St. John’s College Oxford and Fellow of the British Academy. Cave has used the second half of his Balzan Prize to explore the value of literature as an object of knowledge, and more specifically, the cognitive value of literature in relation to other kinds of discourse. The research project is based at the Research Centre of St. John’s College, Oxford. The word “seminar” is used in the title to indicate the heuristic nature of the project: the core of the work lies in dis­cussions designed to foster a sharper awareness of the issues that are at stake and to explore new directions in the understanding of literature.

The collective work of the project was carried out for the most part in workshops and discussion groups in which interdisciplinary issues were explored and debated with the cooperation of colleagues from non-literary disciplines. The twin themes of know­ledge and cognition provided a focus for the discussions. The integrity of individual research programmes was respected, but they were also used as test-cases or illustrations of the broader interdisciplinary issues raised by the project.

106 Two Balzan Postdoctoral Research Fellowships were established at the outset of the project, tenable for three years. The Research Fellows were expected to produce published work of the equivalent of a book-length study over the course of their Fellowship. They also as­sisted in the arrangement of discussion groups, workshops and other collective events. They were not permitted to take on duties external to the project (for example teaching duties) except with the agreement of the Director. The Research Fellowships were attached to the St. John’s College Research Centre in Oxford, where the Fellows had offices.

Five Balzan Research Lectureships were conferred on younger colleagues hold­ing permanent academic positions at five different UK universities, each lasting up to one semester on a “buy-out” basis. The positions carried with them the obligation to produce at least one article-length publication during the period of leave, and (under the guidance of the Director) to arrange a two-day workshop at the end of the period of leave structured around the Lecturer’s work. The Research Lecturers were expected to participate as far as their other duties permitted in the other collective activities of the project. The workshops were held in the lecturer’s home institution; this arrangement helped to guarantee the wider diffusion of the project’s aims and intellectual outcomes.

The project also recruited a number of Associate Researchers. This group consisted of individual researchers from various academic contexts whose work was closely relat­ ed to the aims of the project. They had no specific duties, but were expected to attend workshops and discussion groups in their areas of interest.

Ten fully-funded and several partly-funded workshops, together with a number of other project group meetings, were held. These typically featured short papers and intensive round-table discussion, and numbers were limited to around twenty-five in order to achieve focus and continuity. In addition, a regular discussion group consisting of core project members and other invited participants from the University of Oxford (academic post-holders, postdoctoral researchers, and a small number of doctoral students) was established in Oxford for the duration of the project, with the aim of discussing specific topics and problems arising from the project’s aim to develop a cognitive methodology for the study of literature. From time to time, visiting speakers with relevant interests were invited to give presentations to the group.

A programme of individual visits and exchange visits enabled core project participants

107 to establish appropriate contacts in other universities, with the possibility of recipro­ cation. In addition, the Director gave (and continues to give) public lectures both in the UK and abroad, and actively seeks to create an interdisciplinary network that will not only support and enhance­ the work of the project but also ensure that its intellectual energies are propagated­ beyond the lifetime of the project itself.

The first phase of the project ended on 30 September 2013, with a Methodological Colloquium entitled “Thinking with Literature” from 9-12 September 2013 at the University of Oslo, Centre for the Study of Mind in Nature, and ILOS (organised by Kirsti Sellevold, Terence Cave, Karin Kukkonen and Olivia Smith).

Publications

Banks, Kathryn, and Timothy Chesters. Movement in Renaissance Literature: Exploring Kinesic Intelligence. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, forthcoming in 2017. Caracciolo, Marco, and Karin Kukkonen, eds. “Second-Generation Cognitive Approaches to Literature.” Special issue. Style 48.3 (2014). Cave, Terence. Thinking with Literature: Towards a Cognitive Criticism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2016. Cave, Terence, Karin Kukkonen and Olivia Smith, eds. “Reading Literature Cognitively.” Special issue. Para­graph 37.1 (2014). Cave, Terence, and Deirdre Wilson, eds. Relevance in Literature. Oxford: Oxford University Press, in progress. Kukkonen, Karin. A Prehistory of Cognitive Poetics: Neoclassicism and the Novel. New York: Oxford University Press, forthcoming. Mac Carthy, Ita, Kirsti Sellevold and Olivia Smith, eds. Cognitive Confusions: Dreams, Delusions and Illusions in Early Modern Culture. Oxford: Legenda, 2016. Smith, Olivia. Inside the Furnished Mind: A Literary Reading of Locke’s Essay, in progress.

108 Cosmology and Physics, Memory and Emotions: Research on the History of Science Paolo Rossi Monti† 2009 Balzan Prize for History of Science

Balzan GPC Adviser: M.E.H. Nicolette Mout Project Directors and Main Researchers: Michele Ciliberto, Bernardino Fantini (Supervisors); Matteo Borri, Olivia Catanorchi, Francesca Dell’Omodarme, Natacha Fabbri, Marco Matteoli, Yamina Oudai Celso, Chiara Petrolini (Research Fellows) Affiliated Institution: Istituto Nazionale di Studi sul Rinascimento, Florence Period: 2009-2013

Paolo Rossi Monti† was Emeritus Professor at the University of Florence and Fellow of the Accademia dei Lincei. He set aside half of the Balzan Prize for research that involved seven outstanding young scholars. Paolo Rossi Monti personally followed their research in detail, with support from Michele Ciliberto, corresponding member of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei and regular Professor of Modern Philosophy at the Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa, to supervise the research on cosmology and physics, while Bernardino Fantini, Director of the Institut d’Histoire de la Médecine et de la Santé at the Université de Genève, followed the research on the subject of memory and emotions.

The subject Cosmology and Physics in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries was investigated in detail with five pre-established themes. For the first, Cosmology and Medicine in the High and Late Renaissance, Olivia Catanorchi studied the interrelations between astronomy, cosmology and medicine, and dedicated special attention to the work of Cornelio Gemma, who was known by Campanella and Kepler. Aspects of Aristotelian Physics in the Paduan Lessons of Pietro Pomponazzi, the second theme, was investigated by Francesca Dell’Omodarme, who studied Pomponazzi’s comments and observations on the argumentation on Physics and Cosmology in Aristotle’s works. The third theme, On the Mathematical Foundation of Giordano Bruno’s Natural Atomism, was take up by Marco Matteoli, who translated the Articuli centum

109 et sexaginta adversus mathematicos et philosophos for the first time into Italian (including an extensive introduction and analytical commentary), starting with his in-depth study on Bruno’s writings dedicated to mathematics and geometry. For the fourth theme, Science, Philosophy and Politics in the Venice of Paolo Sarpi, Chiara Petrolini studied the intense intellectual exchange between Venice and England at the beginning of the seventeenth century, and in particular, the physiognomy of the so- called Sarpi circle. This theme of research is related to the cultural background of De la Pirotechnia by Vannuccio Biringuccio. Finally, in The Moon in Fabula, Istoria and Utopia, Natacha Fabbri identified the main pre-Galileo sources defining the Moon as another Earth (Proclus, Macrobius, Simplicius, Plutarch), and delineated the ways it was articulated by Bruno, Patrizi, Kepler and Wilkins.

Concerning the subject Memory and Emotions, two research projects dealt with the following pre-established themes. In Arts of Memory in the Age of the Neurosciences, Matteo Borri followed an investigation on the historical developments of experimental research and on the theoretical contributions to the theme of memory and neurobiology, as well as techniques for increasing mnemonic power and maintaining mnemonic functions in the presence of pathologies, thus highlighting the connections between these techniques and the artes reminiscendi that enjoyed widespread popularity in Europe between the fifteenth and eighteenth centuries. In the second project, Psychiatry, Anthropology, and Scientific Psychology from Descartes to the French Enlightenment: Textual Heritage and Theoretical Influx on Freud’s Theory of Emotions, Yamina Oudai Celso investigated the background to Freud’s Theory of Emotions.

Publications

The following articles can be added to the extensive bibliography in the previous editions of the Overview, which can be consulted at: http://www.balzan.org/en/ prizewinners/paolo-rossi-monti/research-project-monti.

Fabbri, N. “Telesio’s conservation of the universe: Moderatio of opposites and permanent struggle,” in Sense, Affect and Self-preservation, edited by G. Giglioni and J. Kraye. International Archives of the History of Ideas. Dordrecht: Springer, forthcoming. Matteoli, M. Giordano Bruno. Parole, concetti, immagini. Pisa: Edizioni della Normale, 2014. [s.v. immagini concetti: atomo, continuo, dimensione, Euclide,

110 geometria, limite, linea, matematica, mathesis, minimo, misura, mole, Pitagora, punto and termine, and also scheduled the works: Ars deformationum, De mordentii circino, De somnii interpretatione, De triplici minimo et mensura, Idiota triunphans, Mordentius and Praelectiones geometricae.] Petrolini, C. “Religione e potestà dei principi: Gentili e Sarpi,” in Responsibility to protect: nuovi orientamenti su intervento umanitario e ordine internazionale. Atti del convegno della XV Giornata Gentiliana, San Ginesio, 14-15 settembre 2012, 215-242. Macerata: EUM, 2012. Petrolini, C. “L’offensiva dell’Inquisizione romana contro fra Fulgenzio Micanzio (1609 e 1624) sulla base di alcuni documenti conservati all’Archivio per la Congregazione della Fede.” Studi storici dell’Ordine dei Servi di Maria (2016): 547-594. Petrolini, C. “Anglo-Venetian Networks: Paolo Sarpi in Early Modern England,” in The Ashgate Research Companion to Anglo-Italian Renaissance Literature and Culture, edited by M. Marrapodi. London: Routledge, forthcoming. Petrolini, C. “I carteggi politici di Giovan Francesco Biondi, tra Venezia e Londra, Sarpi e Giacomo I,” in Atti del Seminario internazionale di studi Archilet – Reti Epistolari, Bergamo, 11-14 dicembre 2014, edited by Clizia Carminati and Emilio Russo. Forthcoming.

111 Three Research Projects on the Visual Arts in Italy Maurizio Calvesi 2008 Balzan Prize for the Visual Arts since 1700

Balzan GPC Adviser: Dmitry O. Shvidkovsky Project Directors and Main Researchers: Maurizio Calvesi, Stefania Macioce, Alessandro Zuccari, Caterina Volpi (Supervisors); Stefano Colonna Filippone de Montagu, Jacopo Curzietti, Alberto Dambruoso, Camilla Fiore, Michele Nicolaci (Researchers) Affiliated Institution: Fondazione Palazzo Albizzini, Collezione Burri, Città di Castello (Perugia) Period: 2009-2016

Maurizio Calvesi is Professor Emeritus at the Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, Fellow of the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei in Rome and Fellow of the Accademia Clementina in Bologna. Calvesi set aside the second half of the 2008 Balzan Prize for the visual arts since 1700 for three research projects, which he personally supervised. The first (Project A), Antiquarian Culture in Rome from Biondo Flavio to Piranesi, dealt with the works of fifteenth century “antiquarians”, including the problem of Polifilo, and ranging from Cartari, Pignoria and Cassiano, through Pozzo to Kircher, Venuti and Piranesi.

The research was carried out by three scholars: Stefano Colonna (in charge of the research), Camilla Fiore and Jacopo Curzietti. It was supervised by Professor Maurizio Calvesi, author of various studies on these subjects. Professor­ Colonna’s close textual analysis of the single surviving example of Stefano Buzzoni’­ s Epigrammata permitted the research to incorporate a triangularization of cultural­ relations between Rome, Venice and Brescia. In addition, Professor Colonna identified the resting place of Tommaso Paleologo (previously described as unknown) in the Basilica of St. John Lateran in Rome. Drs. Curzietti and Fiore carried out detailed research on the period covering the pontificates of the Barberini and Chigi Popes (1630-1666). In minutely examining the literature of the period and concentrating on the architectural and figurative aspects of artistic expression, much light has been shed on the projection

112 of the image of a Roma-Triumphans during this period. In addition, many new aspects regarding the restoration projects of classical Roman edifices and structures undertaken at the time have been brought to light.

In the second project (Project B), A Critical Edition of the Sources and Documents Related to Cara­vaggesque Painters and a Search for yet Undiscovered Sources, Professor Stefania Macioce, who had already published a fundamental collection of documents concerning Caravaggio (Rome 2003), supervised this research together with Professor Maurizio Calvesi, Professor Alessandro Zuccari and Professor Caterina Volpi. The Balzan Project’s aim was to create an analogous corpus for the main Caravaggesque painters concentrating on the great number of scattered, already known docu­ments. The research was carried out by Michele Nicolaci and also contemplated the possible­ discovery of new documents on Caravaggio.

A Complete Catalogue of the Works of Umberto Boccioni is the objective of Calvesi’s third research project (Project C). The 1982 catalogue of Boccioni’s works needs revision in con­sideration of the documentary innovations that have emerged on the painter since then, and the great number of unpublished works discovered. Work continues on this new catalogue, edited by Alberto Dambruoso with the assistance of Professor Maurizio Calvesi.

Publications

Only updates on the publications lists in previous editions of the Overview are listed below. For more details, consult the Balzan website at: http://www.balzan.org/en/ prizewinners/maurizio-calvesi/research-project-calvesi.

Project A

The final conclusions of the research will be published in the following publications:

Fiore, Camilla S. Un carteggio inedito: incisioni e documenti sulle antichità etrusche di Athanasius Kircher e Ovidio Montalbani. Forthcoming. Curzietti, Jacopo and Camilla S. Fiore. Gli eruditi dell’Accademia alessandrina: la politica antiquaria sotto il pontificato di Alessandro VII (Chigi). Forthcoming.

113 Project B

Nicolaci, Michele. “L’inventario dei beni di Giulio Mancini (1568-1630) e qualche riflessione sulle ‘Considerazioni sulla pittura’.”Storia dell’Arte, forthcoming. Nicolaci, Michele. Paolo Guidotti il Cavalier Borghese (1560-1629). Forthcoming.

Project C

Dambruoso, Alberto. Catologo generale dell’Opera di Umberto Boccioni. Turin: Allemandi, forthcoming.

114

Philosophical Aspects of Global Order

Thomas Nagel 2008 Balzan Prize for Moral Philosophy

Balzan GPC Adviser: Salvatore Veca Project Directors and Main Researchers: Laura Franklin-Hall, Sharon Street (Assistant Professors, Seminar); Ted Sider, Michael Strevens, Crispin Wright, Thomas Nagel, Laura Franklin-Hall, Ned Block, Samuel Scheffler, Stephen Schiffer, Peter Unger (Individual advisors); Camil Golub, Ana Hulton, Stefan Ionescu (Graduate Fellowships 2009-2010); Ramiro Caso, Orsolya Reich, Shun-Pin Hsu, Joy Chihyi Hung (Graduate Fellowships 2010-2011); Yun-Chak Chong, Alfonso Losada, Attila Mraz, Adriana Sora, Sapphires Sin Ting Wong (Graduate Fellowships 2011-2012); David Bitter (Graduate Fellowship 2012-2013) Affiliated Institution: New York University Period: 2009-2013

Thomas Nagel is Professor of Philosophy and Law at New York University. The main aim of his research project was to explore the complexity of ethics and poli- tics, while also supporting young researchers in the fields of philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and philosophy of science. Most of the funds were used to provide fellowships to enable visiting graduate students from abroad to spend time at New York University, to participate in the Philosophy Department’s program and its Institute of Philosophy research activities as well as in the NYU Law School “Colloquium in Legal, Political and Social Philosophy”, conducted by Thomas Nagel and Ronald Dworkin. The Colloquium examined scholarly work in progress on the issues of global justice, international human rights, immigration and national boundaries, and the relation between democratic legitimacy and judicial versus legislative supremacy. Students, younger scholars, and senior faculty members all participated in this program of ongoing discussions. For the four year duration of the project, several Balzan Fellowships were allocated annually to students coming to the Philosophy Department to spend a year as visiting graduate students. Every effort was made to identify scholars with the appropriate interests and abilities, so that such visits might provide them with an opportunity to greatly expand their intellectual horizons.

115 Each of the Balzan Fellows took two graduate seminars­ per semester for credit in the department, and also participated in the various col­loquia and conferences sponsored by the Institute of Philosophy, the Philosophy De­partment, and the School of Law.

A further portion of the funds supported activities of the Institute of Philosophy, foster­ing research groups on topics of public concern that have an important philosophical dimension, such as “Science and Religion” or “Epistemology and Ethics of Disagree­ment”. During the spring term of 2010 the funds supported a research seminar, “Evolution and Ethics”, conducted by two assistant professors in the NYU Philosophy Depart­ment, Sharon Street and Laura Franklin-Hall. The seminar examined recent philosophical­ work concerning the relevance of evolutionary biology to ethics.

Funds were also used to support three NYU/Columbia Graduate Student Philosophy Conferences from 2011-2013. Finally, in the spring of 2013, Balzan funds were used to support a series of conferences conducted by the New York Institute of Philosophy, on the Foundations of Epistemology. The conferences brought together junior and senior scholars for intensive discussion of specific materials, presented by their authors.

116 Oppenheim’s International Law. A New Volume on the Law of the United Nations Rosalyn Higgins 2007 Balzan Prize for International Law since 1945

Balzan GPC Adviser: Luzius Wildhaber Project Directors and Main Researchers: Philippa Webb (Project Manager), Dapo Akande, Sandesh Sivakumaran, James G. Sloan, Ralph Wilde Affiliated Institution: The British Academy Period: 2007-2016

Dame Rosalyn Higgins, DBE, QC, is a former President of the International Court of Justice in The Hague, Fellow of the British Academy and Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Her Balzan research project focuses on a comprehensive study of all legal issues relating to the United Nations. No such work presently exists. It is hoped that this project will be of great assistance to missions to the United Nations, governments and academics. Directed by Dame Rosalyn, a group of young scholars (Dapo Akande, Sandesh Sivakumaran, James G. Sloan, Philippa Webb, and Ralph Wilde) are carrying out the research work necessary to the realization of a new Oppenheim’s International Law volume, Oppenheim on the Law of the United Nations. The researchers are all academics teaching full-time in British universities.

The Balzan Oppenheim Project team had its first meeting in The Hague, The Netherlands, when it made extensive revisions to the original Outline of Contents for Oppenheim on International Organizations. A broad assignment of topic areas was made and methodological issues and the approach to drafting in the ‘Oppenheim style’ were discussed. A second team meeting took place in November 2008 in The Hague, during which preliminary research results on peacekeeping and human rights bodies were discussed. The meeting also considered outlines for research on UN immunities and legal personality of the UN at the domestic and international levels.

A third team meeting was held in November 2009 in The Hague (when Rosalyn Higgins had retired from the International Court of Justice). First drafts on the principal

117 UN organs, the subsidiary organs, human rights, international criminal tribunals, financing and the role of the UN Secretariat were reviewed. The team had a fourth meeting in London in March 2010. At this meeting the first drafts on UN immunities and legal personality were discussed in detail. A fifth meeting was held in December 2010 in The Hague to consider first drafts on a range of topics and to review second drafts on peacekeeping, human rights, tribunals, principal and subsidiary UN organs, financing, the UN Secretariat, immunities and legal personality. A sixth meeting was convened in London in May 2011 to discuss a first draft on powers and a revised draft on the principal organs. The seventh meeting took place in London in March 2012 to examine first drafts on voting, the UNHCR, and disaster relief as well as to consider revised drafts on tribunals, subsidiary organs, financing, UN Secretariat, peaceful settlement of disputes, the International Criminal Court, powers, and personality.

The eighth meeting was held in November 2013 in London to examine first drafts on the International Court of Justice (in part), Responsibility, Membership (in part), and Geneva-Vienna-New York relations. Substantive revisions are to be made to existing drafts on the UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Disaster Relief, Voting, Immunities, Hybrid Tribunals, Peacekeeping, Principal Organs, Subsidiary Bodies, the Security Council, Legal Personality, Powers, International Criminal Court, and the Peaceful Settlement of Disputes. The ninth meeting was held in February 2015 in London. The team considered new drafts on the International Court of Justice (various aspects), Membership, Promoting International Law, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, the UN Compensation Commission, and Sanctions. The tenth meeting was held in November 2015 in London. The team examined drafts on: the International Court of Justice (various aspects), Membership, the Trusteeship Council, Specialised Agencies, Electoral Assistance, and Democratic Governance. The final topics for drafting were allocated to team members.

As for the project itself, over 850 pages of research now exist, and the research for the project has generated some important, related publications for the young academics taking part, such as: Dapo Akande, ‘International Organizations’ in Evans (ed), International Law (Oxford University Press 2014); Rosalyn Higgins, ‘The United Nations at 70 Years: The Impact upon International Law. The Foreign & Commonwealth Office Annual Lecture’, International and Comparative Law Quarterly (2016); Sandesh Sivakumaran. Cases and Materials on International Law (Sweet and Maxwell, 8 ed, 2015) (with David Harris); J. Sloan, “The evolution of the use of force in UN peacekeeping.” Journal of Strategic Studies, 37(5): 674-702 (2014);

118 Philippa Webb, “Should the 2004 UN Convention on State Immunity be a model/ starting point for a convention on the immunities of international organizations?” International Organizations Law Review (2014); Ralph Wilde, “Human Rights Beyond Borders at the World Court: The Significance of the International Court of Justice’s Jurisprudence on the Extraterritorial Application of International Human Rights Law Treaties,” Chinese Journal of International Law (2013) 12(4): 639-677.

Publications: Oppenheim’s International Law. A New Volume on the Law of the United Nations is planned to be sent for publication to Oxford University Press in 2016, appearing in 2017.

119 Three Objectives in the Studies of Medieval Literary Texts Michel Zink 2007 Balzan Prize for European Literature (1000-1500)

Balzan GPC Adviser: Karlheinz Stierle Main Researchers: Chiara Concina, Hedzer Uulders, Daniele Ruini (Fellowhsips); Ursula Bähler, Alain Corbellari, Patrizia Gasparini, Lino Leonardi, Charles Ridoux (Research Group) Affiliated Institution: Institut de France Period: 2008-2016 Websites: http://calenda.revues.org/download.php?id=9728; www.college-de-france. fr; www.aibl.fr

Michel Zink was Professor of Literatures of Medieval France at the Collège de France when he received the Balzan Prize. Professor Zink used the second half to achieve three objectives: conferences on the circulation and translation of medieval literary texts; fellowships for young researchers in Romance philology; and support for publications.

The first conference on the circulation and translation of medieval literary texts was entitled Lire un texte vieilli, du Moyen Âge à nos jours and took place from 1-3 April 2009 at the Collège de France. A preparatory session in regard to the second conference was organized with Anna Ma­ria Babbi (Università di Verona,) on the topic Ecrire dans la langue de l’autre. This was held at the Palazzo Guerrieri Gonzaga, Villa Lagarina (TN), Italy, on 13 May 2010, where a paper Raimbaut de Vaqueiras. La poésie comme langue de l’autre was presented. The conference, entitled D’autres langues que la mienne, was held in the Great Hall Marguerite de Navarre of the Collège de France on 10 and 11 May 2012.

A fellowship program, Prix de recherche en philologie romane, made it possible for a young researcher to live and work in Paris for up to a year. In 2009, the first fellowship

120 was awarded to Chiara Concina. The second was awarded in 2011 to Hedzer Uulders who, under Professor Sylvie Lefèvre (Columbia­ University), helped put together an edition of Saluts d’amour (love poems in the form of letters), to be published in the Lettres gothiques collection. In 2013 the third fellowship was awarded to Daniele Ruini.

As for support for publications, a research group working with the Prizewinner on the project L’Europe des philo­logues was concerned with the publication of the correspondence of the great Romanists of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The first part, Gaston Paris – Joseph Bédier, also supported by the Fonds national suisse de la recherche scientifique, appeared in 2009. The research funds from the Balzan Prize also made it possible for the collection Lettres gothiques (Le Livre de Poche, Hachette) to include important works from the beginning of the fourteenth century, and for the publisher Les Belles Lettres to publish and sell an entirely new and truly outstanding dictionary of old and middle French at an accessible price for students. The author is a Japanese scholar working under the Prizewinner’s supervision.

Publications

Conferences on the circulation and translation of medieval literary texts

Zink, Michel. Livres anciens, lectures vivantes. Paris: Odile Jacob, 2010. Zink, Michel, with the collaboration of Odile Bombarde. D’autres langues que la mienne. Paris: Odile Jacob, 2014.

L’Europe des philologues

Bähler, Ursula and Alain Corbellari eds. Gaston Paris, Joseph Bédier. Correspon­ dance. Florence: Edizioni del Galluzzo per la Fondazione Ezio Franceschini, 2009. Bähler, Ursula, ed. Gaston Paris, Karl Bartsch. Correspondance entièrement revue et complétée par Ursula Bähler à partir de l’édition de Mario Roques. Florence: Edizioni del Galluzzo per la Fondazione Ezio Franceschini, 2015. Ridoux, Charles, with Ursula Bähler, ed. Gaston Paris, Paul Meyer. Correspondance. Florence: Edizioni del Galluzzo per la Fondazione Ezio Franceschini, forthcoming.

121 Lettres gothiques

Beaune, Colette, ed. Chronique dite de Jean Venette. Lettres gothiques. Paris: Hachette, 2011. Pinto-Mathieu, Elisabeth, ed. Baudouin de Flandre. Lettres gothiques. Paris: Hachette, 2011. Strubel, Armand, ed. Le Roman de Fauvel. Lettres gothiques. Paris: Hachette, 2012. Dauphant, Clotilde, ed. Eustache Deschamps. Anthologie. Lettres gothiques. Paris: Hachette, 2014. Zufferey, François and Valérie Fasseur, eds. Flamenca. Lettres gothiques. Paris: Hachette, 2014 (La Grange Prize of the Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres). Maupeu, Philippe and Robert Edwards, eds. Le Livre du Pèlerin de vie humaine de Guillaume de Deguileville. Lettres gothiques. Paris: Hachette, 2015. Lefèvre, Sylvie, Hedzer Uulders, et al., eds. Saluts d’amour. Lettres gothiques. Paris: Hachette, forthcoming.

Dictionary

Matsumura, Takeshi. Dictionnaire du français médiéval. Sous la direction de Michel Zink. Paris: Les Belles Lettres, 2015.

Recent books by Michel Zink

Zink, Michel. Les Troubadours. Une histoire poétique. Paris: Perrin, 2013, (Provins Moyen Âge Prize). Italian translation by Federico Saviotti. Preface by Maria Luisa Meneghetti. I trovatori: una storia poetica, Milano: Mimesis, 2015. Zink, Michel. Bienvenue au Moyen Âge. Paris: France inter – Équateurs, 2015.

122 History of the Trio Sonata Catalogue Raisonné of the Tradition Ludwig Finscher 2006 Balzan Prize for the History of Western Music since 1600

Balzan GPC Adviser: Gottfried Scholz Project Directors and Main Researchers: Prof. Dr. Laurenz Lütteken (Supervisor), Monika Baer, Sergio Ciomei, Gabriela Freiburghaus, Claire Genewein, Ivana Rentsch, Nicola Schneider, Cristina Urchueguía, Elisabeth Wanzenried Affiliated Institution: Universität Zürich Period: 2006-2016

Ludwig Finscher is Professor Emeritus at Ruprecht-Karls-Universtität, Heidelberg. Finscher set aside half of the sum of the Balzan Prize for the publication of an extensively annotated catalogue on the tradition and transmission of the trio sonata from its first appearance around 1650 until around 1780, in order ­lish toestab the hitherto unwritten bases for the history of the trio sonata as well as give a considerable stimulus to musical practice.

The project was established by Ludwig Finscher together with Laurenz Lütteken, acting as project manager responsible for administration. The project was set up with two 50% positions designated for young scholars. The first position was intended for a researcher who had completed his/her doctoral studies and was working towards the Habilitation. These were held by Cristina Urchueguía and Nicola Schneider. The second position, for a doctoral candidate (PhD student), was first held by Elisabeth Wanzenried, who was replaced by Gabriela Freiburghaus. As of May 2011, about 1,350 editions­ with three to twelve sonatas have emerged from more than 2,000 sources – many more than were expected. A distinction has thus been drawn between printed editions and manuscripts,­ giving priority to the former. A specific data base has been developed for organizing­ the materials, and is being made available to specialized music libraries, students and professors. In another initiative connected to the project, the Baroque violinist Professor Monika Baer and harpsichordist Sergio Ciomei have, in conjunction with a specialized ensemble, helped to bring some of this lost music to life.

123 Publications

In total over 50 articles have been published, including the following of particular note:

Finscher, Ludwig, ed. Die Trio Sonata, Catalogue Raisonné der gedruckten Quellen. Munich: Henle, 2016. Finscher, Ludwig. “Was heißt und zu welchem Ende studiert man musikalische Gattungsge­schichte?” In Passagen. IMS Kongress Zürich 2007. Five Keynote Speeches, edited by Laurenz Lütteken and Hans-Joachim Hinrichsen, 21-37. Kassel etc.: Bärenreiter, 2008. Lütteken, Laurenz. “Matthesons Orchesterschriften und der englische Sensualismus.” Die Musikforschung 60 (2007): 203-213. Lütteken, Laurenz. “Christian Wolff und die Musikästhetik seiner Zeit.” In Christian Wolff und die europäische Aufklärung. Akten des 1. Internationalen Christian- Wolff-Kongresses, edited by Jürgen Stol­zenberg and Oliver-Pierre Rudolph, 231-227. Halle (Saale),­ 4-8 April 2004. Teil 4. Sektion 8: Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften. Sek­tion 9: Ästhetik und Poetik. Hildesheim etc.: Olms, 2008. Lütteken, Laurenz. “Werk - Opus.” In MGG, Supplement (2008): 1102-114. Urchueguía, Cristina. “Das Projekt Die Triosonate - Catalogue Raisonné. Ein Ein­ blick in das Versuchslabor der Kammermusik.” Sonus: Musikwelt Zürich II (2008): 18-19. Urchueguía, Cristina. “Die Triosonate - Catalogue Raisonné, Die Suche nach kom­ plexen Antworten auf einfache Fragen.” In Kammermusik im Übergang vom Barock zur Klassik, edited by Christoph-Hellmut Mahling. Mainz, 2009. Schloss Engers. Colloquia zur Kammermusik. Vol. 5. Urchueguía, Cristina. “Die Triosonate - Catalogue Raisonné. Ein Katalogisierung­ projekt zur frühen Kammermusik.” Ensemble. Magazin für Kammermusik 1 (2010).

124 Balzan-Skinner Lectures and International Conferences Quentin Skinner 2006 Balzan Prize for Political Thought; History and Theory

Balzan GPC Adviser: Salvatore Veca Balzan-Skinner Scholars: Hannah Dawson, Joel Isaac, Timothy Stanton, Gabriel Paquette, Karuna Mantena, Anna Becker, Teresa Bejan. EUI Conference researchers (core group): Catherine Balleriaux, Theodor Christov, Rosanna Cox, Hannah Dawson, Serena Ferente, Felicity Green, Thomasz Gromelski, Polly Ha, Lena Halldenius, Susan Karr, Jaska Kainulainen, Lovro Kuncevic, Daniel Lee, Avi Lifschitz, Reidar Maliks, Sarah Mortimer, Eric Nelson, Alexander Schmitt, Freya Sierhius, Antti Tahvanainen, Huseyin Yilmaz, Márton Zászkaliczky Affiliated Institutions: European University Institute (EUI), Fiesole; Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities (CRASSH), University of Cambridge Period: 2006-2016 Websites: http://apps.eui.eu/Personal/Projects/FreedomProject/Abouttheproject.shtml; http://www.crassh.cam.ac.uk/page/1026/balzan-skinner-fellowship.htm

Quentin Skinner is Barber Beaumont Professor of the Humanities at Queen Mary, University of London. The second half of his Balzan Prize was used for a lecture series, a two-volume publication and a cycle of international conferences.

The Balzan-Skinner Lectures, University of Cambridge This series of annual lectures with accompanying one-day conferences on themes in modern intellectual history has been delivered for the past seven years at the University of Cambridge under the joint auspices of the Faculty of History and the Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities (CRASSH). Each lecturer was made a Fellow at CRASSH during the academic term in which the lecture and accompanying conference took place, thereby providing the lecturer with a period of residence at Cambridge and the opportunity to make use of the full range of its outstanding facilities for research. The regulations specified that the lectureship

125 be restricted to younger researchers (lecturers must be no further advanced in their careers than 10 years since the completion of their PhD); that each lecture should be delivered on a topic in Modern Intellectual History (1500 to the present day); and that a one-day Conference be associated with each lecture, to which other younger researchers in the relevant field were invited. The Appointments Committee ensured that the lectureship was equally open and hospitable to researchers working in all idioms and traditions of intellectual history.

The original intention of the Balzan Foundation was that this series should run for five years. Due, however, to the exceptional care with which the endowment was managed by the Faculty of History at the University of Cambridge, it proved possible to appoint seven lecturers, the last of whom delivered the final Balzan-Skinner Lecture in April 2016. The complete list of lectures is as follows: Dr. Hannah Dawson, University of Edinburgh, The Normativity of Nature, September 2010. Dr. Joel Isaac, Queen Mary, University of London, Radical Translation: Analytic Philosophy in America, May 2011. Dr. Timothy Stanton, University of York, John Locke and the Fable of Liberalism, October 2012 Dr. Gabriel Paquette, Johns Hopkins University, Romantic Liberalism in Southern Europe, c. 1820-1850, April 2013. Dr. Karuna Mantena, Yale University, Gandhi’s Realism: Means and Ends in Politics, May 2014. Dr. Anna Becker, University of Basel, Gender in the History of Early Modern Political Thought, May 2015. Dr. Teresa Bejan, University of Oxford, Acknowledging Equality: respect and contempt in seventeenth-century English political thought, April 2016.

Dr. Bejan’s was the last lecture funded by the Balzan Foundation. However, the series has been such a success that the University of Cambridge has agreed to continue to fund an annual lecture and Fellowship along similar lines. The main change is that, whereas the funding provided by the Balzan Foundation enabled the University employing the Balzan-Skinner Fellow to be reimbursed for the Fellow’s release from teaching and other duties, it will no longer be possible to sustain this practice. But there will still be an annual Fellowship and accompanying lecture, which in future will be called The Quentin Skinner Fellowship.

126 The Balzan Conferences, European University Institute A series of four international conferences under the general title Freedom and the Construction of Europe took place (July 2008-September 2009) at the Conference Centre of the European University Institute (EUI) at San Domenico di Fiesole (Florence). An international advertisement resulted in over a hundred applications from young scholars wishing to join the core group; twenty-two names were finally selected. The titles of the conferences were as follows: Religious Freedom and Civil Liberty (3-5 July 2008), Liberty and Liberties in Legal and Constitutional Thought (24-28 September 2008), The Freedom of Individuals (1-5 July 2009) and European Freedom and its Boundaries (23-27 September 2009). The proceedings of the EUI conferences were published as a book in 2013. (For full details see below.)

Publications

Skinner, Quentin and Martin Van Gelderen, eds. Freedom and the Construction of Europe: Volume I: Religious Freedom and Civil Liberty, Cambridge University Press, 2013; Volume II: Free Persons and Free States, Cambridge University Press, 2013.

127 New Patterns of Urban Activity Peter Hall† 2005 Balzan Prize for the Social and Cultural History of Cities since the Beginning of the Sixteenth Century

Balzan GPC Adviser: Keith Thomas Main Researchers: Başak Demires Ozkul; Jonathan Reades; Francesca Recchia Affiliated Institution: The Bartlett School of Planning, University College of London Period: 2006-2009

Peter Hall† was Professor of Planning and Regeneration at the Bartlett School of Planning, University College London, and Senior Research Fellow at the Young Foundation. With the second part of his Balzan Prize, Sir Peter Hall financed and supervised three interconnected research projects at the Bartlett Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis at the University­ College of London. The first, Labour Markets and Housing Markets in England, was proposed by Sir Peter Hall and carried out by Dr. Başak Demires Ozkul, who examined the simultaneous op­ eration of labour markets and housing markets within England and Wales as part of her doctoral research. This research aimed at capturing the effects of the knowledge economy on the settlement structure of home and work by bringing together and expanding current spatial analysis techniques. This has unravelled some of the complex settlement patterns that have been observed between 1981 and 2001. These representations have also demonstrated their effectiveness in linking different strands of socio-economic theory through spatial analysis, providing a bridge between these fields.

The second project, Geographical and Temporal Patterns of Information Flows in European Cities, was carried out by Dr. Jonathan Reades, whose doctoral research made use of phone company calling data to analyse the geographical and temporal patterns of information flows in Britain, and led to a highly productive working relationship with MIT’s SENSE­able City Laboratory, the world’s leading research group in the field of mapping and analysing urban activity patterns. Here he contrib­ uted to proposals that culminated in SENSEable’s installation at the MoMA in New

128 York and in a disaster-planning research project with the Dutch telecommunications com­pany Koninklijke KPN N.V.

Dr. Francesca Recchia worked on the third project, European Identity and Recent Immigrants into European Cities. Her focus, stemming from her postdoctoral work on European identity with Sir Peter Hall, analysed this through recent European literature, concentrating on writers with multiple ethnic­ and cultural identities. About a tenth of the research sum was allocated to the Young Foundation (formerly the Institute of Community Studies) to finalize and pay for two studies in book form.London Voices, London Lives was published in 2007 by Policy Press. It consists of edited transcripts of more than one hundred interviews with Londoners in eight different sample areas in and around the city. The Polycentric Metropolis: Learning from Mega-City Regions in Europe was published in 2006 by Earthscan Publications. Fifty copies of this book were donated to the young researchers who participated in the POLYNET project, analyzing and describing flows of information and their geograph­ical patterns in eight regions of North West Europe.

Selected Publications

Reades, J. “Chapter 3: Location and Innovation.” In Sir Peter Hall – Pioneer in Re- gional Planning, Transport and Urban Geography, edited by R. Knowles and C. Rozenblat, pp.21-36. Heidelberg et al.; Springer, 2016. Ozkul, B. D. “Von Thünen Revisited.” Built Environment, 41, 1 (2015): 99-111. Ozkul, B. D. “Changing home-to-work travel in England and Wales.” Regional Stud- ies, Regional Science, 1, 1 (2014): 32-39. Reades, J. and D.A. Smith. “Mapping the Space of Flows: Business Telecommunica- tions and Employment Specialisation in the London Mega-City Region,” Regional Studies, 48, 1 (2014):105-126 Claxton, R., J. Reades and B. Anderson. “On the value of Digital Traces for commer- cial strategy and public policy: Telecommunications data as a case study.” Global IT Report 2012 Chapter 1.9, World Economic Forum. 105-112. Available online at http://www3.weforum.org/docs/Global_IT_Report_2012.pdf. Ratti, C., S. Sobolevsky, F. Calabrese, C. Andris, J. Reades, M. Martino, S. Martino.”Redrawing the map of Great Britain from a network of human interac- tions.” PLoS One, 5, 12 (2012).

129 Reades, J. “People, Places & Privacy: Using Finite State Machines to Preserve User Privacy in Spatial Data Mining.” Journal of Urban Technology 17, 1(2010):29-40. Calabrese, F., J. Reades, C. Ratti. “Eigenplaces: segmenting space through digital signatures.” Pervasive Computing 9, 1 (2010):78-84 Reades, J., F. Calabrese, C. Ratti. “Eigenplaces: Analysing cities using the space- time structure of the mobile phone network,” Environment & Planning B 36, 5 (2009):824-836 Reades, J., F. Calabrese, A. Sevtsuk, C. Ratti. ‘Cellular Census: Explorations in Urban Data Collection.” Pervasive Computing 6, 3 (2007):30-38 Recchia, F. “Immigration, Politics and Violence in Urban France: Between Fiction and Facts.” Information, Society and Justice ISSN 1756-1078 (Online) Vol. No. 1 (December 2008). Hall, P. London Voices, London Lives: Tales from a Working Capital. London: Policy Press, 2007. Hall, P. The Polycentric Metropolis: Learning from Mega-City Regions in Europe. London: Earthscan­ Publications, 2006.

130 The Heidelberg Colloquies in East Asian Art History and Buddhist Stone Inscriptions in North China

Lothar Ledderose 2005 Balzan Prize for the History of the Art of Asia

Balzan GPC Adviser: Dmitry O. Shvidkovsky Main Researchers: Paul Copp; Suey-Ling Tsai (Buddhist Stone Inscriptions); Affiliated Institutions: Ruprecht-Karls-Universtität Heidelberg (Heidelberg Collo- quies); Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften (Buddhist Stone Inscriptions) Period: 2006-2011 (Heidelberg Colloquies); 2006-2015 (Buddhist Stone Inscriptions) Websites: http://iko.uni-hd.de/archive/conferences_en.html (Heidelberg Colloquies); http://www.museenkoeln.de/home/pages/785.aspx?s=785&jahr=2009 (Buddhist Stone Inscriptions)

Lothar Ledderose is Senior Professor of the History of East Asian Art at Ruprecht- Karls-Universtität, Heidelberg. He financed two projects with the second half of his Balzan Prize.

Heidelberg Colloquies One third of the second part of Ledderose’s prize went towards the funding of collo- quies held at The Institute of East Asian Art History at Heidelberg University (Institut für Kunstgeschichte Ostasiens an der Universität Heidelberg). About thirty researchers who were writing their theses in the field of East Asian Art gave papers. The purpose was to give them a forum where they could present their work in progress, to offer them an opportunity to learn about each other’s topics and methods, and to establish international standards in the field. Appli­cations were solicited from Europe, America and East Asia. Based on written thesis proposals, the selection was made by a commit- tee of three professors from more than one country. In addition, one senior specialist was invited to each colloquy to give a lecture. Selected theses have been published. One young researcher took charge of the preparatory work for the colloquies, which

131 were entitled the Heidelberg Colloquies on East Asian Art History. The Heidelberg International Colloquies were held between September 2006 and July 2011.

Buddhist Stone Inscriptions Another research project was carried out in collaboration with the Heidelberg Acad- emy of Sciences and Humanities (Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften – HAW). This institution supports long term research on Buddhist inscriptions engraved in stone in China. The research project’s principal aim was to fully document these inscriptions. The Ledderose-Balzan research project explored methods of presenting the inscriptions to the scholarly community, and how to make them known and intel- ligible to a wider audience, which involved developing new methods of digitizing the inscriptions and presenting them visually. One result of this research project was the exhibition Herz der Erleuchtung. Buddhistische Kunst in China 550-600 / The Heart of Enlightenment. Buddhist Art in China 550-600 organized for the centenary of the Museum für Ostasiatische Kunst, Köln (Germany). Remaining funds were used to present research results digitally.

In 2014, Buddhist Stone Sutras in China, with Lothar Ledderose editing the first vol- ume on the Sichuan Province, was awarded the Toshihide Numata Book Prize for the worldwide most outstanding book in the field of Buddhist studies. Balzan funds also enabled Professor Ledderose and his collaborators Dr. Claudia Wenzel, Martin Bemmann, MA, and Manuel Sassmann, MA from Heidelberg to travel to the awards ceremony in October of 2015 at the University of Berkeley, where they gave a report on the team’s work, joined by colloquy participant Professor Dame Jessica Rawson of Oxford University. Balzan funds also made publication of researcher Paul Copp’s book on Buddhist incantations possible.

Exhibition

Herz der Erleuchtung. Buddhistische Kunst in China 550-600 / The Heart of Enlight­ enment. Buddhist Art in China 550-600. Museum für Ostasiatische Kunst, Köln, 2009.

Publications

Copp, Paul. The Body Incantatory. Spells and the Ritual Imagination in Medieval Chinese Buddhism. New York: Columbia University Press, 2014.

132 Herz der Erleuchtung. Buddhistische Kunst in China 550-600 /The Heart of Enlighten­ ment. Buddhist Art in China 550-600, edited by the Museum für Ostasiatische Kunst, Köln and the research project Buddhist Stone In­scriptions in China of the Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. Köln: Peipers-Druck Zentrum Köln West, 2009. Hwang Yin. “The Age of Enlightenment: Global Perspectives on the History of East Asian Art. An interview with Lothar Ledderose and Adele Schlombs.” Orienta- tions (Nov./Dec. 2009).

133 Women, Gender and the Family in the Muslim World Nikki Ragozin Keddie 2004 Balzan Prize for the Islamic World from the End of the Nineteenth to the End of the Twentieth Century

Balzan GPC Adviser: Hélène Carrère d’Encausse Main Researchers: Janet Afary, Masserat Amir-Ebrahimi, Houri Berberian, Arash Khazeni, Jasamin Rostam-Kolayi, Holly Shissler, Nayereh Tohidi Affiliated Institution: University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Period: 2005-2012 Weblinks: http://www.international.ucla.edu/africa/event/7370; http://www.interna­ national.ucla.edu/africa/event/7633; http://web.international.ucla.edu/institute/event/ ­ 8618; http://www.international.ucla.edu/asia/centralasia/event/9573

Nikki Ragozin Keddie is Professor Emerita of History at the University of California, Los Angeles. Her research project initially involved her bringing six postdoctoral fellows in women’s studies to UCLA and working with them in the course of four years. The six Keddie-Balzan Fellows were chosen from authors of important re­search on women, gender and the family in the Muslim World. They were encouraged­ both to continue their ongoing research and to produce papers on the broader implications of their work for the study of the Islamic world and/or comparative history and society. The fellows for 2005-2006 were Holly Shissler, who taught two courses in history, and Nayereh Tohidi, who taught in women’s studies. The 2006-2007 fellows were Masserat Amir-Ebrahimi in geography and sociology, and Jasamin Rostam-Kolayi in history. The 2007-2008 fellow was Houri Berberian in history, and the 2008-2009 fellow was Janet Afary in history.

A final workshop, New Ideas for Middle Eastern Societies: Analyzing Women’s Writings, was held at the University of California, Los Angeles, in 2007. The papers presented by Balzan fellows­ Holly Shissler, Masserat Amir-Ebrahimi and Jasamin Rostam-Kolayi were pub­lished in a special issue of the Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies, edited and with an introduction by Nikki Keddie.

134 Professor Keddie was able to spend less than projected, and thus to continue the pro­ gram beyond its original finish date. Two one-quarter fellowships were awarded, one to Pomona College Assistant Professor Arash Khazeni in history, autumn 2010, and a supplementary fellowship to Masserat Amir-Ebrahimi in gender-related studies in spring 2011. Remaining funds were also used to organize a seminar, Ethnic and Religious Minor­ities in Iran: Realities and Policy Issues, Past and Present, planned and presented by Nikki Keddie, Nayereh Tohidi, and Janet Afary at UCLA on 22 May 2009. Several pub­lications relate to this seminar.

Publications

The most recent publications are listed below. For a complete list, see http://www. balzan.org/en/prizewinners/nikki-ragozin-keddie/research-project-keddie.

Afary, J. Sexual Politics in Modern Iran, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Amanat, M. “Set in Stone: Homeless Corpses and Desecrated Graves in Modern Iran,” (Regarding Bahai and Jewish issues). International Journal of Middle East Studies 44 (2012): 257-283. Amir-Ebrahimi, M. “New Modes of Communication: Blogs Iran,” in Encyclopae­dia of Women and Islamic Cultures. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2009. Berberian, H. “Connected Revolutions: Armenians and the Russian, Ottoman, and Iranian Revolution in the Early Twentieth Century,” in L’ivresse de la liberté: La révolution de 1908 dans l’Empire ottoman, edited by François Georgeon, 487-510. Leuven: Peeters, 2012. Elling, R. C. Minorities in Iran: Ethnicity and Nationalism after Khomeini. Basingstoke: Palgrave­ Macmillan, 2013. Khazeni, A. and A. Amanat, “The Steppe Roads of Central Asia and the Persian Captivity Narrative of Mirza Mahmud Taqi,” in Globalizing Central Asia: The Writing of Travel at the Crossroads of Asia, edited by Nile Green. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University­ Press, 2014. Keddie, N. “Innovative Women: Unsung Pioneers of Social Change.” Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies (JMEWS) Vol. 4, n. 3 (Fall 2008). Rostam-Kolayi, J. “From Evangelizing to Modernizing Iranians: The American Presbyterian Mission and its Iranian Students.” Iranian Studies Volume 41, Issue 2 (2008).

135 Shissler, H. “Womanhood Is Not For Sale: Sabiha Zekeriya Sertel Against Prosti­ tution and For Women’s Employment.” Journal of Middle East Women’s Studies (JMEWS) Vol. 4, n. 3 (Fall 2008). Tohidi, N. “Women’s Rights and Status in Iran,” in Women’s Rights in the Middle East and North Africa,” edited by Sanja Kelly and Julia Breslin, 121-156. MD: Rowman & Littlefield;­ NY: Freedom House, 2010. Published in 3 languages: English, Arabic and Persian.

136 Two Lines of Research in Prehistoric Archaeology Colin Renfrew 2004 Balzan Prize for Prehistoric Archaeology

Balzan GPC Adviser: Paolo Matthiae Main Researchers: Lambros Malafouris (Balzan Fellow); Michael Boyd, Giorgos Gavalas, Myrto Georgakopoulou, Thomas Loughlin, Evi Margaritis, Barry Molloy, Ioanna Moutafi, Dimitris Tambakopoulos (2006-2008 Excavation Participants) Affiliated Institution: The McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge Period: 2005-

Lord Renfrew of Kaimsthorn is a Senior Fellow at the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge, and former Disney Professor of Archaeology and Director of the McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research.

The first line of research was devoted to the development of “Material Engagement Theory”, the study of past ways of thinking through the material culture that has sur­ vived, a research area which Colin Renfrew has been trying to develop since his 1982 Cambridge Inaugural Lecture, Towards an Archaeology of Mind. The second line of research involves the development and expansion of archaeological fieldwork in the Early Bronze Age cultures of the Cycladic Islands of Greece, the subject of Renfrew’s 1965 doctoral dissertation and subsequent work.

As for the first line of research, Lambros Malafouris held the position of Balzan Postdoc­toral Research Fellow in Cognitive Archaeology at the McDonald Institute for Ar­chaeological Research in Cambridge, organized one symposium together with Colin Renfrew (The Cognitive Life of Things. Recasting the Boundaries of the Mind, McDonald Institute, April 2006, with papers published as a McDonald Institute­ Monograph in 2010) and co-organized another with Colin Renfrew and Chris Frith of the Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, UCL (The Sapient Mind: Archaeology meets Neuroscience, McDonald Institute, September 2007) with papers published as a special theme issue by the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society in 2008,

137 and in 2009 by Oxford University Press under the title The Sapient Mind: Archaeology Meets Neuroscience. Lambros Malafouris and Colin Renfrew also organized a seminar on the links between archaeology and neuroscience (Steps to a Neuroarchaeology of Mind, Exeter, December 2006), with selected papers published in a special section of the Cambridge Archaeological Journal. Malafouris is now Johnson Research Fellow and Teaching Fellow in Creativity, Cognition and Material Culture at Keble College, Oxford. His major monograph How Things Shape the Mind was published by MIT Press in 2013, with a foreword by Colin Renfrew.

Archaeological fieldwork in the Early Bronze Age Cultures of the Cycladic Islands of Greece was the subject of the second line of research. A junior colleague of Colin Renfrew, Giorgos Gavalas, was involved in completing the publication of an earlier phase of the work on the site of Dhaskalio, on the island of Keros, which was then published in monograph form by the McDonald Insti­tute of Archaeological Research. Thanks to the award of the second half of the Balzan Prize to Colin Renfrew, it was pos­sible to conduct the excavation of the site of Dhaskalio and Dhaskalio Kavos during the excavation seasons of 2006, 2007 and 2008. Preliminary reports on the 2006-2007 and 2008 excavations were published in The Annual of the British School of Athens. The excavations involved the participation of a number of young graduate archaeologists, several of whom are contributors to the final report. Two volumes of the final report are now published, with the third in final preparation and the fourth, The Pottery from Dhaskalio, in press. Further excavations at Dhaskalio, Keros, began in August 2016.

Publications

Knappett, C., and L. Malafouris, eds. Material Agency: Towards a Non-Anthro­ pocentric Approach. New York, Springer, 2008. [Including the following chapters by members of the research group: C. Knappett and L. Malafouris, Material and Non-Human Agency: An Introduction;­ L. Malafouris, At the Potter’s Wheel: An Argument for Material Agency] Knappett, C., L. Malafouris and P. Tomkins. “Ceramics (as Containers),” in D. Hicks and M.C. Beaudry, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Material Culture Studies. Ox­ ford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Malafouris, L. “Beads for a Plastic Mind: the ‘Blind Man’s Stick’ (BMS) Hypothe­sis and the Active Nature of Material Culture.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 18, 3 (2008).

138 Malafouris, L. “Is it ‘Me’ or Is It ‘Mine’? The Mycenaean Sword as a Body-part,” in J. Robb and D. Boric, eds. Past Bodies. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2008. Malafouris, L. “Linear B as Distributed Cognition: Excavating a Mind not Limited by the Skin,” in M. Jessen, N. Johanssen and H. J. Jensen, eds. Excavating the Mind: Cross-sections Through Culture, Cognition and Materiality. Aarhus: Aarhus Uni­ versity Press, 2011. Malafouris, L. “ ‘Neuroarchaeology’: Exploring the Links between Neural and Cul­ tural Plasticity.” Progress in Brain Research 178 (2009). Malafouris, L. “Prosthetic Bodies and Material Signs: Connections across the Skin Barrier and the Scales of Time,” in S. Jordan, J. Streeck, and I. Wachsmuth, eds. The Enculturated Body. Time Scales of Embodied Meaning in Communication. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. Malafouris, L. “The Sacred Engagement: Outline of a Hypothesis about the Origin of Human ‘Religious Intelligence’,” in D.A. Barrowclough and C. Malone, eds. Cult in Context, Reconsidering Ritual in Archaeology. Oxford: Oxbow Books, 2007. Malafouris, L. and C. Renfrew. “Steps to a ‘Neuroarchaeology’ of Mind.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 18, 3 (2008). Malafouris, L. and C. Renfrew, eds. The Cognitive Life of Things: Recasting the Boundaries of the Mind. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Re­ search, 2010. [Including the following chapters by members of the research group: L. Malafouris, The Cognitive Life of Things: Archaeology, Material Engagement, and the Extended Mind; Ibid., Engaging the ‘Missing Mass’] Renfrew, C., M.J. Boyd and C. Bronk Ramsey. “The Oldest Maritime Sanctuary? Dating the Sanctuary at Keros and the Cycladic Early Bronze Age.” Antiquity (2012): 144-60. Renfrew, C., C. Doumas, L. Marangou and G. Gavalas, eds. Keros, Dhaskalio Kavos: The Investigations of 1987-88. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archae­ological Research, 2007. Renfrew, C., C. Frith and L. Malafouris, eds. The Sapient Mind: Archaeology meets Neuroscience. First published as a theme issue in Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series B: Biological Sciences. New York: Oxford University Press Inc., 2009. [Including the following chapters by members of the research group: C. Renfrew, C. Frith and L. Malafouris, Introduction; L. Malafouris, Between Brains, Bodies and Things: Tectonoetic Awareness and the Extended Self] Renfrew C. and I. Morley, eds. The Archaeology of Measurement. Comprehending­

139 Heaven, Earth and Time in Ancient Societies. Cambridge: Cambridge University­ Press, 2010. [Including the following chapter by members of the research group: L. Malafouris, Grasping the Concept of Number: How Did the Sapient Mind Move Beyond Approximation?] Renfrew, C. and L. Morley, eds. Image and Imagina­tion: a Global History of Figurative Representation. Cambridge: McDonald Institute­ for Archaeological Research, 2007. [Including the following chapter: L. Malafouris, Before and Beyond Representation: Towards an Enactive Conception of the Palaeolithic Image] Renfrew, C., O. Philaniotou, N. Brodie and G. Gavalas. “Keros: Dhaskalio and Kavos, Early Cycladic Stronghold and Ritual Centre. Preliminary Report of 2006 and 2007 Seasons.” The Annual of the British School of Athens 102 (2007). Renfrew, C., O. Philaniotou, N. Brodie and G. Gavalas. “The Early Cycladic Set­ tlement at Dhaskalio, Keros: Preliminary Report of the 2008 Excavation Season.” The Annual of the British School of Athens 104 (2009). Malafouris. L., How Things Shape the Mind, A Theory of Material Engagement, Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013. Renfrew C. Cognitive Archaeology from Theory to Practice (The Annual Balzan Lecture 3). Florence: Leo S. Olschki, 2012. Renfrew C., The sanctuary at Keros: questions of materiality and monumentality. Proceedings of the British Academy 1 (2013): 187-212. Renfrew, C., O. Philaniotou, N. Brodie, G. Gavalas, M.J. Boyd, eds. The Sanctuary on Keros and the Origins of Aegean Ritual Practice: the Excavations of 2006- 2008. Vol. I: The Settlement at Dhaskalio. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2013. Renfrew, C., O. Philaniotou, N. Brodie, G. Gavalas, M.J. Boyd, eds. The Sanctuary on Keros and the Origins of Aegean Ritual Practice: the Excavations of 2006- 2008. Vol. II: Kavos and the Special Deposits. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 2015. Renfrew, C., O. Philaniotou, N. Brodie, G. Gavalas, M.J. Boyd, eds. The Sanctuary on Keros and the Origins of Aegean Ritual Practice: the Excavations of 2006-2008. Vol. III: The Marble Finds and the Archaeology of Ritual. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, in preparation. Sotirakopoulou P., The Pottery from Dhaskalio. Volume IV in C. Renfrew, O. Philaniotou, N. Brodie, G. Gavalas, M.J. Boyd, eds. The Sanctuary on Keros and the Origins of Aegean Ritual Practice: the Excavations of 2006-2008. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, in press.

140 Reconstruction of the Immediate Aftermath of War: A Comparative Study of Europe, 1945-50 Eric Hobsbawm† 2003 Balzan Prize for European History since 1900

Balzan GPC Adviser: Keith Thomas Project Directors: David Feldman, Mark Mazower Main Researchers: Jessica Reinisch, Elizabeth White (postdoctoral fellows) Affiliated Institution: The School of History at Birkbeck College, University of London Period: 2004-2007 Websites: www.balzan.bbk.ac.uk; http://past.oxfordjournals.org/content/210/suppl_ 6/9.full

Eric Hobsbawm† was President of Birkbeck College at the University of London and Emeritus Professor in its Department of History. His Balzan research project was established there and was directed by David Feldman (Birkbeck Col­lege) and Mark Mazower (Columbia University). It comprised a programme of research projects undertaken by two postdoctoral fellows, Jessica Reinisch and Elizabeth­ White, as well as four workshops and a conference.

Researcher Jessica Reinisch worked on The Reconstruction of the Public Health System in Germany up to 1949. Securing public­ health was a key component in reconstruction, and the issue of public health had generally received only superficial treatment in the literature on German reconstruction­ up to that point. Reinisch pursued a comparative analysis of reconstruction in the different­ German occupation zones, and her research contributed to our understanding of post-war reconstruction in a comparative perspective. Researcher Eliza­beth White’s The Return of Soviet Citizens Evacuated to the Urals, Central Asia or Siberia looks both at the experience of return and at the attempts of the soviet state to administer and control the re-evacuation and to use it as a form of social engineering. Whereas evacuation was a major theme in Soviet historiography, little work had been done on the return process. At the same time, the particular history of return in the Soviet Union presents one instance of a

141 theme that the reconstruction­ project explores comparatively in a variety of national contexts. Over the course of the programme, four workshops were held at Birkbeck College: Comparing Europe’s Post-war Reconstructions, October 2005; Relief and Rehabilitation in the Immediate Aftermath of War, June 2006; Displacement and Replacement in the Aftermath of War, 1944-1948, September 2006; Planning, Production and Reconstruction in Post-war Europe, June 2007. A conference, Post- War Reconstruction in Europe, also took place in June 2008. These were attended by an international array of scholars from all over Europe and from the United States.

Publications

Feldman, D., ed., with contributions by Mark Mazower and Jessica Reinsch. “Past and Present.” Post-War Reconstruction in Europe Volume 210 suppl. 6 (2011). Mazower, M., J. Reinisch and D. Feldman, eds. Post-war Reconstruction in Eur­ope: International Perspectives, 1945-49. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011. Reinisch, J. “Comparing Europe’s Post-war Reconstructions: First Balzan Work­ shop, Birkbeck College, London, 28 October 2005.” History Workshop Journal 61(2006): 299-304. Reinisch, J., ed. Journal of Contemporary History Vol. 43. No. 3 (July 2008). Special issue. Reinisch, J. The Perils of Peace - Public Health Crisis in Occupied Germany, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. Reinisch, J. “Survivors and Survival in Europe after the Second World War.” In Justice, Politics and Memory in Europe after the Second World War, Landscapes after Battle, edited by S. Bardgett, D. Cesarani, J. Reinisch and J. Steinert. Volume 2, 1-18. Middlesex: Vallentine Mitchell, 2011. Tsilaga, F. “Relief and Rehabilitation in the Immediate Aftermath of War, Second Balzan Workshop, Birkbeck College, London, 16 June 2006.” History Workshop Journal 63 (2007):371-374. White, E. “After the War was Over: The Civilian Return to Leningrad.” Europe-Asia Studies Vol. 59, No. 7 (2007): 1145-61. White, E. and J. Reinisch, eds. The Disentanglement of Populations: Migration, Expulsion and Displacement in Post-war Europe. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011. Zaidi, W. “Planning, Production and Reconstruction in Post-war Europe, Fourth Balzan Workshop, Birkbeck College, London, 26 June 2007.” History Workshop Journal 65 (2008): 279-284.

142 The Social Representation of Marxism Serge Moscovici† 2003 Balzan Prize for Social Psychology

Balzan GPC Adviser: Giovanni Busino Project Coordinators: The Social Representation of Marxism: Serge Moscovici, Denise Jodelet An Exemplary Ethnic Minority: The Case of the Gypsies: Juan Antonio Pérez, Nikos Kalampalikis Social Psychology: specific international actions: Jean-Claude Abric, Francesca Emiliani, Luisa Molinari, Sylvia Valencia, Lavinia Betea, Luciana Baut (PhD fellowship under Birgitta Orfali) Period: 2003-2006 (Social Representation of Marxism); 2003-2007 (Exemplary Ethnic Minority); 2003-2007 (Social Psychology: specific international actions) Websites: http://remosco.hypotheses.org; http://www.renirs-cemers-mexico.org; http://www.sr-indonesia.org/en, http://www.fcc.org.br/pesquisa/ciers.html

Serge Moscovici† was Director of the Réseau Mondial Serge Moscovici (REMOSCO) at the Fondation Maison des Sciences de l’Homme.

Three strategies to stimulate research in countries where it was otherwise difficult to achieve training and scientific communication were the guiding principle of Moscovici’s research projects. The first was to help set up research centres in different parts of the world, whether through centres at universities, or in cooperation with other centres or in cooperation with funding from another foundation. For more details on institutions involved, see the Balzan website at http://www.balzan.org/ en/prizewinners/serge-moscovici/research-project-french-moscovici. The second strategy was to help researchers across the world, e.g., in Mexico or in Italy, and the third strategy was to help researchers in exploring a specific topic.

In carrying out these projects, the Moscovici project brought together colleagues and young researchers from all the countries already associated with the Laboratoire Européen de Psychologie Sociale (LEPS) in Paris, created over thirty years ago

143 within the framework of the Maison des Sciences de l’Homme as an international network to support and coordinate the activities of various research groups in social psychology. To this end it dealt with ensuring regular contacts between researchers on topics related to the problems, concerns and the transformations of contemporary European societies, stimulating exchanges in the field of psychosocial analysis, developing joint research, analyzing results obtained in the field of the theory of social representations, and taking part in the organization of international meetings. Its activities also included the publication of articles and books dealing with various theoretical and social questions. In March 2014, some months before his death, Serge Moscovici created a new international network, the Serge Moscovici Global Network (REMOSCO), which guaranteed the continuity of LEPS activities in the Fondation Maison des Sciences de l’Homme in Paris.

Serge Moscovici also supported different editorial projects in the field of social psychology (French translation of Ivana Marková’s Dialogicity and Social Representations), and worked closely with Nikos Kalampalikis on Raison et cultures (2012) and Le scandale de la pensée sociale (2013), both published in the Éditions de l’École des hautes études en sciences sociales.

The Social Representation of Marxism One of Moscovici’s projects focused on the social representation of Marxism. Serge Moscovici began studying the diffusion of Marxism approximately twenty years ago, and thanks to the second half of the Balzan Prize, took this research up again, with the collaboration of Denise Jodelet, Professor at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS).

An Exemplary Ethnic Minority: The Case of the Gypsies A second project dealt with the problem of ethnic minorities which seek to express their identity by becoming protagonists in the playing out of their own destiny. Moscovici concentrated his focus on this culturally rooted and wandering ethnic minority, while Juan Pérez, ordinary Professor at the Universitat de València, and Nikos Kalampalikis, Professor at the University Lyon 2, collected 1,400 questionnaires in seven European countries. Other research was carried out in conjunction with this project. In comparison, but on a more modest scale, a similar study was undertaken with regard to the Indians by Professor Campos in Brazil.

144 Social Psychology: specific international actions Serge Moscovici also earmarked the following projects for financing with the second part of his Balzan Prize: studies on the representations of Alter-mondialism by a group of young researchers directed by Professor Jean-Claude Abric, Université de Provence, Aix-Marseille I; a joint psychosocial research project on the rights of the child, led by Professors Francesca Emiliani and Luisa Molinari of the Università di Bologna; a psychological health study carried out by Professor Sylvia Valencia, Universidad de Guadalajara; a modest part of the archival organizational work of Professor Lavinia Betea, lecturer in the Faculty of Political Science at the Universitatea din Bucureşti, which concerned psycho-biographies of leaders of the Romanian Communist Party; a one-year PhD fellowship for Luciana Baut for work on a doctoral thesis in social psychology, “The Representations of European Construction. Between Central Europe and Eastern Europe,” under the direction of Birgitta Orfali, lecturer at Paris- Sorbonne.

Publications

Les representations sociales de la mondialisation, Bulletin de Psychologie. Numéro thématique, 487 (2007): 1-58. Campos, P.H.F. “Effets de contexte et adéquation normative dans le cas de la représentation sociale de l’indien au Brésil.” Abstracts of the 10th International Conference on Social Representations. Tunis: Les Editions Apollonia, 2010. De Rosa, A.S. and E. Bocci. “The Iconographic Archaeology of Madness: Stability/ Changing of Social Representations more than 20 Years after the Basaglia Law.” Proceedings of the VIII International Conference on Social Representations. Rome: (n.p.), 2006. Galli, I. Del potere e di altri demoni. Naples: Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, 2008. Kalampalikis, N. and S. Moscovici. “Une approche pragmatique de l’analyse Alceste.” Les Cahiers Internationaux de Psychologie Sociale 66 (2005): 15-24. Marková, I. Dialogicité et représentations sociales. Paris: Puf, 2007 (French translation of Dialogicity and Social Representations, 2003). Moscovici, S. “An essay on social representations and ethnic minorities.” Social Science Information 50 (2011): 442-461. Moscovici, S. “Os ciganos entre perseguição e emancipação (The gypsies between persecution and emancipation).” Sociedade e Estado, Brasília v. 24, n. 3 (2009): 653-678.

145 Moscovici, S. and I. Markovà. The Making of Modern Social Psychology. Cambridge: Polity Press, 2006. Moscovici, S. and J.A. Pérez. “A new representation of minorities as victims,” in Coping with Minority Status: Responses to Exclusion and Inclusion, edited by Fabrizio Butera and John M. Levine, 82-103. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. Moscovici, S. and J.A. Pérez. “A study of minorities as victims,” European Journal of Social Psychology 37 (2007): 725-746. Moscovici, S. Le scandale de la pensée sociale (Textes fondamentaux et inédits sur les représentations sociales réunis et introduits par N. Kalampalikis). Paris: Editions de l’EHESS, 2013. Moscovici, S. Raison et cultures (Édition établie et présentée par N. Kalampalikis). Paris: Editions de l’EHESS, 2012. Moscovici, S. “Saggio sulle rappresentazioni sociali e le minoranze etniche.” In Cinquant’anni di rappresentazioni sociali. Bilanci e prospettive di una Teoria in continuo divenire, edited by Ida Galli, 147-172. Milan: Unicopli, 2012. Passini, S., F. Emiliani and B. Lumanaj. I diritti e i doveri: rappresentazioni sociali di giovani italiani e albanesi. Bologna: Libreria Bonomo Editrice, 2007. Pérez, J.A., S. Moscovici S. and B. Chulvi. “The taboo against group contact: Hypothesis of Gypsy ontologization.” British Journal of Social Psychology 46 (2007), 249-272.

146 Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540-1609) Edition of the Correspondence Anthony Grafton 2002 Balzan Prize for the History of the Humanities

Balzan GPC Adviser: M.E.H. Nicolette Mout Main Researchers: Paul Botley, Dirk van Miert Affiliated Institution: Princeton University Period: 2002-2012 Website: http://warburg.sas.ac.uk/research/projects/scaliger/

Anthony Grafton is Henry Putnam University Professor of History at Princeton University. Half of his Balzan Prize in 2002 was devoted to the creation of a complete critical edition of the correspondence of the great French humanist and historian Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540-1609), recognized in an era of great encyclopaedic minds as the most learned man in Europe, as documented in Grafton’s fundamental biography of Scaliger (Joseph Scaliger. A Study in the History of Classical Scholarship, Vol. I. Textual Criticism and Exegesis, Oxford 1983; Vol. II. Historical Chronology, Oxford 1993). Despite Scaliger’s central role in the transnational community of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, his letters, in French and Latin, are especially rich, but they had never been edited or analysed as a whole.

Thus the Scaliger Project was established at the Warburg Institute in September 2003 by Professor Anthony Grafton, and two editors, Dr. Paul Botley and Dr. Dirk van Miert, were appointed to undertake this task. The surviving correspondence of Joseph Scaliger amounts to some 1,650 letters, written between 1561 and 1609. The entire correspondence has been transcribed and collated with its extant sources; this text has been edited and provided with a full textual apparatus; every letter has been provided with textual and contextual headnotes as well as an English synopsis.

Publications

Botley, Paul and Dirk van Miert, eds. The Correspondence of Joseph Justus Scaliger. Travaux d’Humanisme et Renaissance. 8 volumes. Geneva: Droz, 2012.

147 Social Integration in Modern Democratic Societies Dominique Schnapper 2002 Balzan Prize for Sociology

Balzan GPC Advisers: Walter Rüegg†; Hélène Carrère d’Encausse Main Researchers: Chantal Bordes-Benayoun, Beate Collet, Eran Gündüz, Lena Inowlocki, Freddy Raphaël, Corinne Rostaing, Mahnaz Shirali, Emmanuelle Santelli, Caroline Tourat Affiliated Institution: Fondation Maison des Sciences de l’Homme Period: 2002-2012

Dominique Schnapper is Director of Research at the École des Hautes Études en Sciences Sociales (EHESS) in Paris and Honorary Member of the Conseil Constitutionnel, France. She used the second half of her 2002 Balzan Prize for Sociology for a fourfold research project on social integration of marginalized groups in modern society. It was designed to allow colleagues and young researchers to further develop already initiated work within a shared framework and aims: a major quantitative inquiry on the problems of citizenship in France.

The first, An Investigation on Jews in France, was an empirical inquiry study undertaken in Toulouse by Chantal Bordes-Benayoun (Université de Toulouse II - Le Mirail), in Strasbourg by Freddy Raphaël (Université Marc Bloch de Strasbourg) and in Paris by Dominique Schnapper (EHESS). The results, together with a wider historical and sociological reflection on the changing relationships between all ethnical identities and citizenship, were published in La condition juive en France : La tentation de l’entre-soi by Schnapper, Bordes-Benayoun and Raphaël.

In the second project, Islam and Democracy, Mahnaz Shirali (Maison des Sciences de l’Homme) addressed the issue of the compatibility between Islam and democracy with a thorough inquiry based on participant observation in three different suburban areas of Paris and 150 interviews with young Muslims who live there. Focusing on multiple constructions of religiosity within young members of families who migrated to France from the Maghreb, this work was concerned with the place of Islam within

148 democracy, and gave rise to a book, Entre islam et démocratie. Parcours des jeunes Français d’aujourd’hui, with a preface by Dominique Schnapper.

The third project, Mixed Couples and Immigrant’s Families: a Comparison between France and Germany, can be placed among a number of comparative studies on mixed couples and immigrant families in France and Germany carried out under the responsibility of Beate Collet and Emmanuelle Santelli (Université de Lyon 2). Taken altogether, these studies have provided new insights on the interdependence of marital choice, family patterns and different ways to combine familial cultural references with participation in social life. The main results are summarized in a series of publications from 2004 to 2008. The expertise acquired by this research group thanks to the support of the second half of the Balzan Prize awarded to Dominique Schnapper allowed them to apply and obtain a grant from the Ministère de l’Immigration, de l’Intégration, de l’Identité nationale et du Développement solidaire. Finally, the enquiry helped bring about a new international effort of cooperation at the European level through the Mixcoup project (Mixed couples and transcultural hybridization) designed to train young researchers. Besides Emmanuelle Santelli and Beate Collet, the German researchers who took part in the Balzan Project together with other partners from Spain, Turkey and Greece worked on the project. A comprehensive work on mixed couples and transcultural hybridization was concluded in 2010 and published in the Presses Universitaires de France, Couples d’ici, parents d’ailleurs: Parcours de descendants d’immigrés.

Researchers Corinne Rostaing and Caroline Tourat worked on the fourth project, Social Bond and Citizenship in Prison, which dealt with the sociology of punishment, in particular, questions of citizenship and inmates’ rights and responsibilities. Rostaing also used this empirical research to complete a study on the prison as a non-democratic institution. A synthesis of this empirical research under the title L’institution dégradante. Essai sociologique sur la prison is planned for publication by Gallimard in 2017.

Publications

Collet, B. and E. Santelli. “La mixité au-delà des différences culturelles.” In Mixité(s). Variations autour d’une notion transversal, edited by Beate Collet and Claudine Philippe, 68-94. Paris: L’Harmattan, 2008.

149 Gündüz, E. and U. Apitzsch. “Ethnicity and Belonging as Lived Dimensions in Mixed Marriages.” Papers. Revista de sociologia 1, no 97 (2012): 79-92. Collet, B. and E. Santelli. Couples d’ici, parents d’ailleurs: Parcours de descendants d’immigrés. Lien social. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2012. Rostaing, C. “Processus de judiciarisation carcérale : le droit en prison, une resource pour les acteurs?” Revue Droit et Société n° 67 (2007): 577-595. Rostaing, C. “L’expression des détenus : formes, marges de manoeuvre et limites.” In La voix des acteurs faibles. De l’indignité à la reconnaissance, edited by J-P. Payet, F. Giuliani and D. Laforgue, 121-138. Lien social. Rennes: Presses Universitaires de Rennes, 2008. Santelli, E, B. Collet, with D. Boukacem and S. Ousmaal. “Les choix conjugaux des descendants d’immigrés maghrébins, turcs et africains francophones. Entre norme endogamique et transformations des réalités familiales en France.” Rapport de recherché remis à la Direction de la Population et des Migrations (November 2007): 139. Santelli, E. and B. Collet. “Les conjugalités mixtes des descendants d’immigrés en France et en Allemagne : Modes de formation conjugale et dynamiques familiale.” Rapport de recherche remis au conseil scientifique de l’Institut des Sciences de l’Homme (October 2006): 141. Schnapper, D., C. Bordes-Benayoun and F. Raphaël. La condition juive en France. La tentation de l’entre-soi. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2009. Translated as Jewish Citizenship in France: The Temptation of Being among One’s Own. Piscataway NJ: Transactions Publishers, 2010. Shirali, M. Entre islam et démocratie. Parcours de jeunes Français d’aujourd’hui. Paris: Armand Colin, 2007. Tourat, C. “Étude dynamique des rapports à la citoyenneté d’acteurs incarcérés.” Champ pénal / Penal Field (nouvelle revue internationale de criminologie) vol II (2005). Available on line in French and English at https://champpenal.revues. org/453#tocfrom1n1.

150 The James Ackerman Award and Summer School in Applied Palaeography James Ackerman 2001 Balzan Prize for the History of Architecture (including town planning and landscape design)

Balzan GPC Adviser: Dmitry O. Shvidkovsky Main Researchers and Project Director: Valeria Cafà, Matthew A. Cohen, Angela Dressen, Daniel McReynolds, David Rifkind, Federica Rossi, Leo Schubert (Ackerman Prize recipients); Christopher S. Celenza, Professor of European History, the University of Michigan (Director of the Summer School in Applied Palaeography) Affiliated Institutions: Centro Internazionale di Studi di Architettura Andrea Palladio – CISA (Ackerman Award); American Academy in Rome (Summer School in Applied Palaeography) Period: 2005-2013 (Ackerman Award); 2002-2005 (Summer School in Applied Palaeography) Website: www.premioackerman.it (Ackerman Award)

James Ackerman is Professor Emeritus at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

The James Ackerman Award He created the James Ackerman Award in the History of Architecture by donating part of the second half of his Balzan Prize to the Centro Internazionale di Studi di Architettura “Andrea Palladio” in Vicenza. The award was for the publication of an important, original work in any period in the history of architecture by one or two scholars of any nationality who had not yet published any books. The first was conferred in 2005, and the last in 2013.

151 Publications of the James Ackerman Award

Cafà, Valeria. Palazzo Massimo alle Colonne di Baldassare Peruzzi: storia di una famiglia romana e del suo palazzo in rione Parione. Vicenza-Venezia: Marsilio, 2007. Cohen, Matthew. Beyond Beauty. Re-examining Architectural Proportion through the Basilicas of San Lorenzo and Santo Spirito in Florence. Vicenza-Venezia: Marsilio, 2013. Dressen, Angela. Pavimenti decorati del Quattrocento in Italia, Marsilio. Vicenza- Venezia: Marsilio, 2008. McReynolds, Daniel. Palladio’s Legacy. Architectural Polemics in Eighteenth- Century Venice. Vicenza-Venezia: Marsilio, 2011. Rifkind, David. Battle for Modernism: Quadrante and the Politicization of Architectural Discourse in Fascist Italy. Vicenza-Venezia: Marsilio, 2012. Rossi, Federica. Palladio in Russia. Nikolaj L’vov architetto e intellettuale russo al tramonto dei Lumi. Vicenza-Venezia: Marsilio, 2009. Schubert, Leo. La villa Jeanneret-Perret di Le Corbusier, 1912. La prima opera autonoma, Vicenza-Venezia: Marsilio, 2006.

The Summer School in Applied Palaeography Another part of the second half of James Ackerman’s Balzan Prize was destined to the creation of a Summer School in Applied Palaeography at the American Academy in Rome. The program focused on the analysis of texts from Roman antiquity to the Renaissance in Europe, and was consistent with Ackerman’s way of studying Renaissance architecture “based on a systematic critical examination of written and visual sources”, as the motivation for the Balzan Prize reads. The courses were offered free of charge to graduates and scholars of various nationalities chosen according to their curricula.

152 The Comte de Caylus (1692-1765) and His Milieu: The Respublica Literaria Marc Fumaroli 2001 Balzan Prize for Literary History and Criticism (post 1500)

Balzan GPC Advisers: Walter Rüegg†, Karlheinz Stierle Main Researchers: Xavier Dufestel, Cordélia Hattori, Nicola Iodice Affiliated Institution: Institut de France Period: 2001-2011

Marc Fumaroli is Professor at the Collège de France, where he has held the chair in Rhétorique et société en Europe (XVIe-XVIIe siècles) from 1986 to 2002. He is also a member of the Académie Française and Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. With the second half of his Balzan Prize, Fumaroli involved three young scholars in a long-term study of the life and works of Anne-Claude-Philippe de Pestels de Lévis de Thubières-Grimoard, comte de Caylus (1692-1765) and of his milieu. The funds were also used for an array of cultural initiatives (conferences, symposia and academic lectures) which were instrumental to the realization of a more comprehensive plan, i.e., the foundation of an interdisciplinary research institute­ on the history of the Republic of Letters. The Institut européen d’histoire de la République­ des Lettres – Respublica Literaria – was officially established in 2006, with support­ from the Ministère de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche as well as the Ministère de l’Éducation nationale, and is now based at the École normale supérieure de Paris. The administration of the Balzan funds was entrusted to the Institut de France.

Cordélia Hattori (Musée de Lille) worked mainly on the official documents, which shed light on the finances of comte de Caylus, his genealogy and his many relationships, including his influence on the Académie Royale de Peinture et de Sculp­ ture and on the Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres. Nicola Iodice fo­cused on his correspondence and, in collaboration with Xavier Dufestel, determined the precise chronology of his life, his studies and his intellectual and personal relationships. Le comte de Caylus, Mémoires et Carnets des voyages, edition intégrale, annotée et

153 illustrée by Jacqueline Hellegouarch, Cordélia Hattori, Catherine Hémon-Fabre, un­ der the direction of Marc Fumaroli in the collection République des Lettres, Répub­ lique des Arts has yet to be published.

Publications

Dufestel, X. “Le buste en terre cuite du comte de Caylus par Louis-Claude Vas­sé.” In Irène Aghion et al. Caylus, mécène du roi. Collectionner les antiquités au XVIIIe siècle. Paris: INHA, 2002. Exhibition catalogue (Cabinet des médailles de la Bib- liothèque nationale de France). Dufestel, X. “Deux portraits inédits du Comte de Caylus (1692-1765): le tableau­ d’Alexandre Roslin et le médaillon en bronze de Louis-Claude Vassé.” Sto­ria dell’arte XXXV: 104/105, n.s. 4/5 January-August 2003. Fumaroli, M. Chateaubriand: Poésie et Terreur, Éditions de Fallois. Paris, 2003. Fumaroli, M. “Le ‘siècle’ d’Urbain VIII.” In I Barberini e la cultura europea del Seicento, edited by Mochi Onori, L., Schütze, S. and Solinas, F. Rome, 2007: 1-14. Fumaroli, M. “Le comte de Caylus et les origines françaises du Retour à l’antique eu- ropéen.” In Roma triumphans? L’attualità dell’antico nella Francia del Settecento­ , edited by Letizia Norci Cagiano. Rome: Edizioni di storia e letteratura, 2007. Fumaroli, M. “Le comte de Caylus et les origines françaises du néo-classicisme”. In De Rome à Paris: peinture et pouvoirs aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles, 373-383. Dijon: Faton, 2007. Fumaroli, M. “Arnaldo Momigliano et la rehabilitation des ‘antiquaires’: le comte de Caylus et le ‘retour à l’antique’ au XVIIIe siècle.” In Momigliano and Antiquar­ ianism: Foundations of the Modern Cultural Sciences, edited by P. N. Miller, 154- 183. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2007. Fumaroli, M. “Introduction.” In Lettres de Madame de Maintenon, édition intégrale et critique, edited by H. Bots-Estourigie, I: 1650-1689. Paris: Champion, 2009. Fumaroli, M. “Retour à l’Antique : la guerre des goûts dans l’Europe des Lumières.”­ Preface to L’Antiquité rêvée. Innovations et résistances au XVIIIe siècle, 23-56. Paris: Louvre éditions/Gallimard, 2010. Fumaroli, M. La République des lettres. Collection Bibliothèque des Histoires. Paris: Gallimard, 2015. Hattori, C. “Le comte de Caylus d’après les archives: première partie.” Les cahiers d’histoire de l’art 5 (2007): 54-70.

154 Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, and Medicine

155 Dynamical Systems, Chaotic Behaviour – Uncertainty, Linear Cocyles and Lyapunov Exponents Jacob Palis 2010 Balzan Prize for Mathematics (pure and applied)

Balzan GPC Adviser: Étienne Ghys Project Director: Jean-Christophe Yoccoz†, Supervisor Affiliated Institution: Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada (IMPA), Rio de Janeiro Period: 2011-2015 Websites: http://www.impa.br/opencms/en/eventos/store_2016/evento_1606; http:// www.impa.br/opencms/pt/eventos/store_old/evento_1203?link=2; http://www.impa. br/opencms/pt/eventos/store_old/evento_1305?link=2; http://www.impa.br/opencms/ pt/eventos/store_old/evento_1502

Jacob Palis is a Professor at the Istituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada (IMPA) in Rio de Janeiro. The objective of his research project is to involve scientists from different regions of the world, in particular, talented young mathematicians. One of its main goals is to advance a Global Conjecture, stated by Palis twenty years ago, concerning the finiteness of the number of attractors for typical dynamics in closed manifolds. Other important topics were linear cocycles and Lyapunov exponents. Coordinated together with Fields Medalist Jean-Christophe Yoccoz (Collège de France) at the Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada, IMPA, Rio de Janeiro, Bra­zil, the project has set out to study (and hopefully prove) a set of conjectures for dynamical­ systems that leads to a global perspective in this important branch of mathematics.

The Research Project was scheduled to take place from 2011 to 2015, with part of the funds supporting the activities of young researchers at IMPA in research on Dynam­ical Systems, Chaotic Behaviour-Uncertainty. Three Palis-Balzan Symposia on Dynamical Systems also took place during that period. The first was held at IMPA in 2012, and the following two Symposia took place at the Institut Henri Poincaré in

157 Paris in 2013 and 2015. These symposia were de­signed to review advances and to stimulate further progress along the lines of the research­ project.

The Third Palis-Balzan Symposium on Dynamical Systems was organized by IMPA and Collège de France, with support from CAPES (Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior), CNRS, ANR, IMPA (Associaçiao Instituto Nacional de Matemática Pura e Aplicada), Institut Henri Poincaré, Mairie de Paris, Université Paris 13 and Université Paris-Sud 11. It aimed at promoting research at the highest level in the area of dynamical systems, with the effective participation of outstanding groups of researchers at the world level. The Symposia also aimed at putting doctoral students and young researchers in touch with the best of what is produced worldwide on the above and related topics, disseminating recent results and providing high level international scientific exchange of ideas and results. In particular, it stimulated the further development of the Brazilian group in the area, which has been increasingly asserting itself internationally.

The Organizing Committee of the Third Syposium was comprised of Sylvain Crovisier (CNRS), Jacob Palis (IMPA), Carlos Matheus Santos (CNRS) and Jean-Christophe Yoccoz (Collège de France); the members of the Scientific Committee were Artur Avila (IMPA and CNRS), Sylvain Crovisier (CNRS), Michael Lyubich (SUNY at Stony Brook - USA), Welington de Melo (IMPA), Carlos Gustavo Moreira (IMPA), Jacob Palis (IMPA), Enrique Pujals (IMPA), Carlos Matheus Santos (CNRS), Marcelo Viana (IMPA) and Jean-Christophe Yoccoz† (Collège de France).

The following papers were presented at the Third Palis-Balzan Symposium on Dynamical Systems: Artur Ávila (IMPA and CNRS), Continuity of Lyapunov exponents for random matrix products; Lucas Backes, Continuity of Lyapunov Exponents for Fiber-Bunched Cocycles; Jairo Bochi (PUC-Chile), Ergodic optimization and prevalence; Ricardo Bortolotti (UFPE), Physical measures for certain partially hyperbolic attractors on 3-manifolds; Christian Bonatti (Université de Bourgogne - Dijon), Singular hyperbolicity and star flows; Gonzalo Contreras (CIMAT), The C2 Mañé’s Conjecture on Surfaces; Lorenzo Diaz (PUC-RJ), The entropy spectrum of Lyapunov exponents in non-hyperbolic skew-products; Elise Goujard, Counting closed geodesics on flat surfaces; Federico Hertz (University Park), Random Dynamics and a formula for Furstenberg, Kullback-Ledrappier Entropy; Sergio Ibarra (UFRJ), On the Lagrange and Markov Dynamical spectra for flows and geodesic flows; Vadim Kaloshin (University of Maryland), Stochastic Arnold diffusion of deterministic

158 systems; Juan Rivera-Letelier (PUC-Chile), Sensitive dependence of geometric Gibbs measures of one-dimensional maps; Michael Lyubich (SUNY at Stony Brook), On selected problems in Holomorphic Dynamics; Marco Martens (SUNY at Stony Brook), Renormalization and Symmetry; Carlos Gustavo Moreira (IMPA), On the fractal geometry of horseshoes in arbitrary dimensions; Liviana Palmisano (IMPAN, Poland), On circle maps with a flat interval and Cherry flows; Vilton Pinheiro (UFBA), Finiteness of attractors for piecewise C2 maps of the interval; Enrique Pujals (IMPA), On a conjecture of Charles Tresser about surfaces diffeomorphisms in the boundary of chaos; Rafael Potrie (Centro de Matemática – Univ. de la República), The classification problem for partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms; Martin Sambarino (Fac. de Ciencias del Uruguay), Attracting circloids and entropy; Weixiao Shen (National University of Singapore), Hausdorff dimension of the graphs of the classical Weierstrass functions; James Tanis (Collège de France), Effective equidistribution of horocycle maps; Damien Thomine (Université Paris-Sud), Potential kernel, hitting probabilities and limit theorems for Abelian extensions of periodic dynamical systems; Masato Tsujii (Kyushu University), On the error term of the Prime Orbit Theorem for expanding semi-flows; Marcelo Viana (IMPA), Cr-density of hyperbolicity (non- uniform) among partially hyperbolic diffeomorphisms; Amie Wilkinson (University of Chicago), Mixing properties of the Weil-Petersson geodesic flow; Lan Wen (Peking University), The problem of characterizing structural stability revisited.

Another International Conference on Dynamical Systems was held from 4 to 8 July 2016 in Rio de Janeiro. Jacob Palis (IMPA) acted as Coordinator, and the other members of the Organizing Committee were Artur Avila (IMPA and CNRS), Sylvain Crovisier (CNRS), Carlos Matheus Santos (CNRS Paris, France), Marcelo Viana (IMPA) and Jean-Christophe Yoccoz† (Collège de France).

Invited speakers included: Lucas Backes (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul), Continuity of Lyapunov Exponents is Equivalent to Continuity of Oseledets Subspaces; Christian Bonatti (Université de Bourgogne - Dijon), (Multi)singular hyperbolic structures; Milton Cobo (Universidade Federal do Espirito Santo), Wandering intervals for affine perturbations of the Arnoux-Yoccoz family; Javier Correa (UFRJ), Transitivity of covering maps from the torus without resonance; Sylvain Crovisier (CNRS-France), Finiteness of measures maximizing the entropy for surface diffeomorphisms; Romain Dujardin (Université Paris Est Marne La Vallée), Non-density of stability for holomorphic mappings on Pk; Fayad Bassam (Institut de Mathématiques Jussieu), Lebesgue spectrum for area preserving flows

159 on the two torus; Nicolas Gourmelon (Université de Bordeaux), Projectively Anosov diffeomorphisms of surfaces; Pierre-Antoine Guihéneuf (Universidade Federal Fluminense), Physical measures of C¹ generic diffeomorphisms: what see the discretizations; Carlos Gustavo Moreira (IMPA), On the fractal geometry of horseshoes in arbitrary dimensions; Kei Irie (Kyoto University), A C?-closing lemma for three- dimensional Reeb ows via embedded contact homology; Vadim Kaloshin (University of Maryland), On deformational spectral rigidity of convex symmetric planar domains; Alejandro Kocsard (Universidade Federal Fluminense), On the dynamics of mininal homeomorphisms of T 2; Patrice Le Calvez (Institut de Mathématiques de Jussieu), Orbit forcing theory for surface homeomorphism; Fernando Lenarduzzi (IMPA), The ergodicity of the restricted three-body problem: the Hénon-Devaney map; Mikhail Lyubich (SUNY at Stony Brook), On the dynamics of dissipative complex Henon maps; Karina Marin (IMPA), Lyapunov exponents of partially hyperbolic volume- preserving maps with 2-dimensional center bundle; Welington de Melo (IMPA), Rigidity of critical circle maps; Vilton Pinheiro (Universidade Federal da Bahia), On the flexible concept of ergodicity; Tali Pinsky (Tata Institute of Fundamental Research), A topological approach to the Lorenz equations; Mauricio Poletti (IMPA), Simple Lyapunov spectrum for certain linear cocycles over partially hyperbolic maps; Rafael Potrie (Centro de Matemática – Universidad de la República), Entropy rigidity for surface group representations; Enrique Pujals (IMPA), On the Cr-typicality of coexistence of infinitely many sinks; Sergio Romaña (Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro), The Hausdorff Dimension for Geometric Lorenz Attractor; Martin Sambarino (Faculdad de Ciencias del Uruguay), Rotation set and entropy for attracting anular continua; Michele Triestino (Universidade Federal Fluminense), Markov partitions for groups of circle diffeomorphisms; Ricardo Turolla Bortolotti (Universidade Federal de Pernambuco), Physical measures for certain partially hyperbolic attractors on 3-manifolds; Jiangong You (Nanjing University), On Lyapunov exponent and Avila´s acceleration of quasi-periodic Schrödinger cocycles.

For the programmes of the first two Palis-Balzan Symposia, the reader is referred to previous editions of the Overview of the Balzan research projects and the Balzan website: http://www.balzan.org/en/prizewinners/jacob-palis/research-project-palis.

160 Molecular Basis during iPS Cell Generation and Its Application Shinya Yamanaka 2010 Balzan Prize for Stem Cells: Biology and Potential Applications

Balzan GPC Adviser: Nicole Le Douarin Project Directors or Main Researchers: Hirohide Saito, Takashi Aoi Affiliated Institutions: Kyoto University Period: 2011-2016/2017

Shinya Yamanaka is Director of the Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA) and Scientific Advisor at the Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS) at Kyoto University, Senior Investigator at the Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease in San Francisco, and Professor of Anatomy at the University of California, San Francisco. Yamanaka has planned a five- to six-year research project on molecular mechanisms and application of induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells at the Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA) at Kyoto University. CiRA hired one young faculty member­ , Dr. Saito to promote the research to control cell fate using synthetic RNA-based gene manipulation technologies. His laboratory developed unique synthetic RNA molecules in order to detect and purify target cells derived from iPS cells and control the fate of target cells depending on intracellular environment. He was responsible for the following research projects: developing new methods to control mammalian cell fate with high safety and purity using artificial­ RNA switches and circuits. These RNA systems detect specific protein and/or RNA expressed in target cells and then control gene expression.

Advances made in fiscal year 2015 included the successful development of synthetic “microRNA switches” that points to next-generation technology for control of gene expression and stem cell engineering. In their latest work, the Saito group developed a method that makes it possible to detect and purify target live cell populations derived from human iPS cells. In addition, the Saito group succeeded in constructing synthetic gene circuits that selectively control the cell fate by RNA-only delivery. Because these

161 circuits are entirely RNA-based, they would be safer to use in cells than their DNA- based counterparts and therefore available for a number of biomedical applications.

In early 2013, Shinya Yamanaka decided to use his prize to spread iPS cell research over institutes other than CiRA with Dr. Aoi at Kobe University to study recapitulation of several intractable diseases, including cancer by iPS cell technology. In 2013, a new laboratory for the Aoi Group was built at the Kobe University graduate school of medicine. The basic arrangement of the study environment and the measures for regulations with which the iPS cell establishment or induction to various cell differentiation can be conducted have already reached completion. Until fiscal year 2015, various projects in collaboration with more than 10 clinical departments have been launched to cure intractable diseases.

Aoi group also focuses on cancer stem cells, which have been suggested to be the potential for self-renewal and tumorigenesis in certain cancers. To start off, inspired by iPS cell technology, Aoi’s group successfully established a novel technology to induce cancer stem cell (CSC) properties in intestinal cancer cells by introducing defined factors and collecting the cells with CSC properties, which leads to a further understanding of cancer disease mechanisms and medical applications. Currently, in addition to working on generation and analyses of induced cancer stem cells from various types of human cancer cells, they are also constructing various carcinogenesis models using several types of human iPS cell-derived cells.

Publications

Kei Endo, Karin Hayashi, Hirohide Saito. 2016. High-resolution Identification and Separation of Living Cell Types by Multiple microRNA-responsive Synthetic mRNAs. Scientific Reports. 6: 21991. Liliana Wroblewska, Tasuku Kitada, Kei Endo, Velia Siciliano, Breanna Stillo, Hirohide Saito, and Ron Weiss. 2015. Mammalian synthetic circuits with RNA binding proteins for RNA-only delivery. Nature Biotechnology. 33(8): 839-41. Kenji Miki, Kei Endo, (16 authors), Shinya Yamanaka, Hirohide Saito and Yoshinori Yoshida. 2015. Efficient Detection and Purification of Cell Populations Using Synthetic MicroRNA Switches. Cell Stem Cell. 4. 16(6): 699-711. Eriko Osada, Yuki Suzuki, Kumi Hidaka, Hirohisa Ohno, Hiroshi Sugiyama, Masayuki Endo, and Hirohide Saito. 2014. Engineering RNA-protein complexes

162 with different shapes for imaging and therapeutic applications. ACS Nano. 8 (8): 8130–8140. Kei Endo, Karin Hayashi, Tan Inoue, Hirohide Saito. 2013. A versatile cis-acting inverter module for synthetic translational switches. Nature Communications. 4: 2393. Aoi T, Stacey G. 2015. Impact of National and International Stem Cell Banking Initiatives on progress in the field of cell therapy: IABS-JST Joint Workshop: Summary for Session 5. Biologicals. vol.43,Issue 5: 399-40. Hayakawa T, Aoi T, Bravery C, Hoogendoorn K, Knezevic I, Koga J, Maeda D, Matsuyama A, McBlane J, Morio T, Petricciani J, Rao M, Ridgway A, Sato D, Sato Y, Stacey G, Sakamoto N, Trouvin J H, Umezawa A, Yamato M, Yano K, Yokote H, Yoshimatsu K, Zorzi-Morre P. 2015. Report of the international conference on regulatory endeavors towards the sound development of human cell therapy products. Biologicals. vol.43, Issue 5: 283-297. Hayakawa T, Aoi T, Umezawa A, Ozawa K, Sato Y, Sawa Y, Matsuyama A, Yamanaka S, Yamato M. 2015. Study on ensuring the quality and safety of pharmaceuticals and medical devices derived from processing of autologous human somatic stem cells. Regenerative Therapy. 2: 57-69. Hayakawa T, Aoi T, Umezawa A, Ozawa K, Sato Y, Sawa Y, Matsuyama A, Yamanaka S, Yamato M. 2015. Study on ensuring the quality and safety of pharmaceuticals and medical devices derived from processing of allogenic human somatic stem cells. Regenerative Therapy. 2: 70-80. Hayakawa T, Aoi T, Umezawa A, Ozawa K, Sato Y, Sawa Y, Matsuyama A, Yamanaka S, Yamato M. 2015. Study on ensuring the quality and safety of pharmaceuticals and medical devices derived from processing of autologous human induced pluripotent stem (-like) cells. Regenerative Therapy. 2: 81-94. Hayakawa T, Aoi T, Umezawa A, Ozawa K, Sato Y, Sawa Y, Matsuyama A, Yamanaka S, Yamato M. 2015. Study on ensuring the quality and safety of pharmaceuticals and medical devices derived from processing of allogenic human induced pluripotent stem (-like) cells. Regenerative Therapy. 2: 95-108. Hayakawa T, Aoi T, Umezawa A, Ozawa K, Sato Y, Sawa Y, Matsuyama A, Yamanaka S, Yamato M. 2015. Study on ensuring the quality and safety of pharmaceuticals and medical devices derived from processing of human embryonic stem (-like) cells. Regenerative Therapy. 2: 109-122. Oshima N, Yamada Y, Nagayama S, Kawada K, Hasegawa S, Okabe H, Sakai Y, Aoi T. 2014. Induction of cancer stem cell properties in colon cancer cells by defined factors. PLoS One 9: e101735.

163 Kondo T, Asai M, Tsukita K, Kutoku Y, Ohsawa Y, Sunada Y, Imamura K, Egawa N, Yahata N, Okita K, Takahashi K, Asaka I, Aoi T, Watanabe A, Watanabe K, Kadoya C, Nakano R, Watanabe D, Maruyama K, Hori O, Hibino S, Choshi T, Nakahata T, Hioki H, Kaneko T, Naitoh M, Yoshikawa K, Yamawaki S, Suzuki S, Hata R, Ueno S, Seki T, Kobayashi K, Toda T, Murakami K, Irie K, Klein WL, Mori H, Asada T, Takahashi R, Iwata N, Yamanaka S, Inoue H. 2013. Modeling Alzheimer’s disease with iPSCs reveals stress phenotypes associated with intracellular Aβ and differential drug responsiveness. Cell Stem Cell. 12(4): 487-96. Mae S, Shono A, Shiota F, Yasuno T, Kajiwara M, Gotoda-Nishimura N, Arai S, Sato-Otubo A, Toyoda T, Takahashi K, Nakayama N, Cowan CA, Aoi T, Ogawa S, McMahon AP, Yamanaka S, Osafune K. 2013. Monitoring and robust induction of nephrogenic intermediate mesoderm from human pluripotent stem cells. Nat Commun. 4:1367. Aoi T. 2015. Gene Therapy and Cell Therapy Through the Liver-Current Aspects and Future Prospects. Chapter 10, The Way to Clinical Applications of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells. Springer 2015. DOI10.1007/978-4-431-55666-4, ISBN978-4-431-55665-7.

164 Improving the Performance of the Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSC) Michael Grätzel 2009 Balzan Prize for the Science of New Materials

Balzan GPC Adviser: Nicola Cabibbo† Main Researchers: Aravind Kumar Chandiran, Aswani Yella Affiliated Institution:École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Period: 2010-2014

Michael Grätzel is a Professor at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) and Head of its Laboratoire de photonique et interfaces (LPI). The Balzan research project that he proposed aimed to improve the performance of the Dye Sensitized Cell (DSC), commonly known as the Grätzel Cell, by increasing the overall efficiency of this kind of photovoltaic cell from its present 12.3 to nearly 15 percent, which would strongly contribute to making the DSC a widely used method for electricity production from sunlight.

With the second half of the 2009 Balzan Prize for the Science of New Materials, the Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), directed by Michael Grätzel, acquired an Atomic Layer Deposition System for the Laboratory and hired Dr. Aswani Yella as a postdoctoral fellow for two years. A sum was also set aside to support visits of students and researchers from Italian universities within a framework of collaboration on the research project.

Adopting an experimental approach to the design of the Grätzel Cell, the Balzan research project focused its attention on the interface that separates the materials used in the device for transporting the negative charge carriers (electrons) and positive charge carriers (called holes). It explored several new strategies to retard the interfacial charge carrier recombination rate. The research was conducted to improve the self- assembly of the dye molecules in order to form more compact films at the surface. Grätzel’s research group modified the chemical structure of the dye molecules to

165 endow them with long alkyl chains enhancing their lateral attraction, which was expected to increase the packing of dye molecules retarding the unwanted interfacial recombination of negative and positive charge carriers. The group also attempted to use additives in the electrolyte that would promote the formation of dense monolayers of dye molecules. Judicious engineering of the interface retarded the interfacial charge carrier recombination, increasing the open circuit voltage and cell efficiency.

The work on introducing the ALD overlayers on the surface of the mesoscopic titania films to stop interfacial charge recombination was carried out by Aravind Kumar Chandiran. Aswani Yella tested the films prepared by Dr. Chandiran to realize gains in voltage output and overall efficiency as foreseen in the proposal.

Publications

Chandiran AK, Yella A, Mayer MT, Gao P, Nazeeruddin MdK, Grätzel M. 2014.

Sub-nanometer conformal TiO2 blocking layer for high-efficiency solid-

state CH3NH3PbI3 absorber solar cells. Advanced Materials. DOI: 10.1002/ adma.201306271. Chandiran AK, Abdi Jalebi M, Yella A, Ibrahim Dar M, Yi C, Shivashankar SA, Nazeeruddin MdK, Grätzel M. 2014. Analysis of electron transfer properties

of ZnO and TiO2 photoanodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. ACS Nano. DOI: 10.1021/nn405535j. Chandiran AK, Abdi Jalebi M, Nazeeruddin MdK, Grätzel M. 2014. Quantum- Confined ZnO Nanoshell Photoanodes for Mesoscopic Solar Cells. Nano Letters. DOI: 10.1021/nl4039955. Chandiran AK, Nazeeruddin MdK, Grätzel M. 2013. The role of insulating oxides in blocking the charge carrier recombination in dye-sensitized solar cell. Advanced Functional Materials. DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201302352. Chandiran AK, Yella A, Stefik M, Heiniger L-P, Comte P, Nazeeruddin MdK, Grätzel M. 2013. Low temperature crystalline titanium dioxide by atomic layer deposition for dye-sensitized solar cells. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces. vol. 5, num. 8: 3487. Chandiran AK, Comte P, Humphry-Baker R, Kessler F, Yi C, Nazeeruddin MdK,

Grätzel M. 2013. Evaluating the critical thickness of TiO2 layer on insulating mesoporous templates for efficient current collection in dye-sensitized solar cells. Advanced Functional Materials. 23: 2775.

166 Chandiran AK, Tetreault N, Humphry-Baker R, Kessler F, Baranoff E, Yi C,

Nazeeruddin MdK, Grätzel M. 2012. Sub-nanometer Ga2O3 tunneling layer by atomic layer deposition to achieve 1.1V open-circuit potential in dye-sensitized solar cells. Nano Letters. vol. 12, num. 8: 3941. Labouchere P, Chandiran AK, Moehl T, Harms H, Chavhan S, Tena-Zaera R, Nazeeruddin MK, Graetzel M, Tetreault N. 2014. Passivation of ZnO Nanowire Guests and 3D Inverse Opal Host Photoanodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Advanced Energy Materials. DOI: 10.1002/201400217. Mathew S, Yella A, Gao P, Humphry-Baker R, Curchod BFE, Ashari-Astani A, Tavernelli I, Rothlisberger U, Nazeeruddin MdK, Grätzel M. 2014. Dye-sensitized solar cells with 13% efficiency achieved through the molecular engineering of porphyrin sensitizers. Nature Chemistry. 6: 242-247. Yum J-H, Moehl T, Yoon J, Chandiran AK, Kessler F, Gratia P, Grätzel M. 2014. Toward Higher Photovoltage: Effect of Blocking Layer on Cobalt Bipyridine Pyrazole Complexes as Redox Shuttle for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. The Journal of Physical Chemistry. DOI : 10.1021/jp412777n.

167 Hemispheric Interaction in Cognitive Processes Brenda Milner 2009 Balzan Prize for Cognitive Neurosciences

Balzan GPC Adviser: John Krebs Main Researchers: Denise Klein, Joelle Crane, Kate Watkins (Researchers); Ami Tsuchida (Postdoctoral Fellow); Xiaoqian Jenny Chai (Research Associate) Affiliated Institution:Montreal Neurological Institute at McGill University Period: 2010-

Brenda Milner is Dorothy J. Killam Professor of Psychology at the Montreal Neurological Institute and Professor in the Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery at McGill University. The research project funded with the Balzan Prize awarded to Dr. Milner seeks to illuminate the nature of hemispheric interaction in the human brain and to show how the integration of information between the two hemispheres enables remembering. To this end, fine-grained behavioural paradigms were combined with conventional functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiments as well as newly emerging tools in fMRI (resting-state fMRI) to allow the examination of patterns of interaction between distant brain regions. Dr. Milner’s lab studied a cohort of healthy young right-handed subjects in order to determine how individual differences in patterns of hemispheric connectivity relate to the natural variation in capability for different types of memory task and to the cognitive strategies adopted by each individual.

The project has made significant progress. Neuroimaging and neuropsychological data from 30 healthy participants have been collected, and the past year was spent on data analysis. Dr. Milner’s team welcomed a new member in the lab in September 2015, Xiaoqian Jenny Chai, to assist with this analysis. Dr. Chai, who has a multidisciplinary quantitative background, is an affiliate at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, and brings the team her expertise in resting- state fMRI analysis.

Two aspects of the study have yielded results of interest. With respect to the task-

168 based fMRI, Dr. Milner’s team is currently in the process of writing a manuscript related to the role of imagery in facilitating memory, including specific contributions of the left inferior frontal cortex and left hippocampus. Preliminary results of this work were presented in 2015 at the Annual Meeting for the Organization for Human Brain Mapping. The findings shed light on some of the current issues related to hippocampal contributions to memory. In the second manuscript in preparation, her team combined behavioural data with resting-state fMRI and found a link between interhemispheric-connectivity measures in the posterior hippocampus and memory test scores, showing that those individuals with stronger interhemispheric connectivity have higher performance on two specific memory tasks.

As the next phase, Dr. Milner’s team have initiated an inter-institutional collaboration with a team at Bordeaux University in France to further investigate the relationship between interhemispheric organization and cognition. The Neuroimaging Group at Bordeaux, headed by Bernard Mazoyer and Nathalie Tzourio-Mazoyer, has been interested in asking similar questions about the behavioural and neural correlates of hemispheric specialization and interhemispheric integration, and this group has collected a unique dataset of nearly 400 healthy volunteers balanced for gender and handedness (BIL&GIN: Mazoyer et al. 2016). These participants have completed an extensive battery of cognitive tests and have also undergone structural (anatomical and diffusion-weighted MRI) and functional (task-based and resting-state fMRI) brain-imaging sessions. Mutual visits of the lab members are being planned in the coming summer and the fall to work on the dataset in order to ask specific questions regarding the role of interhemispheric connectivity architecture in shaping individual differences in memory functions.

To summarize, Dr. Milner’s lab is in the process of (1) preparing two manuscripts based on the neuroimaging and neuropsychological assessment of 30 healthy subjects; and (2) engaging in a new collaboration with the Bordeaux team to use a large-scale dataset that allows further investigation of hemispheric connectivity architecture and individual differences in cognition.

169 Past Patterns of Precipitation and Earth Temperature Wallace Broecker 2008 Balzan Prize for Science of Climate Change

Balzan GPC Adviser: Enric Banda Project Director and Main Researchers: Professor R. Lawrence Edwards (Supervisor); Irene Schimmelpfennig, Xianfeng Wang, Jimin Yu (Researchers) Affiliated Institution: Comer Science and Education Foundation Period: 2009-2013

Wallace Broecker is Newberry Professor of Earth and Environmental Sciences at Columbia University. He dedicated 90% of his Balzan Prize to his Research Project, which had the general aim of determining whether the paleoclimate record can support the prediction according that precipitation will be more strongly focused on the Equa­tor as the planet is warmed by fossil fuel CO2. Lacking an adequate warm analogue, a cold one – namely, the situation during the last glacial period – has been already used with encouraging results (i.e., less focusing­ of rainfall on the tropics during colder times). However, possible flaws in the cold analogue have yet to be evaluated. Research activities focused on data from different sources, including deep sea sediments and closed-lake basin size, cave deposits and ice core records.

Wallace Broecker supported three postdoctoral fellows. Jimin Yu (PhD, University of Cambridge) had demonstrated­ that the boron to calcium ratio in the CaCO3 shells of bottom dwelling open ocean foraminifera are tightly correlated with the extent of carbonate ion undersaturation.­ At Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory at Columbia University, he used this method to reconstruct the evolution of deep ocean carbonate ion concentration from the glacial maximum (~25 kyrs ago) to the present. His goal was to evaluate the role of deep ocean chemistry in the rise of atmospheric CO2 content at the close of the last glacial period. Xianfeng Wang (PhD, University of Minnesota) had created an 18O record for stalagmites in Brazil and showed that millennial dura­ tion fluctuations in monsoon rainfall were exactly antiphased with those in China. At

170 Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, he continued this research, but also diversified his efforts by measuring the concentrations of 234U, 230Th, 231Pa and 10Be in sediments from the abyssal ocean. In so doing, he followed up on research­ done by Richard Ku in the 1970s with modern instrumentation. Irene Schimmelpfennig (PhD, France on the production rate of 36Cl in separated minerals) worked with Joerg Schaefer’s group at Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory to pursue the use of 36Cl and 10Be in what is termed “cosmic-ray exposure dating”. During the last few years, working with Aaron Putnam and Yonathan Goldsmith, Broecker has used the paleo record to show that the preferential CO2 warming of the northern hemisphere will cause the planet’s rainbelts to undergo a northward shift.

Publications

The following article can be added to the 25-item bibliography in the previous editions of the Overview, which can be consulted at: http://www.balzan.org/en/prizewinners/ wallace-s--broecker/research-project-broecker:

Broecker, W.S., and A. Putnam. 2013. Do the hydrologic impacts associated with shifts in the thermal equator offer insight into those to be produced by fossil fuel

CO2? PNAS, 110, no. 42, 16710-16715.

171 Immune Regulation and Therapeutic Immunisation Ian Frazer 2008 Balzan Prize for Preventive Medicine, including Vaccination

Balzan GPC Adviser: Werner Stauffacher Main Researchers: Antje Blumenthal, Steven Mattarollo Affiliated Institution: Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland Period: 2008-2013 Websites: http://www.di.uq.edu.au/dr-antje-blumenthal; http://www.di.uq.edu.au/pro-­­ fessor-ian-frazer; http://www.di.uq.edu.au/dr-stephen-mattarollo

Ian Frazer is a former Director of the Translational Research Institute in Brisbane and Research Group Head at the University of Queensland Diamantina Institute. He used the funds available from his 2008 Balzan Prize to support two fellows, Antje Blumenthal and Steven Mattarollo, who were based with Frazer’s group at the University of Queensland Brisbane. Blumenthal investigated how pathogens are recognized by the immune system, how appropriate inflammatory responses are initiated and regulated, and how this instructs adaptive immune responses that are critical to control chronic infections.

Steven Mattarollo was funded for two years to work in Melbourne, Australia, with Professor Mark Smyth, an acknowledged world expert on the role of NKT cells in control of cancer cell growth. During these two years as a Balzan Fellow he pursued two main lines of research: developing a therapeutic cancer vaccine against melanoma and non-Hodgkins B cell lymphoma that induces innate and adaptive immunity by targeting the immune adjuvant properties of NKT cells; determining the immune constituents that are important for the therapeutic effectiveness of chemotherapies, and assessing combination chemo-immunotherapy strategies for treating solid tumours.

172 Publications

Blumenthal A, Nagalingam G, Huch JH, Walker L, Guillenmin GJ, Smythe GA, Ehrt S, Britton WJ, Saunders BM. 2012. Mycobacterium tuberculosis induces potent activation of IDO-1, but this is not essential for the immunological control of infection. PLoS ONE 7(5): e37314. Mattarollo SR, Youg M, Gosmann C, Choyce A, Chan D, Leggatt GR, Frazer IH. 2011. NKT cells inhibit antigen-specific effector CD8 T cell induction to skin viral proteins. J. Immunol. Jul. 8: 187(4): 1601-1608. Mattarollo SR, Yong M, Tan L, Frazer IH, Leggatt GR. 2010. Secretion of IFN- gamma but not IL-17 by CD1d-restricted NKT cells enhances rejection of skin grafts expressing epithelial cell-derived antigen. J. Immunol. 184(10): 5663-9. Mattarollo SR, Rahimpour A, Choyce A, Godfrey DI, Leggatt GR, Frazer IH. 2010. Invariant NKT cells in hyperplastic skin induce a local immune suppressive environment by IFN-gamma production. J. Immunol. 184(3): 1242-50. Mattarollo SR, West A, Steegh K, Duret H, Paget C, Martin B, Matthews G, Shortt J, Chesi M, Leif Bergsagel P, Bots M, Zuber J, Lowe S, Johnstone R, Smyth MJ. 2012. NKT cell adjuvant-based tumor vaccine for treatment of myc oncogene- driven B cell lymphoma. Blood (2012) Oct 11; 120(15): 3019-3029.

173 Endogenous Activators of Inflammation in Insects and Mammals Bruce Beutler and Jules A. Hoffmann 2007 Balzan Prize for Innate Immunity

Balzan GPC Adviser: Nicole Le Douarin Main Researchers: Carrie Arnold, Michael Berger, Amanda Blasius, Philippe Krebs, Oren Milstein, Lei Sun, Sungyong Won (Beutler laboratory); Hidehiro Fukuyama, Anne Kaukinen (Hoffmann laboratory) Affiliated Institutions: Centre International de Recherche aux Frontières de la Chimie, Strasbourg; The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA Period: 2008-2012

Bruce Beutler is Professor and Chairman of the Department of Genetics at Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California. Jules A. Hoffmann is Distinguished Class Research Director (Emeritus) at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique of the Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology in Strasbourg. The second half of the Balzan Prize to Bruce Beutler and Jules Hoffmann encouraged joint efforts regarding the establishment of a model of inflammation in insects and mammals. The parallel study on inflammation in the absence of germs in the fruit fly (Drosophila) and in mice could lead to the future discovery of the causes by which, in humans, antibodies of endogenous origin are also activated in the absence of the pathogenic­ germs they are supposed to fight, thus producing autoimmune diseases. The two Prizewinners hired young researchers and supervised research work in their respec­tive laboratories, which will lead to a comparative analysis of the IMD (fly) and TNF­TLR (mouse) proinflammatory, signalling pathways in infection and development.

In La Jolla, Dr. Michael Berger screened peptidomimetic libraries for activators of TLR signalling. These studies, designed to identify molecules that could cause uncon­ ventional activation of TLR signalling, have been performed as a collaboration with the laboratory of Professor Dale Boger at the Scripps Research Institute. Dr. Oren Milstein searched for immune activating functions of peptides that do not exist in the

174 mouse proteome. Dr. Philippe Krebs has studied mutations that cause inflammatory disease and their attenuation by mutations that disrupt TLR signalling. Particularly significant has been his demonstration that signalling via TLRs drives the lethal in­ flammatory disorder observed in mice with deficiency of the inositol polyphosphate 5 phosphatase, SHIP-1. Drs. Sungyong Won and Lei Sun worked jointly to develop­ a technique for cloning mice from fibroblasts, with the goal of screening these cells en masse for ex vivo phenotypes (including spontaneous inflammatory pheno­types) before regenerating mice from them and positionally cloning the causative mutations.­ Dr. Carrie Arnold initiated a screen for defects in the adaptive immune re­sponse, and has been very successful with it, identifying eleven mutations to date. Dr. Amanda Blasius identified a key molecule for the responses of plasmacytoid dendritic cells to nucleic acids.

In Strasbourg, Dr. Hidehiro Fukuyama pursued a biochemical strategy to identify­ proteins that interact with components of the stands for immune-deficiency­ pathway (IMD, homologous to mammalian TNF) in Drosophila to limit inflammation caused by endogenous stimuli. Dr. Anne Kaukinen­ made a functional analysis of some of the proteins isolated by Dr. Fukuyama and namely addressed their potential roles in activating antimicrobial peptide gene expression following stimulation by a bacterial pathogen. Exciting new data point to a significant role of the IMD signalling pathway in the defence of flies against several viral pathogens. The Balzan funds for Professor Hoff­mann’s group concentrated on developing this new line of research. Profes­sor Hoffmann gave a lecture Gene Expression and Signalling in the Immune System at the sixth Cold Spring Harbor meeting in April 2012.

Publications

Fukuyama H, Ndiaye S, Hoffmann J, Rossier J, Liuu S, Vinh J, Verdier Y. 2012. On-bead tryptic proteolysis: An attractive procedure for LC-MS/MS analysis of the Drosophila caspase protein complex during im­mune response against bacteria. Journal of Proteomics. DOI:10.1016/j.jprot.2012.03.003. Liu x, Sano T, Guan Y, Nagata S, Hoffmann JA, Fukuyama H. 2012. Drosophila EYA Regulates the Immune Response against DNA through an Evolutionarily Conserved Threonine Phosphatase Motif. Journal PLos One. PLoS ONE 7(8): e42725. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0042725 (15.08.2012).

175 Carbon Nanotubes: Structural Study and Applications in Biomedicine Sumio Iijima 2007 Balzan Prize for Nanoscience

Balzan GPC Adviser: Nicola Cabibbo† Affiliated Institution: Meijo University, Nagoya Period: 2008-2010 Website: http://www.nec.co.jp/press/en/0711/2301.html

Sumio Iijima is a Professor at Meijo University in Nagoya, Director of the Research Center for Advanced Carbon Materials at the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) in Tsukuba, and Senior Research Fellow at NEC Central Research Laboratories.

Iijima’s Balzan Research Project was composed of two parts. The first was concerned with the characterization of atomic-level structures and physical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and their related nano-structures by means of in situ high- resolution electron microscopy (HR-TEM). The detail of the atomic structures of individual tubes has become increasingly important for understanding their physical properties and growth behaviors where the atomic defects are believed to play an important role. The second part dealt with the basic characterization of the CNTs necessary for biomedical applications, namely, drug delivery systems (DDS). CNTs have advantageous properties with respect to conventional DDS materials, such as liposomes and polymeric systems. They can be modified physically and chemically to meet optimum conditions for loading drugs in the inner spaces of CNTs and releasing them at specific sites and timing.

In the main, the program was conducted at Sumio Iijima’s affiliation, Meijo University, Nagoya, from 2008 to 2010. Some research was performed at the Research Center of Nanocarbon Materials at the National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, a governmental organization which is also directed by Professor Iijima.

176 An Experimental Investigation of the First Stages of the Formation of Cosmic Structures Paolo de Bernardis and Andrew Lange† 2006 Balzan Prize for Observational Astronomy and Astrophysics

Balzan GPC Adviser: Per Olof Lindblad Main Researchers: Martino Calvo, Luca Lamagna, Silvia Masi, Gianluca Polenta, Maria Salatino, Alessandro Schillaci Affiliated Institutions: Università di Roma “La Sapienza”; California Institute of Technology (Caltech) Period: 2006-2013

Paolo de Bernardis is Professor of Astrophysics and Observational Cosmology at the Università di Roma “La Sapienza”. Andrew Lange† was Marvin L. Goldberger Professor of Physics at the California Institute of Technology.

This project, carried out under Professor Paolo de Bernardis,­ aimed to measure the effect of the first structures on the background CMB light. This project uses an original approach: performing spectroscopic measurements of CMB anisotropy. From the experimental point of view, this strategy requires building a differential spec­trometer matched to a large aperture telescope to achieve the necessary angular resolution. A long preparation text was needed to qualify the method. Technical pub­ lications analyzing possible systematic effects related to these measurements can be cited, and several more are in preparation. The first opportunity to test this idea experimentally will be with the forthcoming flight of the OLIMPO balloon-borne­ telescope, recently upgraded with an ambient-temperature differential spectrometer, which can be inserted as a plug-in in the optical path between the telescope and the multi-band photometer, transforming­ the 4-band photometer in a low-resolution spectrometer.

A full phase-A study of an innovative satellite mission, called SAGACE,­ carried out by the group at “La Sapienza” in the framework of the second project­ above has

177 been completed. The full study has been described in a long document (ref. KISAG- RP-010), which has been submitted to the Italian Space Agency for evaluation and possible implementation as a national small mission.

Balzan funds were used to acquire hardware to design and complete the instruments, to support the dedicated work of postdoctoral students already trained on the BOOMERanG pro­ject, to support the collaboration with the Cardiff (Ade, Mauskopf) and Pasadena (Lange) groups for the development of subsystems, and the diffusion of cosmology re­sults through the preparation of a book on observational cosmology. Three Balzan postdoctoral fellowships at “La Sapienza” focusing on the data analysis of the BOOMERanG and Planck experiments and on the SAGACE study have been assigned. This work resulted in a large number of papers. Balzan funds also provided support for: the hardware of the large throughput Martin-Puplett interferometer built in the group. This instrument is a prototype for the missions described above, and was the subject of the PhD thesis of Dr. Alessandro Schillaci; the development of innovative mm-wave detectors, the microwave kinetic inductance detectors (paper [16]) and the cold electron bolometers; cooperation with the Caltech group on CMB polarization measurements, with the development of a parallel study carried out in Europe for a space mission devoted to CMB polarization.

Two proposals have been submitted to ESA, with Paolo de Bernardis serving as the PI and the collaboration of the US teams in addition to the European ones. His group is also actively studying the impact of systematic effects on the scientif­ic exploitation of these measurements. An even more ambitious mission, called PRISM, has been studied and proposed to ESA in 2013 in the framework of the call for science with large missions.

Publications de Bernardis P et al. 2012. Low-resolution spectroscopy of the Sunyaev-Zeldovich ef­fect and estimates of cluster parameters. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 538, A86. Colafrancesco S, Marchegiani P, de Bernardis P, Masi S. 2013. A multi-frequency study of the SZE in giant radio galaxies. Astronomy and Astrophysics. 550, A92 (2013) astro-ph/1211.4809. DOI: 10.1051/0004-6361/201117376. Schillaci A, de Bernardis P. 2011 On the effect of tilted roof reflectors in Martin-Pu­ plett spectrometers. Infrared Physics. 55: 40-44.

178 Schillaci A, Battistelli E, D’Alessandro D, de Bernardis P, Masi S. 2013. On the emissivity of wire-grid polarizers for astronomical observations at mm-wavelengths. Infrared Physics & Technology. 58: 64–68. de Bernardis P et al. 2012. SAGACE: the Spectroscopic Active Galaxies and Clusters Explorer. Proc. of the 12th Marcel Grossmann Meeting on General Relativity, Paris 12th-18th July 2009. Damour T, Jantzen RT, Ruffini R, editors. pp. 21-33. Singapore: World Scientific. ISBN-13 978-981-4374-51-4; astroph/1002.0867.­ Planck Collaboration. 2011. Planck early results. IX. XMM-Newton follow-up for validation of Planck cluster j candidates. A&A 536, A9. Planck Collaboration. 2011. Planck early results. X. Statistical analysis of Sunyaev- Zeldovich scaling relations for X-ray galaxy clusters. A&A 536, A10. Planck Collaboration. 2011. Planck early results. XI. Calibration of the local galaxy cluster Sunyaev-Zeldovich scaling relations. A&A 536, A11. Planck Collaboration. 2011. Planck early results. XII. Cluster Sunyaev-Zeldovich optical scaling relations Planck Collaboration. A&A 536, A12. Tarasov Mikhail A, Kuzmin LS, Edelman VS, Mahashabde S, de Bernardis P. 2011. Optical Response of a Cold-Electron Bolometer Array Integrated in a 345-GHz Cross-Slot Antenna. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity. 21: 3635- 3639. Salatino M, de Bernardis P, Kuzmin LS, Masi S, Mahashabd S. Sensitivity to Cosmic Rays of Cold Electron Bolometers for Space Applications. 2013. Journal of Low Temperature Physics. Submitted 2013. The COrE Collaboration. 2011. COrE (Cosmic Origins Explorer) A White Paper. as­ tro-ph/1102.2181. Pagano L et al. 2009. CMB Polarization Systematics, Cosmological Birefringence and the Gravitational Waves Background. Physical Review. D80, 043522. The PRISM collaboration. 2013. PRISM (Polarized Radiation Imaging and Spectroscopy Mission): A White Paper on the Ultimate Polarimetric Spectro-Imaging of the Microwave and Far-Infrared Sky. astro-ph/ 1306.2259.

179 An Experimental Investigation of CMB Polarization Paolo de Bernardis and Andrew Lange† 2006 Balzan Prize for Observational Astronomy and Astrophysics

Balzan GPC Adviser: Per Olof Lindblad Project Directors and Main Researchers: Tom Soifer, James Bock (project managers in place of Prof. Andrew Lange); Randol Aikin, James Bock, John Kovac, Roger O’Brient, Tom Soifer Affiliated Institutions: Università di Roma “La Sapienza”; California Institute of Technology (Caltech) Period: 2006-2013

Paolo de Bernardis is Professor of Astrophysics and Observational Cosmology at the Università di Roma “La Sapienza”. Andrew Lange† was former Marvin L. Goldberger Professor of Physics at the California Institute of Technology.

The second part of Professor Andrew Lange’s investigation was used to support an emerging generation of young experimental cosmologists and an ambitious program of new ground-based and balloon-borne CMB experiments. Funds from the Balzan Prize were thus applied to build upon the results of BOOMERanG,­ the basis of the 2006 Balzan Prize, to probe the physical process of inflation via CMB polarization measurements. Two experiments were initiated to search for a handed ‘B-mode’ polarization­ pattern using new technology millimeter-wave focal plane detector arrays.

The BICEP2 (Background Imaging of Cosmic Extragalactic Polarization) experiment is a degree-scale polarimeter currently carrying out science observations from the South Pole. The receiver is in many ways similar to its predecessor experiment BICEP, but differs in that the focal plane has been greatly enhanced, going from individual detectors, similar to those used in the Planck satellite, to entirely micro­ fabricated arrays with superconducting sensors and readouts. Balzan funds enabled

180 them to initiate BICEP2, and a more powerful successor experiment named the Keck Polarimeter Array, with support from the National Science Foundation and the W.M. Keck Foundation.

In parallel, the research group has been developing a powerful balloon experiment named SPIDER that uses 6 new-technology focal plane arrays similar to the focal plane developed for BICEP2, except with even higher sensitivity due to the lower atmospheric emission available on a high-altitude balloon. SPIDER observes CMB polarization in multiple frequency bands, a key to discriminating cosmological polarization from polarized Galactic emission. After a pre-flight integration in Palestine, TX, SPIDER was deployed to Antarctica for its first flight in December 2013. The 2013/14 balloon campaign was cancelled, however, due to the logistical challenges caused by the October government shutdown. Another SPIDER flight was targeted for the 2014/15 season.

The BICEP2 instrument completed its expected three years of scientific observations from the South Pole and was decommissioned in December 2012. BICEP2 successfully led to the implementation of the Keck Polarimeter Array with five receivers of equal sensitivity that have now been fielded at the South Pole station and are currently observing. The collaboration is putting forth a comprehensive effort to analyze the BICEP2/Keck data set. Because BICEP2/Keck comprises the most sensitive probe of inflationary B-mode polarization to date, extreme care must be taken to account for all possible sources of systematic error and foreground contamination. Furthermore, with multiple receivers observing over many years, the data set allows for numerous checks on systematic errors that must be carefully accounted. In the meantime, several intermediate papers have been published describing the instrument performance and the state of the detector technology that enable these measurements.

Publications

O’Dea DT et al. 2011. SPIDER Optimization II. Optical, Magnetic, and Fore­ground Effects. ApJ 738: 63. Fraisse AA et al. 2013. SPIDER: Probing the Early Universe with a Suborbital Polarimeter. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics. 4: 47. O’Brient R et al. 2012. Antenna-coupled TES bolometers for the Keck Array, Spider, and Polar-1. SPIE 8452E, 1GO.

181 Kernasovskiy S et al. 2012. Optimization and sensitivity of the Keck Array. SPIE 8452E, 1BK. Vieregg AG et al. 2012. Optical Characterization of the Keck Array Polarimeter at the South Pole. SPIE 8452E, 26V. Ogburn IV RW et al. 2012. BICEP2 and Keck Array Operational Overview and Status of Observations. SPIE 8452E, 1AO. Staniszewski Z et al. 2012. The Keck Array: A Multi-Camera CMB Polarimeter at the South Pole. JLTP 167: 827. O’Brient RC et al. 2012. Supressing Beam Systematics in Antenna-Coupled TES Bolometers for CMB Polarimetry. JLTP 167: 497. Bonetti JA et al. 2012. Characterization and Fabrication of the TES Arrays for the Spider, Keck and BICEP2 CMB Polarimeters. JLTP 167: 146.

182 Live Imaging of Cellular Differentiation in Shoot Apical Meristems and in Cellulose Synthesis Elliot Meyerowitz and Christopher R. Somerville 2006 Balzan Prize for Plant Molecular Genetics

Balzan GPC Adviser: Marc Van Montagu Main Researchers: Marcus Heisler, Wuxing Li, Paul Tarr (under Prof. Meyerowitz); Adisorn Chaibang, Seth DeBolt, Brad Dotson, Ying Gu, Patricia Bubner (under Prof. Somerville) Affiliated Institutions: California Institute of Technology (Caltech); Carnegie Institution of Science; University of California, Berkeley Period: 2006-2009

Elliot Meyerowitz is George W. Beadle Professor of Biology and Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute at the California Institute of Technology’s Division of Biology. Christopher R. Somerville is Philomathia Professor of Alternative Energy and Director of the Energy Biosciences Institute at the University of California, Berkeley.

One novel suite of methods that is now being developed, both at Caltech and at Carnegie, involves live imaging of dynamic plant processes followed by computational image processing. Two key processes under study are cellular differentiation­ in shoot apical meristems and cellulose synthesis. Elliot Meyerowitz initially involved Marcus Heisler, a pioneer of the new live imaging method, who worked on the live imaging of growing shoot apical meristems and computational modeling of cell behaviour and cell- cell communication during meristem growth. After Dr. Heisler left Caltech to establish his own laboratory at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory in Heidelberg, the project involved two additional postdoctoral fellows, Dr. Wuxing Li and Dr. Paul Tarr, who carried the shoot apical meristem work forward by investigating the involvement of the plant hormones auxin and cytokinin in the control of cell expansion, division and gene expression, and therefore, the contribution of these growth hormones to the interaction­ of physical and chemical signaling that controls meristem cell behaviour.

183 The work done in this part of the project led to a new National Institutes of Health grant on the action of hormones in the shoot apical meristem, which allowed the work to continue.

Professor Somerville involved three postdoctorate students in studies concerning­ the molecular mechanisms associated with the synthesis or depolymerization of cellulose. The research program in the Somerville laboratory has been focused on understanding several aspects of the con­trol of cellulose synthesis or depolymerization. In early 2013, postdoctoral fellow Patricia Bubner joined the Somerville groups following doctoral studies in Graz, Austria, and studied the role of glycosylation on enzyme activity by using genetic methods to modify the amount and location of glycans on proteins. Former postdoctoral fellow Ying Gu studied the role of the microtubule­ cytoskeleton in orienting the deposition of cellulose microfibrils by analyzing mutants in which the deposition is altered. Balzan funds were also used by Professor Somerville to support then postdoctoral fel­low Seth DeBolt, who investigated the involvement of sterol glycosides in cellulose synthesis.

In December 2007, Professor Somerville moved his laboratory from Carnegie to the University of California, Berkeley. The project was inactive until the summer of 2009 due to administrative delays associated­ with moving the funds from one institution to another. Somerville’s Balzan funds have been used to partially support two graduate students, Adisorn Chaibang and Brad Dotson. Chaibang examined­ the role of two laccase enzymes in lignin biosynthesis and Dotson explored the function of a family of proteins of unknown function that appear to play important roles in cell wall biosynthesis.

Publications

Li S, Lei L, Somerville CR, Gu Y. 2012. Cellulose synthase interactive protein 1 (CSI1) links microtubules and cellulose synthase complexes. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 109 (1): 185-190. DeBolt S, Scheible WR, Schrick K, Auer M, Beisson F, Bischoff V, Bouvier­ -Navé P, Carroll A, Hematy K, Li Y, Milne J, Nair M, Schaller H, Zem­la M, Somerville CR. 2009. Mutations in UDP-glucose: sterol glucosyltransferase in Arabidopsis cause transparent testa phenotype and suberization defect in seeds. Plant Physiology. 151: 78-87.

184 Gu Y, Deng Z, Paredez AR, DeBolt S, Wang Z, Somerville C. 2008. Prefol­din j6 is required for normal microtubule dynamics and organization in Arabidop­sis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 105 (46): 18064-18069. Hamant O, Heisler MG, Jönsson H, Krupinski P, Uyttewaal M, Bokov P, Corson F, Sahlin P, Boudaoud A, Meyerowitz EM, Couder Y, Traas J. 2008. Developmental Patterning by Mechanical Signals in Arabidopsis. Science. Vol. 322, no. 5908: 1650-1655. Heisler MG, Hamant O, Krupinski P, Uyttewaal M, Ohno C, Jönsson H, Traas J, Meyerowitz EM. 2010. Alignment betwen PIN1 polarity and microtubule orientation in the shoot apical meristem reveals a tight coupling between morphogenesis and auxin transport. PLoS Biology 8, e1000516. Li W, Zhou Y, Liu X, Yu P, Cohen JD, Meyerowitz EM. 2013. LEAFY controls auxin response pathways in floral primordium formation. Science Signaling, 6(270), ra23.

185 New Directions in Mineral Physics: Multidisciplinary High Pressure Science Russell Hemley and Ho-kwang Mao 2005 Balzan Prize for Mineral Physics

Balzan GPC Adviser: Enric Banda Main Researchers: Pierre Beck, Lin Wang, Charles Qiaoshi Zeng, Claire Barkett, Daniel Cohen, Maura James (post-doctoral fellows and doctoral students); Andrew Kung, Alexander Levedahl, Manchali Madurri, Jaqueline Rivera, Ari Benjamin, Kevin Hernandez, Tao Liu, Louis Loubeyre, Juliana Mesa, Viktor Rozsa, Brandon Wilfong, Keenan Brownsberger, Anne Davis, Reed Mershon (high school students) Affiliated Institution:Carnegie Institution of Washington, Geophysical Laboratory Period: 2006-2016

Russell Hemley is Research Professor at George Washington University, Research Physicist at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory and Visiting Investigator at the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution in Washington DC. Ho- kwang Mao is Senior Staff Scientist at the Geophysical Laboratory of the Carnegie Institution, Washington DC.

With the second half of their Balzan Prize, Hemley and Mao implemented a project focused on bringing bright young people from diverse backgrounds into the multidisciplinary field of High Pressure Science. Research in this new field is expected to bring about breakthroughs in applications to mineralogy, geophysics, geochemistry and bioscience, as well as specific areas such as hydrogen storage, superhard materials and superconductivity. The project was focused on training and its goal was the exploration of the new high-pressure dimension in multidisciplinary physical sciences. The fellowships encouraged the development, design, and fabrication of new instrumentation that exploited the CVD diamond technology developed by Professors Hemley and Mao. Publications and dissemination of results have also been financed.

The following post-doctoral fellows and doctoral students received Balzan support: Pierre Beck (Balzan Prize post-doctoral associate from 2006-2007):­ development of

186 time-resolved­ (i.e., dynamic) high pressure-temperature phenomena with diamond anvil cells; Lin Wang (Balzan Prize post-doctoral associate): development of a new method for the synthesis of controlled shape C60 fullerene nanorods, development of a new technique to integrate the high-pressure diamond anvil cell with the high brilliance x-ray beam focused down to 50-200 nm size at the Advanced Photon Source, and work at the High Pressure Synergetic Consortium (HPSynC) at the Advanced Photon Source (APS), Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) in 2008; Charles Qiaoshi Zeng (Balzan Prize support, 2008): x-ray diffraction experiments at the APS synchrotron facility and discovery of a new type of alloy and a new phenomenon in metallic glass that have far-reaching impact in fundamental physics as well as materials applications.

The following high school students also received Balzan Award support: Andrew Kung: to develop a high-pressure project studying the pressure, temperature and temporal effects on a newly discovered O2-H2 alloy; Daniel Cohen: to study novel electronic phenomena in diamond, in particular, to produce a new material with metallic electrical conductivity, and possibly superconductivity; Alexander Levedahl: to investigate the high pressure-temperature behavior of hydrogen-containing ice materials known as hydrogen clathrates; Claire Barkett: follow-up on the earlier work of Jaqueline Rivera by synthesizing several solid solutions in the Fe2O3-Al2O3 system very close to the 1:1 FeAlO3 composition; Maura James: to investigate high pressure clathrate formation in the H2O-NH2- H2 ternary system with Stephen Gramsch and Maddury Somayazulu in an exploratory project to work out special techniques for sample loading and mapping the composition of the mixture inside the diamond anvil cell; Manchali Madurri: a study of H2-crown ether complexes at high pressure that led to his being named a semifinalist in both the Intel and Siemens national science fair competitions; Jaqueline Rivera: development of a new room-temperature, solution-based synthesis method for solid solutions in the Fe2O3-Al2O3 solid solution system. Ari Benjamin: Equation of state of the fluorinated copolymer Kel-F 800 to near megabar pressures; Kevin Hernandez: Raman spectroscopy studies of e carbon dioxide-water system at high pressure; Tao Liu: Optical emission spectroscopy studies of MPCVD diamond growth; Louis Loubeyre: heterogeneity in the dynamics of methanol under high pressure; Juliana Mesa: Geochemistry of Fe stable isotopes – from planets to minerals; Maimon Rose: Investigating the electrocaloric piezoelectric effects in LiNbO3 and PMN-PT using MD simulations; Viktor Rozsa: Pressure studies of hydrogen-loaded hydroquinone clathrate; Nichole Valdez: High nd pressure synthesis of Fe2SiO5; Kevin Hernandez (2 internship): Reactivity at high

187 pressure and temperature; Olivia Reyes-Becerra: Synthesis of single-crystal Na4Si24 clathrate; Brandon Wilfong: In-situ Raman spectroscopic investigation of relaxor multiferroic Pb(Fe0.5Nb0.5)O3 under high pressure and temperature conditions; Keenan Brownsberger: Synthesis of palladium hydrides at extreme conditions; Anne Davis: Phase transitions in silicon quantum dots for solar energy conversion; and Reed Mershon: The role of oxygen fugacity in elemental fractionation between basaltic and sulfidic liquids.

Publications

The most recent publications are listed below. For a complete list of publications, see http://www.balzan.org/en/prizewinners/russell-j--hemley-and-ho-kwang-mao/rese­ arch-project-russlel-mao and previous editions of the Overview.

Beck P, Goncharov AF, Montoya JA, Struzhkin VV, Militzer B, Hemley RJ, Mao HK. 2009. Response to “Comment on ‘Measurements of the thermal diffusivities at high-pressure using a transient heating technique’.” Applied Physical Letters. Volume 95, Issue 9. Goncharov AF, Beck P, Struzhkin VV, Haugen BD, Jacobsen SD. 2009. Thermal conductivity of lower mantle minerals. Phys. Earth Planet. Inter. 174: 24­32. Liang Q, Chin CY, Lai J, Yan CS, Meng YF, Mao HK, Hemley RJ. 2009. Enhanced growth of high quality single crystal diamond by MPCVD at high gas pressures. Appl. Phys. Lett. 94: 024103. Liang Q, Yan CS, Meng Y, Lai J, Krasnicki S, Mao HK, Hemley RJ. 2009. Recent advances in high-growth rate single-crystal CVD diamond. Diamond and Related Materials. Volume 18: 698-703. Liang QC, Yan S, Meng YF, Lai J, Krasnicki S, Mao HK, Hemley RJ. 2009. Enhancing the mechanical properties of CVD single-crystal diamond. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter. Issue 36. Sun L, Yi W, Wang L, Shu J, Sinogeikin S, Meng Y, Shen G, Bai L, Li Y, Mao HK, Mao WL. 2009. X-ray diffraction studies and equation of state of methane at 200 GPa. Chem. Phys. Lett. 473: 72-74. Wang L, Pan Y, Ding Y, Yang W, Mao WL, Sinogeikin SV, Meng Y, Shen G, Mao HK. 3+ 2009. High-pressure induced phase transitions of Y2O3 and Y2O3:Eu . Appl. Phys. Lett. 94: 061921. Wang L, Ding Y, Yang W, Mao WL, Liu W, Cai Z, Shu J, Shen G, Mao HK. 2009.

188 Application of nano/submicron-focused x-ray probe for ultrahigh-pressure studies. High Pressure Synchrotron Science Workshop (Argonne, IL, 6-8 May 2009). Zeng QS, Ding Y, Mao WL, Luo W, Blomqvist A, Ahuja R, Yang W, Shu J, Sinogeikin SV, Meng Y, Brewe DL, Jiang JZ, Mao HK. 2009. Substitutional alloy of Ce and Al. Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 106: 2515-2518. Zha CS, Krasnicki S, Meng YF, Yan CS, Lai J, Liang Q, Mao HK, Hemley RJ. 2009. Composite chemical vapor deposition diamond anvils for high pressure/high ­temperature experiments. High Pressure Research. Volume 29, Issue 2.

189 Evolution in Small Populations Peter and Rosemary Grant 2005 Balzan Prize for Population Biology

Balzan GPC Adviser: John Krebs Project Directors and Main Researchers: Céline Clabaut, Jennifer Gee, Paquita Hoeck, Margarita Ramos-Womack (researchers); David Stern, Lukas Keller, Arkhat Abzhanov (supervisors) Affiliated Institutions: Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton University; Zoologisches Museum, Universität Zürich Period: 2005-2009

Peter Grant is ‘Class of 1877’ Professor of Zoology and Professor of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology (Emeritus) at Princeton University. Rosemary Grant is Emeritus Professor and Senior Research Biologist in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at Princeton University. With their second half of the Balzan Prize, the Grants financed four lines of research concerned with mate choice and speciation in species of Drosophila; inbreeding and disease in small populations of Galápagos mockingbirds; the molecular basis of species-specific craniofacial patterning in birds; and beak development in an unusual Darwin’s finch species, the warbler finch.

For the first line, Margarita Ramos addressed the genetic bases and adaptive significance of morphological evolution in Drosophila by focusing on the pigmentation differences between Drosophila yakuba and Drosophila santomea. She developed and applied a technique for identifying the individual genes responsible for abdominal pigment differences between species. The laboratory research was supervised by Dr. David Stern at Princeton University.

As for the second, Paquita Hoeck tested the hypothesis that reduced genetic variation due to inbreeding lowers the ability of small and inbred populations to respond to infectious diseases. For this purpose, four allopatric species of mockingbirds on the Galápagos Islands were studied, and the genetic variability in populations of different size was determined by using neutral genetic markers (microsatellites). The positive

190 results are of direct importance to the conservation management of the endangered Floreana mockingbird species. This research was supervised by Dr. Lukas Keller at Universität Zürich.

The third line of research was taken up by then postdoctoral fellow Céline Clabaut, who studied the molecular basis of craniofacial patterning in Darwin’s medium ground finches of the Galápagos Islands under the direction of Dr. Arkhat Abzhanov at Harvard University. The main aim of Céline Clabaut’s Balzan Foundation fellowship was to study the genetic basis of species-specific Bmp4 expression. Together, they were able to (1) show that the Bmp4 coding sequence in Darwin’s Finches is too conserved to be responsible for the species specific expression of Bmp4; (2) start the analysis of cis-regulatory changes; and (3) develop two powerful approaches to identify the enhancers: first, long-range detection of the enhancer activity with transgenic hybrid mice, and second, a more precise search using a lentivirus approach.

Finally, for the fourth line, Jennifer Gee (postdoctoral fellow) worked in the same lab as Clabaut, applying similar techniques to the investigation of differences between the warbler finch (Certhidea) and the ground finches (Geospiza).

A two-day Balzan Symposium Population Biology and Evolution, dedicated to the overall results of the project was held in September 2008 at Princeton University.

Publications

Grant PR, Grant BR. 2008. How and Why Species Multiply. The Radiation of Darwin’s Finches. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press. Grant PR, Grant BR., eds. 2010. In Search of the Causes of Evolution. From Field Observations to Mechanisms. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press. Grant P, Grant R. 2010. The First Annual Balzan Lecture: The Evolution of Darwin’s Finches, Mockingbirds and Flies. Florence: Leo S. Olschki. Hoeck PEA, Beaumont MA, James KE, Grant BR, Grant PR, Keller LF. 2010. Saving Darwin’s muse: evolutionary genetics for the recovery of the Floreana mockingbird. Biology Letters. 6: 212-215. Hoeck PEA, Bollmer JL, Parker PG, Keller LF. 2010. Differentiation with drift: a spatio-temporal analysis of Galapagos mockingbird populations (Mimus spp.) Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B. 365: 1127-1138.

191 Rebeiz M, Ramos-Womack M, Jeong S, Andolfatto P, Werner T, True J, Stern D, Carroll S. 2010. Evolution of the tan locus contributed to pigment loss in Drosophila santomea: a response to Matute et al. Cell. 139, (6): 1189-1196.

192 The Pierre Deligne Contest Pierre Deligne 2004 Balzan Prize for Mathematics

Balzan GPC Adviser: Jacques Tits Project Directors: Pierre Deligne, Victor Vassiliev (Co-Chairmen); Boris Feigin, Yuliy Ilyashenko (Vice-Chairmen); Yurii Burman (scientific secretary) Affiliated Institution: Independent University Moscow Period: 2005-2009 Website: http://www.mccme.ru/pdc/rules_e.html

Pierre Deligne is a Professor at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton NJ. He used the second half of his Balzan Prize to sponsor a competition for young mathematicians of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus. The Pierre Deligne Contest had the aim of helping young mathematicians to stay in their home countries to carry out scientific research. The contest winner was awarded a three-year research grant. Any person 35 or under who had a PhD in mathematics and lived in Russia, Ukraine or Belarus was eligible for the competition. Competitors had to provide a research statement, and grant recipients had to present an annual report with a summary of that year’s achievements and their plans for the following year. All papers submitted by grant recipients during the grant period were to mention partial funding from Pierre Deligne’s 2004 Balzan Prize in Mathematics.

Balzan funds were used to finance seventeen three-year research grants: five in December 2005; five in 2006; five in 2007; two in 2008. Since the grants were for three years, those awarded in 2008 continued until the end of 2011. Even though the funds were exhausted after the 2008 round, Pierre Deligne found the resources to prolong the awarding of grants through 2009.

Afterwards, the competition was continued by the Dynasty Foundation (Russia), until the demise of this Foundation in 2015.

193 Publications

The project resulted in over seventy publications. For a complete list see the Balzan website:http://www.balzan.org/it/premiati/pierre-deligne/progetto-di-ricerca- francese-deligne.

194 UCL Balzan International Fellowship Programme Michael Marmot 2004 Balzan Prize for Epidemiology

Balzan GPC Adviser: Werner Stauffacher Main Researchers: Rama Baru, Sergio Luiz Bassanesi, Eleonor Fransson, Alex Gaina, Philippa Howden-Chapman, Krisztina László, Gyöngyvér Salavecz, Nelly Salgado, Kavita Sivaramakrishnan, Adrienne Stauder, Maki Umeda Affiliated Institution:University College London Period: 2004-2016 Website: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/iish/fellowships

Michael Marmot is Director of the Institute of Health Equity, Director of the International Institute for Society and Health and MRC Research Professor of Epidemiology and Public Health at University College London, as well as Adjunct Professor in the Department of Society, Human Development and Health at Harvard University. As initiator of the era of social epidemiology and a pioneer in the development of a wholly new concept of preventive medicine, Professor Marmot is using half of his Balzan Prize for a new programme of international fellowships at University College­ London’s International Institute for Society and Health. The Institute was founded­ in 2007 to bring together strong individual research programmes on the determinants­ of health and well-being in society. Multidisciplinary and international in scope, the Institute is unequalled in offering opportunities for research and interdisciplinary research experience for young scholars. The international fellowships have two key objectives in Michael Marmot’s field of scientific interest: research experience in the social determinants of health and well-being, and the fostering of international net­ works of research and policy development. The aim is to develop the next cadre of re­searchers for the future and to benefit from the clear advantages that international col­laboration brings.

Visiting Fellows include: Dr. Kavita Sivaramakrishnan (Public Health Foundation of India) and Dr. Rama Baru (Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, India), who have published and given papers on the social determinants of health; Dr. Krisztina

195 László (Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary), who has published and given a paper on job insecurity and health in sixteen European countries; Dr. Nelly Salgado (Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica, Cuernavaca, Mexico), who has developed a short course on the Social Determinants of Health (with Tarani Chandola­ and Roberto De Vogli) for her Institute; and Dr. Alex Gaina (University of Toyama, Japan), who has submitted several papers and given presentations on the social determinants of child obesity and development using data from the Toyama Birth Cohort Study, and published work on maternal employment­ and child obesity in Japan; Dr. Sergio Luiz Bassanesi (Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, Brazil) who was a coapplicant on a successful application to the Economic and Social Research Council­ on spatial and social inequalities in health in Brazil and India; Dr. Adrienne Stauder (Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary), whose residency explored opportunities for increased data analysis of extant Central and Eastern European data on inequalities,­ the potential to develop collaborative database analysis and collaborative data collection, and the opportunities for new research questions on protective factors; Dr. Eleonor Fransson (Högskolan i Jönköping, Sweden), who worked on Whitehall II data, and more specifically, on the relationship between BMI/WHR and inflammatory markers,­ thereby developing her skills and increasing her international contacts; Ms. Gyöngyvér Salavecz (Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, Hungary), who worked on the cross cultural consistency of associations between positive effect and cortisol and heart rate variability, did training, increased collaboration between UCL, Princeton and Semmelweis Egyetem, and published a paper on work stress and poor health in Western European and in post-communist countries; Professor Philippa Howden-Chapman (University of Otago, Wellington, New Zea­land), who conducted discussions of housing as a neglected but crucial social determinant of healthy ageing and possibilities­ of housing conditions data collection in the ageing cohort studies at UCL; Dr. Maki Umeda (Department of Mental Health, University of Tokyo, Japan), who examined gender differences in the occupational gradient in mental health outcomes in Japan, and the role of job control and effort-reward imbalance in explaining these gender differences, and took data from the Whitehall II study back to Japan to continue the project’s collaboration and comparative work.

An end date for the project is set for 30 December 2016, with a review to extend it further in early December 2016.

196 Publications

László KD, Pikhart H, Kopp MS, Bobak M, Pajak A, Malyutina S, Salavecz­ G, Marmot M. 2010. Job insecurity and health: A study of 16 European coun­tries. Soc Sci Med. 2010 Mar. 70(6): 867-74. Salavecz G, Chandola T, Pikhart H, Dragano N, Siegrist J, Jockel KH, Erbel­ R, Malyutina S, Pajak, A, Kubinova R, Marmot M, Bobak M, Kopp M. 2010. Work Stress and Health in Western European and in Post-communist coun­tries: an East- West Comparison Study. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 64:57- 62. Gaina A, Sekine M, Chandola T, Marmot M, Kagamimori S. 2009. Mother em­ ployment status and nutritional patterns in Japanese junior high schoolchildren. International Journal of Obesity. 33(7): 753-7. Baru RV, Sivaramakrishnan K. 2007. The Commission on Social Determinants of Health: Mainstreaming Social Inequalities in Public Health Education in India. The National Medical Journal of India. 22 (1): 33-4.

197 Cosmic Formation and the Evolution of Galaxies and Massive Black Holes Richard Genzel 2003 Balzan Prize for Infrared Astronomy

Balzan GPC Adviser: Per Olof Lindblad Main Researchers: Avishai Dekel, Christopher McKee, Eliot Quataert, Amiel Sternberg Graduate Students: Natascha Förster-Schreiber, Kristen Shapiro Affiliated Institutions: Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik (MPE); University of California, Berkeley Period: 2003-2010

Richard Genzel is Director of the Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik in Garching, Germany. Genzel’s projects supported by Balzan funds aimed to explore how the connection between the evolution of central black holes and galaxies came about, what physical processes were involved and when the local black hole/galaxy mass relationship was established. They also investigated how massive galaxies like the Milky Way were formed and what the role of galaxy collisions and mergers in the assembly of galaxies was, including the mechanisms leading to the fuelling of the most luminous quasars. This was done by using instruments his team had developed for ground-based, airborne and space telescopes. In particular, the second part of the Balzan Prize was used to strengthen the interaction between the experimental/ observational group at the Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik (MPE) and several theoretical and interpretative research groups, in particular, the University of California, Berkeley (USA) and the University of Tel Aviv (Israel), by supporting scientific exchange and providing short-term support for collaborative research, specifically carried out by young scientists.

One highlight of the research supported in part by Balzan funds was a new major effort using the MPE-developed SINFONI near-infrared integral field spectrometer (at the ESO-VLT) for the first-ever survey of the kinematics of massive star forming

198 galaxies at redshift ~2, approximately 3 billion years after the Big Bang. This ground­ breaking survey, called SINS, was highly successful and provided key insights into the evolution of stars forming galaxies at that epoch. It become clear that large disks comparable in mass to the modern Milky Way already existed at that time, but with substantially different physical properties. These observations, in conjunction with theoretical work by other groups in Israel and California, led to a significant shift in thought on how massive galaxies formed and evolved during this epoch. The SINFONI observations suggest that, rather than major mergers, rapid and continuous accretion of gas from the dark matter halos (the so-called ‘cold flows’) may have dominated the mass assembly of massive galaxies. This very ambitious, unique survey led to the publication of a number of papers, including a milestone article in Nature in 2006.

The Balzan funds helped to provide seed funding for the support of young researchers at MPE, and to stimulate international collaboration. Dr. Natascha Förster-Schreiber, hired at MPE (in part by Balzan funds), became the leading scientist of the SINS survey, and her outstanding work led to the prestigious Minerva MPG Fellowship (an independent research position funding a small research group for five years) in 2007. In Tel Aviv, a research group led by Professor Amiel Sternberg also carried out active work on this project. The seed funding by the Balzan Foundation led to the award of prestigious Deutsch-Israelische Projektkooperation (DIP) funding by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG). The DIP funding allowed MPE- Israel collaboration to include the theoretical group of Professor Avishai Dekel at Hebrew University, Jerusalem. Balzan funding also supported scientific research and international exchange in galaxy formation/evolution at the University of California, Berkeley, mainly with Professors Christopher McKee and Eliot Quataert, while also including graduate student Kristen Shapiro, who spent part of her time at Berkeley and part at MPE.

Publications

Bouché N et al. 2010. The Impact of cold gas accretion above a mass floor on galaxy scaling relations. The Astrophysical Journal. 718: 1001-1018. Bouché N et al. 2007. Dynamical properties of z ~ 2 star-forming galaxies and a uni­ versal star formation relation. The Astrophysical Journal. 671: 303-309. Cresci G. 2009. The SINS Survey: Modeling the Dynamics of z ~ 2 Galaxies and the High-z Tully Fisher Relation. The Astrophysical Journal. 697: 115-132.

199 Förster-Schreiber NM et al. 2006. SINFONI integral field spectroscopy of z ~ 2 UV se­lected galaxies: rotation curves and dynamical evolution. The Astrophysical Jour­nal. 645: 1062-1075. Förster-Schreiber NM et al. 2009. The SINS Survey: SINFONI integral field spectroscopy of z ~ 2 star-forming galaxies. The Astrophysical Journal. 706: 1364- 1428. Genzel R et al. 2006. The rapid formation of a large rotating disk galaxy three billion years after the Big Bang. Nature. 442: 786-789. Genzel R et al. 2008. From rings to bulges: Evidence for rapid secular galaxy evolution at z ~ 2 from integral field spectroscopy in the SINS Survey. The Astrophysical Journal. Genzel R. 2009. Astrophysics: Galaxies in from the cold. Nature. 457: 388-389. Nesvadba NPH et al. 2006. Lyman break galaxies under a microscope: the small-scale dynamics and mass of an arc in the Cluster 1E 0657-56. The Astrophysical Journal.­ 650: 661-668.

200 Evolution of Gene Regulation and Regulatory Modules in Yeast Wen-Hsiung Li 2003 Balzan Prize for Genetics and Evolution

Balzan GPC Adviser: John Krebs Main Researchers: Y.-W. Chang, F.-G. R. Liu, E. Marland, Anuphap Prachumwat, H.-M. Sung Affiliated Institution:The University of Chicago Period: 2003-2011

Wen-Hsiung Li is James Watson Professor in the Department of Ecology and Evolution at the University of Chicago.

The development and the physiology of an organism are controlled by genes. For this purpose a gene must be turned on or off at the right time and under the right conditions, and when it is on, the level of its expression must be appropriate; otherwise, the organism can become sick or even die. The turn-on and -off and the level of expression of a gene are called gene regulation. Hence, evolutionary change in gene regulation, or regulatory evolution, is important for the morphological or physiological differences between organisms. Wen-Hsiung Li chose budding yeast as the model organism to study gene regulation because its genetics and molecular biology are well understood and it is experimentally much easier to manipulate than higher organisms.

The purpose of Wen-Hsiung Li’s project was to study how the regulation of yeast genes have evolved over time. Instead of looking at one gene at a time, the aim was to look at a group of genes (or regulatory module) subject to the same or similar regulation at the same time.

Publications

Marland E, Prachumwat A, Maltsev N, Gu Z, Li W-H. 2004. Higher gene duplicabilities for metabolic proteins than for non-metabolic proteins in yeast and E. coli. J. Mol. Evol. 59:806-814.

201 Prachumwat A, Li W-H. 2006. Protein Function, Connectivity, and Duplicability in Yeast. Mol. Biol. Evol. 23:30-39. Chang Y-W, Liu F-GR, Yu N, Sung H-M, Yang P, Wang D, Huang C-J, Shih M-C, Li W-H. 2008. Roles of cis- and trans-changes in the regulatory evolution of genes in the gluconeogenic pathway in yeast. Mol. Biol. Evol. 25: 1863-1875. Prachumwat A, Li WH. 2008. Gene number expansion and contraction in vertebrate genomes with respect to invertebrate genomes. Genome Research. 18: 221-232.

202 Genomic Analysis of Eye Development Walter Gehring† 2002 Balzan Prize for Developmental Biology

Balzan GPC Adviser: Nicole Le Douarin Project Directors or Main Researchers: Lydia Michaut, Sandra Cottet Affiliated Institution: Biozentrum, Universität Basel Period: 2002-2008 Website: http://eyes-on-chips.webiro.ch

Walter Gehring† was Emeritus Professor at the Biozentrum of the Universität Basel. The second half of his Balzan Prize was used for postdoctoral support for Lydia Michaut, now an expert in the genomic analysis of DNA chips (microarrays), to study eye development and eye diseases.

Insects and vertebrates have different types of eye, but the same genes are involved in the early stages of development. This project used a special model system based on the fact that there is only one gene, PAX-6, at the outset of eye development, and that in some cases insects can form eyes on extremities. A total of 154,000 individual measurements of genetic activities was conducted. By introducing and activating PAX-6 in certain cells of the fly, Professor Gehring’s team was able to initiate the development of eyes in places where they would not normally be expected to grow, which is an ideal system for identifying the genes that only occur in relation to eye development. Comparing the differences in gene activity patterns between normal fly legs and those with PAX-6 induced eyes reveals which genes are involved in eye development. To understand how the activity of identical genes can lead to the development of different eye types, it is essential to know how the relevant genes behave.

Michaut’s first round of genomic analysis of Drosophila eye showed that the number of genes activated in the eye increases dramatically as an insect develops, but that the functions of the activated genes vary considerably (Michaut et al., 2003). At a later stage, in collaboration with the Institut de Recherche en Ophtalmologie in Sion, she

203 then analyzed the gene response in the retina of a mouse model of Leber’s congenital amaurosis, an early onset form of retinitis pigmentosa that results in blindness or severely impaired vision in children. Mutations in seven different genes, one of which is called RPE 65, have been associated with this disease. Together with Sandra Cottet, Michaut studied mice mutants lacking RPE 65, using high density microarrays to compare gene expression in the retina of normal and RPE 65-deficient mice, and identified the secondary defects which lead to the death of the photoreceptor cells in the retina. These gene products can serve as potential targets to screen for protective drugs or compounds which limit cell death in the retina (Cottet et al., 2006).

To allow general and easy access of these expression data in mouse and fly eyes, Lydia Michaut set up a searchable database where Drosophila and mouse gene expression profiles in the eye can be easily queried and visualized (Eyebase).

Publications

Cottet S, Michaut L, Boisset G, Schlecht U, Gehring WJ, Schorderet DF. 2006. Biological characterization of gene response in Rpe65-/- mouse model of Leber’s congenital amaurosis during progression of the disease. The FASEB Journal. 20: 2036-2049. Kobayashi M, Michaut L, Ino A, Honjo K, Nakajima T, Maruyama Y, Mochizuki H, Ando M, Ghangrekar I, Takahashi K, Saigo K, Ueda R, Gehring WJ, Furukubo- Tokunaga K. 2006. Differential microarray analysis of Drosophila mushroom body transcripts using chemical ablation. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 103: 14417-14422. Michaut L, Flister S, Neeb M, White K, Certa U, Gehring WJ. 2003. Analysis of the eye developmental pathway in Drosophila using DNA microarrays. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 100: 4024-4029.

204 A Geodynamic Research Team in Aix-en-Provence Xavier Le Pichon 2002 Balzan Prize for Geology

Balzan GPC Advisers: Eugen Seibold, Enric Banda Main Researchers: Louis Andréani, Nicolas Flotté, Youri Hamon, Laurent Husson, Charlotte Le Roy, Jing-Yi Lin, Nicolas Loget Affiliated Institution: Collège de France Period: 2002-2008

Xavier Le Pichon is Honorary Professor at the Collège de France. Le Pichon’s research team moved to the Université Paul Cézanne, Aix-Marseille III, to establish a new branch of the Collège de France there in 2003, and the second­ part of the Balzan Prize was used in part to finance new scientific equipment. In addition, it was used to complement post-doctoral salaries and to finance geological field work.

Two projects featured young researchers funded by the Balzan Prize. The first concerned the tectonics of the Western Gulf of Mexico and was the result of cooperation with oil companies over four years. Young researchers Flotté, Husson, Le Roy and Andréani published the results of their re­search in a special issue of the Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, co-published with the American Association of Petroleum Geology (2008). The main result of the project is to have established that this continental margin, which was thought to be inactive since the Jurassic period, has instead been affected by active tectonics in the last 30 million years.

The second project concerned the geodynamics of the Provence basin, and results were also pub­lished as a special issue of the Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. Young researchers Flotté, Husson, Hamon, Lin, Andréani and Loget established that the so-called alpine tectonics is the result of en masse gravity­ gliding of the thick Triassic salt layer, which occurred when the Alps were uplifted during the Miocene epoch.

205 Publications

Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 179, 2, 2008. Contributions from Andréani, Flotté, Hamon, Husson, Le Pichon and Le Roy. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France. 181, November 2010. Contributions from Andréani, Flot­té, Hamon, Le Pichon, Lin and Loget.

206 Neuronal Organization of the Brain and Cognitive Functions Jean-Pierre Changeux 2001 Balzan Prize for Cognitive Neurosciences

Balzan GPC Adviser: Nicole Le Douarin Main Researchers: Nicolas Champtiaux, Stanislav Dehaene, Philippe Faure, Thomas Gisiger, Sylvie Granon, Zhi-Yan Han, Corentin Le Magueresse, Nicolas Le Novère, Jérôme Sallette Affiliated Institution: Institut Pasteur Period: 2001-2007

Jean-Pierre Changeux is Professor Emeritus at the Institut Pasteur and Honorary Professor of the Collège de France. In his research, Changeux was mainly concerned with the study of the correlation of cognitive functions and the molecular aspects of cerebral activity. His laboratory was the first to activate the genes of neuronal nicotinic receptors and to study the consequences they might have on human behaviour. Jean- Pierre Changeux used the second half of his Balzan Prize to con­tinue and diversify this research at the Récepteurs et Cognition unit of the Institut Pas­teur. General overviews of this research are contained in the publications listed below. In the Nature Reviews Neuroscience article, Changeux reviews studies in transgenic mice that started to reveal which nicotine receptor subunits mediate the effects of nicotine on behavior, cognition and addiction,­ thus forming therapeutic targets for nicotine addiction.

Main Publications

Changeux J-P, Edelstein SJ. 2005. Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors: From Molecular Biology to Cognition. Paris-New York: Editions Odile Jacob. Changeux J-P. 2010. Nicotine addiction and nicotinic receptors: lessons from genetically­ modified mice. Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

207 Research on the Mechanisms Governing the Climate System Claude Lorius 2001 Balzan Prize for Climatology

Balzan GPC Adviser: Enric Banda Main Researchers: Project 1) Jean Jouzel, Senior Researcher; Project 2) Joel Savarino, Senior Researcher; Project 3) Jean Robert Petit; Project 4) Dominique Raynaud, Senior Researcher Affiliated Institution: CNRS, Grenoble Period: 2001-2008

Claude Lorius is Director Emeritus of Research at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) in Grenoble. With the second half of his prize, Lorius financed four projects involving research on the mechanism governing the climate system: 1) Antartic Palaeo-temperatures and Antarctic climate mechanisms: cross-use of water isotopes (_D, _18O) and air isotopes (_15N, _40Ar); 2) Climate and atmospheric chemistry: Constraints due to isotopes of oxygen and sulphur; 3) Study of impurities in the ice: aerosols and organic content; 4) Record of atmospheric CO2 during Stage 11, 400,000 years ago. Resulting publications contributed significantly to the awareness of the importance of the impact of current global warming on the degradation of the earth’s atmosphere.

Publications

The projects resulted in approximately fifty articles in scientific journals by researchers Jean Jouzel, Joel Savarino, Jean Robert Petit and Dominique Raynaud. A complete listing can be downloaded from the Balzan site: http://www.balzan.org/en/ prizewinners/claude-lorius/research-project-french-lorius.

208 Indices

209 INDEX OF BALZAN PRIZEWINNERS’ RESEARCH PROJECTS

2015 Hans Belting (Germany) History of European Art (1300-1700) Iconic Presence: Images in Religion Pag. 17 Francis Halzen (Belgium/USA) Astroparticle Physics including neutrino and gamma-ray observation Balzan Fellowship Programme for a Postdoctoral Researcher » 71 David Michael Karl (USA) Oceanography Microbial Processes at Ocean Station ALOHA » 73 Joel Mokyr (USA/Israel) Economic History Global and Quantitative Economic History » 20

2014 Ian Hacking (Canada) Epistemology and Philosophy of Mind Styles of Reasoning » 23 Dennis Sullivan (USA) Mathematics (pure/applied) Computing Three Dimensional Fluids » 76 David Tilman (USA) Basic/applied Plant Ecology Biodiversity: Causes, Consequences and Conservation » 78 Mario Torelli (Italy) Classical Archaeology Ancient Sanctuaries of the Area of Etruria and Lazio: Religious and Cultural Interference » 27

2013 Alain Aspect (France) Quantum Information Processing and Communication Quantum Information Processing and Communication: Quantum Information with Photons and Atoms » 81 Manuel Castells (USA/Catalonia) Sociology The Cultural and Social Dimensions of the Economic Crisis 2008-2014. Financial Cultures, Human Suffering and Social Protests » 35 Pascale Cossart (France) Infectious Diseases: basic and clinical aspects Epigenetics and Bacterial Infections: The Role of a Novel Histone Deacetylase SIRT2 » 83

211 André Vauchez (France) Medieval History The Cult of the Saints in the West in the Latter Centuries of the Middle Ages. Research on Shrines and Religious Life in France and Italy Pag. 45

2012 David Charles Baulcombe (UK) Epigenetics Further Investigation of Epigenetics in Hybrids and Evolution » 84 Ronald M. Dworkin (USA) Jurisprudence Dworkin-Balzan Fellowship Programme » 49 Kurt Lambeck (Australia/The Netherlands) Solid Earth Sciences, with emphasis on interdisciplinary research Sea-level Change during Glacial Cycles » 86 Reinhard Strohm (UK/Germany) Musicology Towards a Global History of Music » 53

2011 Bronislaw Baczko (Switzerland/Poland) Enlightenment Studies A Critical Dictionary of Utopia in the Century of the Enlightenment » 62 Peter Robert Lamont Brown (USA/Ireland) Ancient History (The Graeco-Roman World) Figures in a Landscape: Topography and Hagiography in the World of Syriac Christianity » 65 Russell Scott Lande (UK/USA) Theoretical Biology or Bioinformatics Theories of Quantitative Character Evolution and Stochastic Population Dynamics » 89 Joseph Ivor Silk (USA/UK) The Early Universe (From the Planck Time to the First Galaxies) An Oxford New College-Johns Hopkins Centre for Cosmological Studies » 92

2010 Manfred Brauneck (Germany) The History of Theatre in All Its Aspects The Role of the Independent Theatre in Contemporary European Theatre: Structural and Aesthetic Changes » 101 Carlo Ginzburg (Italy) European History (1400-1700) A Comparative Approach to Religions. A Historical Perspective - from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries » 104

212 Jacob Palis (Brazil) Mathematics (pure and applied) Dynamical Systems, Chaotic Behaviour – Uncertainty, Linear Cocycles and Lyapunov Exponents Pag. 157 Shinya Yamanaka (Japan) Stem Cells: Biology and Potential Applications Stem Cells: Biology and Potential Applications » 161

2009 Terence Cave (UK) Literature since 1500 The Balzan Interdisciplinary Seminar: Literature as an Object of Knowledge » 106 Michael Grätzel (Switzerland/Germany) The Science of New Materials Improving the Performance of the Dye Sensitized Solar Cell (DSC) » 165 Brenda Milner (Canada/UK) Cognitive Neurosciences Hemispheric Interaction in Cognitive Processes » 168 Paolo Rossi Monti (Italy) History of Science Cosmology and Physics, Memory and Emotions: Research on the History of Science » 109

2008 Wallace S. Broecker (USA) The Science of Climate Change Past Patterns of Precipitation and Earth Temperature » 170 Maurizio Calvesi (Italy) The Visual Arts since 1700 Three Research Projects on the Visual Arts in Italy » 112 Ian H. Frazer (Australia/UK) Preventive Medicine Immune Regulation and Therapeutic Immunisation » 172 Thomas Nagel (USA/Serbia) Moral Philosophy Philosophical Aspects of Global Order » 115

2007 Bruce Beutler (USA) and Jules Hoffmann (France/Luxembourg) Innate Immunity Endogenous Activators of Inflammation in Insects and Mammals » 174 Rosalyn Higgins (UK) International Law since 1945 Oppenheim’s International Law. A New Volume on the Law of the United Nations » 117 Sumio Iijima (Japan) Nanoscience Carbon Nanotubes: Structural Study and Applications in Biomedicine » 176 Michel Zink (France) European Literature (1000-1500) Three Objectives in the Studies of Medieval Literary Texts » 120

213 2006 Paolo de Bernardis (Italy) and Andrew Lange (USA) Observational Astronomy and Astrophysics An Experimental Investigation of the First Stages of the Formation of Cosmic Structures Pag. 177 An Experimental Investigation of CMB Polarization » 180 Ludwig Finscher (Germany) History of Western Music since 1600 History of the Trio Sonata - Catalogue Raisonné of the Tradition » 123 Elliot Meyerowitz (USA) and Christopher Somerville (USA/Canada) Plant Molecular Genetics Live Imaging of Cellular Differentiation in Shoot Apical Meristems and in Cellulose Synthesis » 183 Quentin Skinner (UK) Political Thought; History and Theory Balzan-Skinner Lectures and International Conferences » 125

2005 Peter and Rosemary Grant (USA/UK) Population Biology Evolution in Small Populations » 190 Peter Hall (UK) The Social and Cultural History of Cities since the Beginning of the 16th Century New Patterns of Urban Activity » 128 Russell Hemley (USA) and Ho-kwang Mao (USA/China) Mineral Physics New Directions in Mineral Physics: Multidisciplinary High Pressure Science » 186 Lothar Ledderose (Germany) The History of the Art of Asia Buddhist Stone Inscriptions in North China » 132 Heidelberg Colloquies in East Asian Art History » 131

2004 Pierre Deligne (USA/Belgium) Mathematics Pierre Deligne Contest » 193 Nikki Ragozin Keddie (USA) The Islamic World from the End of the 19th to the End of the 20th Century Women, Gender, and the Family in the Muslim World » 134 Michael Marmot (UK) Epidemiology UCL Balzan International Fellowship Programme » 195 Colin Renfrew (UK) Prehistoric Archaeology Two Lines of Research in Prehistoric Archaeology » 137

214 2003 Reinhard Genzel (Germany) Infrared Astronomy Cosmic Formation and the Evolution of Galaxies and Massive Black Holes Pag. 198 Eric Hobsbawm (UK/Egypt) European History since 1900 Reconstruction in the Immediate Aftermath of War: A Comparative Study of Europe, 1945-50 » 141 Wen-Hsiung Li (USA/Taiwan) Genetics and Evolution Evolution of Gene Regulation and Regulatory Modules in Yeast » 201 Serge Moscovici (France/Romania) Social Psychology The Social Representation of Marxism » 143

2002 Walter Jakob Gehring (Switzerland) Developmental Biology Genomic Analysis of Eye Development » 203 Anthony Thomas Grafton (USA) History of the Humanities Joseph Justus Scaliger (1540-1609) - Edition of the Correspondence » 147 Xavier Le Pichon (France/Vietnam) Geology A Geodynamic Research Team in Aix-en-Provence » 205 Dominique Schnapper (France) Sociology Social Integration in Modern Democratic Societies » 148

2001 James Sloss Ackerman (USA) History of Architecture James Ackerman Award » 151 Summer School in Applied Palaeography » 152 Jean-Pierre Changeux (France) Cognitive Neurosciences Neuronal Organization of the Brain and Cognitive Functions » 207 Marc Fumaroli (France) Literary History and Criticism (post 1500) The Comte de Caylus (1692-1765) and His Milieu: The Respublica Literaria » 153 Claude Lorius (France) Climatology Research on the Mechanisms Governing the Climate System » 208

215 Institutions A Accademia Clementina, Bologna, 112 Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome, 27, 28, 34, 109, 112 American Academy in Rome, 151, 152 American Academy of Arts and Sciences, 117 Argonne National Laboratory, 187 Australian National University, 54, 59, 86, 87

B Beth Mardutho Research Library, Syriac Institute, Piscataway NJ, 66 British Academy, 61, 106, 117, 140

C California Institute of Technology (Caltech), 177, 178, 180, 183 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 183 Carnegie Institution for Science, Washington DC, 183, 186 Geophysical Laboratory, 186 Centre for Conservation Biology (CCB), Trondheim, 89 Centre International de Recherche aux Frontières de la Chimie, Strasbourg, 174 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) Grenoble, 208 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifiqu (CNRS) Paris, 159 Centro Internazionale di Studi di Architettura Andrea Palladio (CISA), 151 China Agricultural University, Beijing, 78 City University of New York (CUNY), 76 Graduate School and University Center, 76 Collège de France, Paris, 120, 153, 157, 158, 159, 205, 207 Columbia University, New York, 21, 50, 121, 132, 141, 170 Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, 170, 171 Comer Science and Education Foundation, 170 Conseil Constitutionnel, France, 148 Cornell University, 95 Czech Masarykovy University, Brno, 17, 19 Center for Medieval Studies, Department of Art History, 17, 19

217 D Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), 199

E École des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 47, 63, 144, 146, 148 École normale supérieure (ENS) Paris, 87, 95, 153 Institut européen d’histoire de la République des Lettres – Respublica Literaria, 153 École Polytechnique, Palaiseau, 81 École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 165 Laboratoire de photonique et interfaces (LPI), 165 European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, 183 European University Institute, San Domenico di Fiesole (EUI), 125, 127

F Fondation Maison des Sciences de l’Homme, 143, 144, 148 Laboratoire Européen de Psychologie Sociale (LEPS), 143, 144 Réseau Mondial Serge Moscovici (REMOSCO), 143, 144 Fondazione Palazzo Albizzini Collezione Burri, Città di Castello (PG), 112 Fonds national suisse de la recherche scientifique, 121 Freie Universität Berlin, 17

G Georgetown University, Washington DC, 50 German Centre of the International Theatre Institute, Berlin, 101 Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, 161 Goethe-Institut, London, 102 Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt am Main, 60

H Harvard University, Cambridge MA, 21, 67, 151, 191, 195 Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 53, 55, 56, 60, 67, 199 Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, 131, 132 Högskolan i Jönköping, 196 Humboldt-Universität, Berlin, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 60 Institut für Musikwissenschaft und Medienwissenschaft, 53

218 I Imperial College London, 89, 90 Independent University Moscow, 193 Institut de France, Paris, 120, 153 Académie des Inscriptions et Belles-Lettres, 45, 122, 153 Académie Française, 153 Institut de Recherche en Ophtalmologie, Sion, 203 Institut d’Optique Graduate School (IOGS), Palaiseau, 81 Institut Henri Poincaré, Paris, 157, 158 Institut Pasteur, Paris, 83, 207 Unité des Interactions Bactéries-Cellules, 83 Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, 193 Institute of Health Equity, London, 195 Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Strasbourg, 174 Instituto de Matemática Pura e Aplicada (IMPA), Rio de Janeiro, 157, 158 Instituto Nacional de Salud Publica (INSP), Cuernavaca, 196 International Court of Justice, The Hague, 117, 118, 119 International Criminal Court, The Hague, 118 Istituto Nazionale di Studi sul Rinascimento, Florence, 109

J Jawaharlal Nehru University, Delhi, 195 Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, 92, 93, 94, 95, 126

K King’s College London, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 60, 61 Kobe University, 162 Kulturfabrik Kampnagel, Hamburg, 102, 103 Kyoto University, 160, 161 Center for iPS Cell Research and Application (CiRA), 161, 162 Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences (iCeMS), 161

M Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge MA, 168 Max-Planck-Institut für extraterrestrische Physik (MPE), Garching, 198

219 McGill University, Montreal, 168 Montreal Neurological Institute, 168 Medical Research Council (MRC), Swindon and London, 195 Meijo University, Nagoya, 176 Ministère de l’Éducation nationale, Paris, 153 Ministère de l’Enseignement supérieur et de la Recherche, Paris, 153 Musée de Lille, 153 Museum für Ostasiatische Kunst, Köln, 132

N National Institute for Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, 176 Research Center of Nanocarbon Materials, 176 National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, 57 NEC Central Research Laboratories, Kawasaki, 176 New York University, 49, 115 Northwestern University, Evanston IL, 20, 21, 22 Northwestern Center for Economic History, 20

O Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), Geneva, 118 Open University of Catalonia, Barcelona, 35, 39, 41

P Pomona College, Claremont CA, 135 Princeton University, 59, 65, 147, 190, 191, 193, 196 Public Health Foundation of India, Delhi, 195

R Ruprecht-Karls-Universtität, Heidelberg, 123, 131 Institut für Kunstgeschichte Ostasiens, 131

S Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla CA, 174 Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa, 104, 105, 109 Semmelweis Egyetem, Budapest, 196 Staatlichen Hochschule für Gestaltung, Karlsruhe, 17

220 Stanford University, 21, 26, 54, 58 Stiftung Universität Hildesheim, 59, 102, 103 Stony Brook University (SUNY), New York, 76, 158, 159

T Translational Research Institute (TRI), Brisbane, 172

U United Nations, New York, 117 Universidad de Buenos Aires, 59 Universidad de Guadalajara, 145 Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Brazil, 196 Università di Bologna, 63, 145 Università di Firenze, 43, 109 Università di Cagliari, 27 Università di Napoli “Federico II”, 74 Università di Perugia, 27, 28 Università di Roma “La Sapienza”, 27, 29, 31, 32, 46, 112, 177, 178, 180 Università di Roma “Tor Vergata”, 31 Università di Verona, 120 Universitat de València, 144 Universität Basel, 126, 203 Biozentrum, 203 Universität Bern, 55, 59, 63 Universität Hamburg, 93, 101 Universität Leipzig, 102 Universität Münster, 60 Universität Zürich, 53, 55, 57, 59, 60, 61, 123, 190, 191 Institut für Musikwissenschaft, 53, 55, 56, 57, 60 Zoologisches Museum, 190 Universität Wien, 53, 55, 56, 60 Institut für Musikwissenschaft, 53, 55, 56, 60 Universitatea din Bucureşti, 145 Université de Fribourg, 63 Université de Genève, 62, 63, 64, 109 Institut d’Histoire de la Médecine et de la Santé, 109 Université de Lausanne, 19, 63, 64, 165

221 Université de Montréal, 54, 57 Université de Neuchâtel, 63, 64 Université di Paris Ouest Nanterre, 45, 46, 51 Université de Provence, Aix-Marseille I, 145 Université de Toulouse II - Le Mirail, 148 Université Marc Bloch de Strasbourg, 148 Université Paul Cézanne, Aix-Marseille III, 205 Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 92 Institut d’Astrophysique, 92 Universitetet i Oslo, 108 Centre for the Study of Mind in Nature, 108 University College London, 49, 128, 195 The Bartlett School of Planning, 128 International Institute for Society and Health, 195 Institute of Health Equity, 195 University of British Columbia, 63 University of California, Berkeley, 35, 43, 50, 132, 183, 184, 188, 189 Energy Biosciences Institute, 183 University of California, Los Angeles, 38, 104, 134 University of California, San Francisco, 161 University of California, Santa Barbara, 78 University of Cambridge, 35, 57, 59, 81, 125, 126, 137, 170 Centre for Research in the Arts, Social Sciences and Humanities (CRASSH), 125 The McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 137, 138 University of Chicago, 159, 201 University of Edinburgh, 61, 126 University of Glasgow, 60 University of London, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 125, 126, 141 Birkbeck College, 141, 142 King’s College, 53, 54, 55, 56, 58, 60, 61 Queen Mary, 125, 126 School of Oriental and African Studies (SOAS), 59, 60 Warburg Institute, 57, 104, 147 University of Hawaii at Manoa, 73 Center for Microbial Oceanography: Research and Education, 73 ALOHA (A Long-term Oligotrophic Habitat Assessment), 73, 74, 75 University of Melbourne, 55, 59

222 University of Minnesota, 56, 60, 78, 80, 93, 170 University of Otago, Wellington, 196 University of Oxford, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 92, 93, 94, 106, 107, 126 Beecroft Institute of Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology, 92 New College, 92, 93, 212 St. John’s College, 106, 107 University of Queensland, 172 Diamantina Institute, 172 University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 35, 36, 38 Annenberg School of Communication, 35, 36, 37, 38 University of Tel Aviv, 20, 198 Eitan Berglas School of Economics, 20 University of Toronto, 23, 24 University of Toyama, Japan, 196 University of Washington, 94, 95 University of Western Ontario, 51 University of Wisconsin-Madison, 71, 94 Institute for Elementary Particle Physics, 71 Wisconsin IceCube Particle Astrophysics Center (WIPAC), 71, 72 University of York, 126

Y Yale University, New Haven CT, 21, 126 Young Foundation, London, 128, 129

Z

Zentrum für Literatur- und Kulturwissenschaft, Berlin, 17, 18 Zentrum für Theaterforschung, Hamburg, 101

223 People

A Batista, Rafael, 92, 93 Abramovici, Jean-Christophe, 63 Baulcombe, David Charles, 84-85, 212, Abric, Jean-Claude, 143, 145 241 Abzhanov, Arkhat, 190, 191 Baut, Luciana, 143, 145 Ackerman, James, 151-152, 215, 243 Beaurepaire, Pierre-Yves, 63 Afary, Janet, 134, 135 Beck, Melanie, 92, 93 Aikin, Randol, 180 Beck, Pierre, 186 Akande, Dapo, 117, 118 Becker, Anna, 125, 126 Amir-Ebrahimi, Masserat, 134, 135 Beckmann, Ricarda, 92, 94 Anderson, Miranda, 106, Bejan, Teresa, 125 Andréani, Louis, 205, 206 Bellagamba, Ugo, 63 Arnold, Carrie, 174, 175 Belting, Hans, 17-19, 211, 241 Arnwine, Justin, 65 Benedettini, Gilda, 27, 34 Aspect, Alain, 81, 211, 241 Benjamin, Ari, 186, 187 Aulisa, Immacolata, 45, 46, 48 Bennett, James, 65, 66 Avila, Artur, 158, 159, 160 Berberian, Houri, 134, 135 Avramopoulou, Eirini, 35, 43, 44 Berger, Michael, 174 Bériou, Nicole, 45, 46 B Bernier, Marc-André, 63 Babbi, Anna Maria, 120 Betea, Lavinia, 143, 145 Baczko, Bronislaw, 62-64, 212, 241 Beutler, Bruce, 174-175, 213, 242 Baer, Monika, 123 Bieri, Rebekka, 92, 94 Bähler, Ursula, 120, 121 Bianchi, Nicola, 20, 21 Bams, Alissa, 92, 93 Biasiori, Lucio, 104 Balleriaux, Catherine, 125 Blasius, Amanda, 174, 175 Ballone, Angela, 105 Block, Ned, 115 Banda, Enric, 73, 86, 170, 186, 205 Blumenthal, Antje, 172 Banet-Weiser, Sarah, 35, 36 Bobak, Martin, 197 Banks, Kathryn, 106 Bock, James, 180 Bar Schabo, Aram, 63, 66 Boesch Gajano, Sofia, 45, 46 Barkett, Claire, 186, 187 Boger, Dale, 174 Barone, Benedetto, 73, 74, 75 Bohlman, Andrea F., 53, 56, 58, 61 Baru, Rama, 195, 197 Bombarde, Odile, 121 Bassanesi, Sergio Luiz, 195, 196 Bonnefoy, Yves, 244

225 Bordes-Benayoun, Chantal, 148 Champtiaux, Stanislav, 207 Borri, Matteo, 109, 110 Chandiran, Aravind Kumar, 165, 166, Bosquet, Marie-Françoise, 63 167 Botley, Paul, 147 Chandola, Tarani, 196, 197 Bougard, François, 45, 48 Chang, Y.-W., 201 Boyd, Michael, 137 Changeux, Jean-Pierre, 207, 215, 243 Brandli, Fabrice, 63 Charansonnet, Alexis, 45, 46 Brauneck, Manfred, 101-103, 212, 242 Cheneau, Marc, 81, 82 Broecker, Wallace, 170-171, 213, 242 Chesters, Timothy, 106, 108 Brown, Peter R. L., 65-68, 212, 241 Chisolm, John, 92, 94 Brownsberger, Keenan, 186, 188 Chong, Yun-Chak, 115 Burman, Yurii, 193, Christov, Theodor, 125 Busino, Giovanni, 143 Cicchini, Marco, 63 Ciliberto, Michele, 109 C Ciomei, Sergio, 123 Cabibbo, Nicola, 165, 176 Citton, Yves, 63 Caby, Cécile, 45, 46 Clabaut, Céline, 190, 191 Cáceres-Piñuel, Maria, 53, 55 Clément, David, 81, 82 Cafà, Valeria, 151, 152 Cohen, Daniel, 186, 187 Cain, Louis, 20, 22 Cohen, Deborah, 63 Calella, Michele, 58 Cohen, Matthew A., 151 Calvesi, Maurizio, 112-114, 213, 242 Collet, Beate, 148, 149, 150 Calvo, Martino, 177 Colonna Filippone de Montagu, Stefano, Campos, P. H. F., 144, 145 112 Carlson, Thomas, 65, 66 Concina, Chiara, 12 Carrère d’Encausse, Hélène, 134, 148 Cook, Nicholas, 57, 58, 59 Carini, Andrea, 27, 34 Copp, Paul, 131, 132 Caso, Ramiro, 115 Corbellari, Alain, 120, 121 Castells, Manuel, 35-44, 211, 241 Cossart, Pascale, 83-85, 211, 241 Castonguay-Bélanger, Joël, 63 Cottet, Sandra, 203, 204 Castorina, Emanuele, 92, 95 Cox, Rosanna, 125 Catanorchi, Olivia, 109 Crane, Joelle, 168 Cave, Terence, 106-108, 213, 242 Crovisier, Sylvain, 158, 159 Celenza, Christopher S., 151 Crowe, Cameron, 76 Cerrone, Sofia, 27, 28 Currie, Gabriela, 53, 56, 61 Chai, Xiaoquin Jenny, 168 Curzietti, Jacopo, 112, 113 Chaibang, Adisorn, 183, 184

226 D Emiliani, Francesca, 143, 145, 146 Dambruoso, Alberto, 112, 113, 114 Engen, Steinar, 90 Datta, Rajul, 92, 95, 96 Espin, José, 20, 21 Davies, James, 23, 25 Davis, Anne, 186, 188 F Davis, Anthony, 65, 66 Fabbri, Natacha, 109, 110 Dawson, Hannah, 125, 126 Fantini, Bernardino, 109 De Bernardis, Francesco, 92, 95, 96 Farkas, Mirjana, 62 de Bernardis, Paolo, 177-179, 180, 214, Faure, Philippe, 207 242 Feigin, Boris, 193 DeBolt, Seth, 183, 184, 185 Feldman, David, 141, 142 Dechnik, Brenda, 86, 88 Ferente, Serena, 125 Dehaene, Stanislav, 207 Fernandez-Ardevol, Mireia, 35, 39 Dekel, Avishai, 198, 199 Ferrand, Jérôme, 63 Delacroix, Claudine, 45, 47 Ferrie, Joseph, 20, 22 Deligne, Pierre, 193-194, 214, 243 Ferrier, Luc, 45, 47 Dell’Omodarme, Francesca, 109 Ferrón, Sara, 73, 74 Delmas, Candice, 49, 51 Ferrone, Vincenzo, 63 de Melo, Wellington, 158, 160 Fialkov, Anastasia, 92, 95 Deuflhard, Amelie, 102 Finscher, Ludwig, 58, 123-124, 214, 242 Devaux, Céline, 89, 90, 91 Fiore, Camilla, 112, 113 De Vogli, Roberto, 196 Fiorini, Lucio, 27, 28, 34 Devriendt, Julien, 92, 94 Flotté, Nicolas, 205, 206 Di Miceli, Andrea, 27, 28 Förster-Schreiber, Natascha, 198, 199, 200 Dotson, Brad, 183, 184 Foletti, Ivan, 17, 19 Dressen, Angela, 151, 152 Fontaine, Laurence, 63 Dufestel, Xavier, 153, 154 Forelle, Michelle, 35, 36 Dugan, Zachary, 92, 95, 96 Fortunati, Vita, 63 Dunkley, Joanna, 92, 95 Franklin-Hall, Laura, 115, 116 Duval, Sylvie, 45, 48 Fransson, Eleonor, 195, 196 Dworkin, Ronald, 49-52, 212, 241 Frappat, Marie-Alice, 53, 61 Frazer, Ian, 172-173, 213, 242 E Freiburghaus, Gabriela, 123 Edwards, R. Lawrence, 170 Frith, Chris, 137, 139 Ehrard, Jean, 63 Frydman, Carola, 20, 21 Elliott, Thomas, 65, 66 Fukuyama, Hidehiro, 174, 175 Emami Meibody, Razieh, 92, 94 Fumaroli, Marc, 153-154, 215, 243

227 G Habibi, Farhang, 92, 95 Gabriel-Zamastil, Angharad, 53, 58, 61 Hacking, Ian, 23-26, 211, 241 Gaina, Alex, 195, 196, 197 HaCohen, Ruth, 58, 60 Galli, Ida, 146 Hall, Peter, 128-130, 214, 242 Gasparini, Patrizia, 120 Halldenius, Lena, 125 Gavalas, Giorgos, 137, 138, 139, 140 Hamon, Melanie, 83 Gee, Jennifer, 190, 191 Hamon, Youri, 205, 206 Gehring, Walter, 203-204, 215, 243 Han, Zhi-Yan, 207 Genewein, Claire, 123 Hannah, Tucker, 65 Genzel, Reinhard, 198-200, 215, 243 Hasenohr, Geneviève, 45, 46, 48 Georgakopoulou, Myrto, 137 Hattori, Cordélia, 153, 154 Ghys, Étienne, 76, 157, 237 Heisler, Marcus, 183, 185 Gibson, Nathan, 65, 66 Helberg, Natalie, 23, 24 Ginzburg, Carlo, 104-105, 212, 242 Helgeson, James, 106 Gisiger, Thomas, 207 Hemley, Russell, 186-189, 214, 242 Godfray, Charles, 73, 78, 89, 237 Hensel, Andrea, 101 Goldman, Jonathan, 53, 54, 57 Hernandez, Kevin, 186, 187 Golub, Camil, 115 Higelin-Fusté, Audrey, 63 Gosetti-Ferencei, Jennifer, 106 Higgins, Rosalyn, 117-119, 213, 242 Goulemot, Jean-Marie, 63 Hobsbawm, Eric, 141-142, 215, 243 Grafton, Anthony, 147, 215, 243 Hoeck, Paquita, 190, 191 Gramsch, Stephen, 187 Hoffmann, Jules, 83, 174-175, 213, 237, Granon, Sylvie, 207 242 Grant, Morag Josephine, 53, 56, 60 Howden-Chapman, Philippa, 195, 196 Grant, Peter, 190-192, 214, 242 Hsu, Shun-Pin, 115 Grant, Rosemary, 190-192, 214, 242 Hulton, Ana, 115 Grätzel, Michael, 165-167, 213, 242 Hung, Joy Chihyi, 115 Green, Felicity, 125 Husson, Laurent, 205, 206 Greeson, Daniel, 65 Gromelski, Thomasz, 125 I Grøtan, Vidar, 90 Iijima, Sumio, 176, 213, 242 Gu, Ying, 183, 184 Ilyashenko, Yuliy, 193 Gündüz, Eran, 148, 150 Imbruglia, Girolamo, 63 Gustafsson, Bengt, 71, 92, 237 Inowlocki, Lena, 148 Iodice, Nicola, 153 H Ionescu, Stefan, 115 Ha, Polly, 125 Ipek, Seyda, 92, 94

228 Irving, David R. M., 53, 54, 58, 59 Koo, Nahoi, 35, 36, 38 Irving, Zachary, 23, 24, 25 Kovac, John, 180 Isaac, Joel, 125, 126 Krebs, John, 168, 190, 201 Isbell, Forest, 78, 80 Krebs, Philippe, 174, 175 Krüger, Klaus, 17, 19 J Kukkonen, Karin, 106, 108 James, Maura, 186, 187 Kumari, Aradhana, 76 Jaquier, Claire, 63 Kuncevic, Lovro, 125 Jeż, Tomasz, 53, 55, 58 Kung, Andrew, 186, 187 Jia, Shu Bing, 53, 55 Jodelet, Denise, 143, 144 L Johnson, Cliff, 92, 95 Lamagna, Luca, 177 Johnson, Erin, 65 Lambeck, Kurt, 86-88, 212, 241 Joubert, Estelle, 53, 55, 58 Lande, Russell Scott, 89-91, 212, 241 Jouzel, Jean, 208 Lange, Andrew, 177, 180-182, 214, 242 Larrère, Catherine, 63 K László, Krisztina, 195, 196, 197 Kainulainen, Jaska, 125 Ledderose, Lothar, 131-133, 214, 242 Kalampalikis, Nikos, 143, 144, 145, 146 Le Douarin, Nicole, 161, 174, 203, 207 Kaloshin, Vadim, 158, 160 Lee, Daniel, 125 Kamionkowski, Marc, 92, 94, 96 Lefèvre, Sylvie, 121, 122 Kane, Adam, 65, 66 Lehman, Clarence, 78, 80 Karr, Susan, 125 Le Huérou, Armelle, 45, 47 Kaukinen, Anne, 174, 175 Le Magueresse, Corentin, 207 Keddie, Nikki Ragonzin, 134-136, 214, Le Novère, Nicolas, 207 243 Leonardi, Lino, 120 Keller, Lukas, 190, 191 Le Pichon, Xavier, 205-206, 215, 243 Keller, Maria, 23, 24 Le Roy, Charlotte, 205 Khazeni, Arash, 134, 135 Levedahl, Alexander, 186, 187 Kim, Jin-Ah, 53, 55, 60 Lewinsohn, Jed, 49, 50 Kiraz, George, 65, 66 Li, Haosheng, 23, 24 Klein, Denise, 168 Li, Wen-Hsiung, 201-202, 215, 243 Klein, Tobias Robert, 53, 54, 57, 58 Li, Wuxing, 183 Klemick, Griffin, 23, 25 Lifschitz, Avi, 125 Koch, Tine, 101 Lilti, Antoine, 63 Kocsard, Alejandro, 160 Lin, Jing-Yi, 205 Kolaiti, Patricia, 106 Lindblad, Per Olof, 177, 180, 198

229 Lintott, Chris, 92 Matthiae, Paolo, 27, 65, 137 Liu, F.-G. R., 201 Matyasi, Robert, 23, 25 Liu, Tao, 186, 187 Mazower, Mark, 141, 142 Loget, Nicolas, 205, 206 McKee, Christopher, 198, 199 Lojkine, Stéphanie, 63 McReynolds, Daniel, 151, 152 Longo, Umberto, 45, 46 Mellon Saint-Laurent, Jeanne-Nicole, Lorius, Claude, 208, 215, 243 65, 66 Losada, Alfonso, 115 Mendes Baiao, Helder, 64 Loubeyre, Louis, 186, 187 Mercier-Faivrè, Anne-Marie, 64 Loughlin, Thomas, 137 Mershon, Reed, 186, 188 Lütteken, Laurenz, 53, 57, 123, 124 Mesa, Juliana, 186, 187 Lyne, Raphael, 106 Meyerowitz, Elliot, 183-185, 214, 242 Lyubich, Michael, 158, 159, 160 Michaut, Lydia, 203, 204 Michel, Christian, 64 M Michelson, David, 65, 66 Mac Carthy, Ita, 106, 108 Milliot, Vincent, 64 Macioce, Stefania, 112, 113 Milner, Brenda, 168-169, 213, 242 Madurri, Manchali, 186, 187 Milstein, Oren, 174 Maiani, Luciano, 71, 81, 237 Misak, Cheryl, 23, 26 Maissen, Thomas, 20, 237 Mitchell, James, 53, 56, 61 Majeur, Robin, 63 Molinari, Luisa, 143, 145 Malafouris, Lambros, 137, 138, 139, 140 Molloy, Barry, 137 Maliks, Reidar, 125 Momigliano, Arnaldo, 104, 154 Mantena, Karuna, 125 Monterde, Arnau, 35, 39, 41, 42 Manzini, Ilaria, 27, 29, 30 Moretti, Anna Maria Sgubini, 27, 34 Mao, Ho-kwang, 182-189, 214, 243 Moreira, Carlos Gustavo, 158, 159, 160 March-Russell, John, 92 Morrison, Brigid, 86, 87 Margaritis, Evi, 137 Mortimer, Sarah, 125 Marková, Ivana, 144 Moscovici, Serge, 143-146, 215, 243 Marland, Elisabeth, 201 Motta, Mariele, 92, 93 Marmot, Michael, 195-197, 214, 243 Mout, Nicolette M.E.H., 109, 147 Marroni, Elisa, 27, 28 Moutafi, Ioanna, 137 Martin, Jean-Clément, 63 Mraz, Attila, 115 Masi, Silvia, 177 Müller, Sabine, 106 Masseau, Didier, 63 Murkherjee, Suvidop, 92, 94 Mattarollo, Steven, 172, 173 Murphy, Liam, 49, 50 Matteoli, Marco, 109, 110

230 N Pujals, Enrique, 158, 159, 160 Nagel, Thomas, 115-116, 213, 242 Pulcinelli, Fabrizio, 27, 31, 32 Naumenko, Natalya, 20, 21 Purcell, Anthony, 87 Nelson, Eric, 125 Nicolaci, Michele, 112, 113, 114 Q Nielson, Lisa, 53, 56, 61 Quataert, Eliot, 198, 199 Noorda, Hadassa, 49, 50 R O Racault, Jean-Michel, 64 O’Brient, Roger, 180, 181, 182 Ramos-Womack, Margarita, 190, 192 Okamura, Taro, 23, 24 Raphaël, Freddy, 148 Orfali, Birgitta, 143, 145 Rawson, Jessica, 132 Oudai Celso, Yamina, 109, 110 Raynaud, Dominique, 206 Ozkul, Basak Demires, 128, 129 Reades, Jonathan, 129, 130 Rebstock, Matthias, 103 P Recchia, Francesca, 129, 130 Paquette, Gabriel, 125, 126 Rees, Melissa, 24 Padoa Schioppa, Antonio, 49, 237 Reich, Orsolya, 115 Pajak, Andrzej, 197 Reichler, Claude, 64 Palis, Jacob, 157-160, 213, 242 Reinisch, Jessica, 141, 142 Panchakunathorn, Prach, 23, 25 Renfrew, Colin, 137-140, 214, 243 Panjwani, Aniket, 20, 21 Rentsch, Ivana, 123 Paoletti, Giovanni, 64 Reyes-Becerra, Olivia, 188 Paschoud, Adrien, 64 Richardson, Mark, 94 Pasquetti, Silvia, 35, 43, 44 Richter-Ibañez, Christina, 53, 56, 61 Pelckmans, Paul, 64 Ridoux, Charles, 120, 121 Pérez, Juan Antonio, 143, 144, 146 Rifkind, David, 151, 152 Petit, Jean Robert, 208 Rivera, Jaqueline, 186-187 Petrolini, Chiara, 109, 110, 111 Rohrbasser, Jean-Marc, 64 Piotrowska, Anna G., 55, 59, 60 Ronchi, Diego, 30, 31, 34 Plesch, Melanie, 55, 59 Rosdahl, Joakim, 92, 94 Polenta, Gianluca, 177 Rose, Maimon, 187 Pomian, Krzysztof, 64 Rosset, François, 62, 64 Porcher, Emmanuelle, 90, 91 Rossi, Federica, 151, 152 Porret, Michel, 62, 64 Rossi Monti, Paolo, 109-111, 213 Prachumwat, Anuphap, 201, 202 Rostaing, Corinne, 149, 150 Pucko, Kristina, 23, 24 Rostam-Kolayi, Jasamin, 134, 135

231 Rouby, Hélène, 86, 87 Shapiro, Kristen, 198, 199 Roza, Stéphanie, 64 Sharifi, Azadeh, 101 Rozsa, Viktor, 186, 187 Shirali, Mahnaz, 148, 150 Rüegg, Walter, 148, 153 Shissler, Holly, 134, 136 Ruini, Daniele, 120, 121 Shvidkovsky, Dmitry O., 112, 131, 151 Ruiz, Damien, 45, 46 Sider, Ted, 115 Sierhius, Freya, 125 S Silk, Joseph Ivor, 92-96 Sabisch, Petra, 101 Silvestrini, Gabriella, 64 Sæther, Bernt-Erik, 90 Sivakumaran, Sandesh, 117, 118 Saito, Hirohide, 161, 162, 163 Sivaramakrishnan, Kavita, 195, 197 Salatino, Maria, 177, 179 Skinner, Quentin, 104, 125-127, 214, Salavecz, Gyöngyvér, 195, 196, 197 237, 242 Salesky, Winona, 65, 66 Sloan, James G., 117, 118 Salgado, Nelly, 195, 196 Slyz, Adrienne, 94 Sallette, Jérôme, 207 Smith, Julia, 25 Santelli, Emmanuelle, 148, 149 Smith, Olivia, 106, 108 Santi, Fabrizio, 27, 31, 32 Smyth, Mark, 172, 173 Santos, Carlos Matheus, 158, 159 Soifer, Tom, 180 Savarino, Joel, 208 Somayazulu, Maddury, 187 Scheffler, Samuel, 50, 115 Somerville, Christopher, 183-185, 214, Schiffer, Stephen, 115 242 Schillaci, Alessandro, 177, 178, 179 Sora, Adriana, 115 Schimmelpfennig, Irene, 170, 171 Spiller, Henry, 53, 54, 57 Schnapper, Dominique, 35, 62, 148-150, Spitzer, Yannay, 20, 21 215, 237, 243 Squicciarini, Mara, 20, 21 Schneider, Nicola, 123 Stanton, Timothy, 125, 126 Schneider, Wolfgang, 102, 103 Stauder, Adrienne, 195, 196 Scholz, Gottfried, 53, 58, 60, 101, 123, 237 Stauffacher, Werner, 172, 195 Schmitt, Alexander, 125 Stern, David, 190 Schubert, Leo, 151, 152 Sternberg, Amiel, 198, 199 Seibold, Eugen, 205 Stevens, Katharina, 49, 51 Sellevold, Kirsti, 106, 108 Stierle, Karlheinz, 45, 106, 120, 153 Sen, Suddhaseel, 53, 54, 58, 61 Stoessel, Jason, 53, 54, 57 Serna, Pierre, 64 Stoichita, Victor, 217, 237 Serrano, Enrique, 39, 41 Street, Sharon, 115, 116 Shah, Samir, 76 Strevens, Michael, 115

232 Strohm, Reinhard, 53-61, 212, 241 Urchueguía, Cristina, 123, 124 Stroumsa, Guy, 104 Uulders, Hedzer, 120, 121, 122 Suarez, David, 23, 24, 25 Sun, Lei, 174, 175 V Sun, Ye-Ying, 86, 87 Valdez, Nichole, 187 Sung, H.-M., 201, 202 Valencia, Sylvia, 143, 144, 145 Suter, Peter, 83, 237 Van Damme, Stéphane, 64 Swartz, Lana, 35, 36, 37, 38 Van Miert, Dirk, 147 Van Montagu, Marc, 84, 183, 237 T Van Waijenburg, Marlous, 20, 21 Tahvanainen, Antti, 125 Vassiliev, Victor, 193 Takashi, Aoi, 161 Vauchez, André, 45-48, 212, 241 Tambakopoulos, Dimitris, 137 Veca, Salvatore, 3, 9, 23, 104, 115, 125, 237 Tanzili, Sébastien, 81 Velasco-Pufleau, Luis, 53, 56, 61 Tarantino, Giovanni, 104, 105 Viallet, Ludovic, 45, 47, 48 Tarr, Paul, 183 Viana, Marcelo, 158, 159 Terpstra, Taco, 20, 21 Vincent, Catherine, 45, 46 Théry, Laurent, 45, 47 Volpi, Caterina, 112, 113 Thoma, Johanna, 23, 25, 26 Vuillernin, Nathalie, 64 Thomas, Keith, 128, 141 Thompson, John, 35, 43, 44 W Tits, Jacques, 193 Titus, Barbara, 53, 56, 61 Waldron, Jeremy, 49, 50 Tohidi, Nayereh, 134, 135, 136 Walker, Margaret, 53, 56, 61 Torelli, Mario, 27-34, 211, 241 Wang, Lin, 186, 187, 188 Toret, Javier, 35, 39, 41, 42 Wang, Xianfeng, 170 Tourat, Caroline, 148, 149, 150 Wanzenried, Elisabeth, 123 Troscianko, Emily, 106 Wartemann, Geesche, 103 Tsai, Suey-ling, 131 Watkins, Kate, 168 Tsilaga, Flora, 142 Webb, Philippa, 117, 119 Tsuchida, Ami, 168 Weigel, Sigrid, 17, 18 Tufto, Jarle, 90 Weinrib, Jacob, 49, 50 Wenzel, Claudia, 132 U Westbrook, Chris, 81 Uhlemann, Cora, 92, 94 White, Elizabeth, 141, 142 Umeda, Maki, 195, 196 Wilde, Ralph, 117, 119 Unger, Peter, 115 Wildhaber, Luzius, 117

233 Wilfong, Brandon, 186, 188 Yella, Aswani, 165, 166, 167 Williams, Wes, 106 Yilmaz, Huseyin, 125 Wilson, Scott, 74 Yin, Hwang, 133 Witkowski, Przemyslaw B., 64 Yoccoz, Jean-Christophe, 157, 158, 159 Won, Sungyong, 174, 175 Yu, Jimin, 170 Wong, Sapphires Sin Ting, 115 Wray, Anthony, 20, 21 Z Wright, Crispin, 115 Zaidi, Waqar, 142 Zászkaliczky, Márton, 125 X Zeng, Charles Qiaoshi, 186, 187, 189 Xepapadakou, Avra, 53, 57, 60, 61 Zevi, Fausto, 27, 29, 31 Xiong, Heyu, 20, 21 Zhau, Yiling, 20, 21 Zimran, Ariell, 20, 21 Y Zink, Michel, 120-122, 213, 242 Yamanaka, Shinya, 161-164, 213, 242 Zuccari, Alessandro, 112, 113

234