Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences 4(3): 235-238, 2012 ISSN: 2041-0778 © Maxwell Scientific Organization, 2012 Submitted: June 27, 2011 Accepted: August 16, 2011 Published: April 05, 2012

Diversity of Marine from Three Mangrove Environment in Tamil Nadu Coast, South East Coast of India

G. Silambarasan, T. Ramanathan and K. Kathiresan Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai-608502, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract: Marine cyanobacteria were isolated from rhizosphere soil samples, of the three mangroves viz Parangipettai, Ariyankuppam and Mudasal odai mangroves south east coast of India. As many as 39 Cyanobacteria, belonging to 12 families were identified in which Oscillatoriaceae alone contributed (11). The species such as Oscillatoria cortiana, Oscillatoria salina, Oscillatoria tenuis, Oscillatoria formosa, Lyngbya major, Lyngbya confervoides, Lyngbya majuscule, Lyngbya mesotricha, Phormidium stagnina, Plectonema terebrans and Plectonema putuale and minimum in recorded only one species the species such as elongatus. Among the species Synechocystis salina, Oscillatoria salina, Phormidium ambiguum, Phormidium tenue, Spirulina major distributed all the mangroves.

Key words: Mangroves, marine cyanobacteria, physico-chemical parameters

INTRODUCTION mangroves Located at Parangipettai mangroves (Latitude 11º29! N and Longitude 79º46! E), Mudasal Odai Marine cyanobacteria have an ancient marine history mangroves (Latitude 11º28! N and Long 79º46! E) and which can be traced back almost three billion years ago in Ariyankuppam mangroves (Latitude 11º54! N and Long the fossil record during the precambrian period (Brock, 79º50! E) south east coast of India during the year October 1973). They are important primary producer, and without 2009. The mat was removed and suspended in a flask them no animal populations including fishes could exist containing filtered sea water. The flask was sufficiently in natural waters (Post, 1999). They are also called as blue agitated to detach the sand particles were allowed to settle green algae and are widely distributed in the natural down and the supernatant consisting of Cyanobacteria ecosystems such as land, soil, fresh water, oceans, was transferred to another 50 mL of filter sea water flask estuarine salt lakes, salt marshes and also in hypersaline and isolated under the aseptic condition using the marine salt pans (Fogg et al., 1973). They are one of the nutrient medium designed by (Rippka et al., 1979) and important coastal resources and constitute integral and modified by (Palaniselvam, 1998). The Marine nutrient major component of the microbiota in mangrove medium was prepared by adding the following ecosystem along the tropical coasts (Kathiresan, 2000; ingredients. Kathiresan and Bingham, 2001; Palaniselvam, 1995 Sakthivel, 2004). They colonize any submerged surface of Sea water - 750 mL Distilled water - 250 mL sediments, roots, aerial roots, branches and trunk of Magnesium sulphate - 0.04 g mangroves (Zuberer and silver, 1978; Kathiresan and Sodium nitrate - 0.75 g Bingham, 2001; Palaniselvam, 1998). However, the Sodium carbonate - 0.02 g cyanobacterial population of parangipettai mangroves in Dipotassium hydrogen relation to the environmental characters is not explored Orthophosphate - 0.02 g properly. In this context the present investigation was CaCl 2 - 0.02 g aimed to study diversity of marine cyanobacteria in Citric acid - 0.003 g rhizosphere soil of three mangroves. Ferric ammonium citrate - 0.003 g Ethylene diamine tetra MATERIALS AND METHODS acetic acid - 0.0005 g A5 micronutrients - 1 mL/L Sample collection, isolation and identification: The A5 micronutrients cyanobacterial samples were collected from the three Distilled water - 500 mL

Corresponding Author: G. Silambarasan, Faculty of Marine Sciences, Annamalai University, Parangipettai-608502 Tamil Nadu, India 235 Curr. Res. J. Biol. Sci., 4(3): 235-238, 2012

Boric acid - 1.43 g Table 1: Physico-chemical parameters of mangrove areas viz Manganous chloride - 0.95 g parangipettai, ariyankuppam and mudasal odai mangroves Zinc sulphate - 0.111 g Parameters Parangipettai Ariyankuppam Mudasal odai Temperature 32.5 31.5 33.52 Sodium molybdate - 0.0086 g Salinity (ppt) 31.5 30.5 34.45 Copper sulphate - 0.0395 g pH 8.10 7.1 08.20

The cyanobacterial sample was collected and diluted the subtle relationship between cyanobacteria and the G3 G5 G5 using sterile water to 10 , 10 , and 10 , respectively. environmental conditions within the mangrove ecosystem (0.1 mL) of the diluent was inoculated using pore plate of Parangipettai, Ariyankuppam and Mudasal odai method. The culture was incubated at 25±2ºC under mangroves. continue illumination (3,000 lux). Cyanobacterial species Non-heterocystous forms dominate in the saline were identified using the standard references environment and this finding is in accordance with many (Desikachary, 1959; Humm and Wicks, 1980). All the other workers (Thajuddin and Subaramanian, 1992; study was conducted in our Laboratory, Faculty of Marine Palaniselvam, 1998). Desikachary (1959) suggested that Sciences, Annamalai University. probably 20% of all known cyanobacteria occur in saline conditions and a majority of them are truly marine Analysis of physicochemical variables: Temperature (Thajuddin and Subramanian, 2002; Thajuddin and was measured by mercury thermometer 0.5ºC accuracy. Subramanian, 1991a; Nagarkar et al., 2000). However, it The pH was measured by using a calibrated pH pen is difficult to strictly segregate most of the cyanobacteria (Phep, Hanna instruments Mauritius Ltd., Portugal) with into marine and freshwater species as can be done with an accuracy of ±0.1. The salinity was measured by using other algal forms (Subramanian and Thajuddin, 1995). a hand refractometer (Atago hand refractometer, Japan). Thajuddin and Subramanian (1992) observed that 75 of The physicochemical parameters of samples were the species recorded from the southern east coast of India analyzed using the standard methods (Strickland and have originally been reported from freshwater sources by Parson, 1972). earlier workers (Biswas, 1949; Smith, 1950; Desikachary, 1959; Tilden, 1968; Humm and Wicks, 1980). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION In three mangrove areas 39 species have been recorded in the present study (Table 2), which belongs to The detailed of the environmental parameters 12 families. Among the families maximum was recorded prevailing in different mangrove waters is depicted in the in Oscillatoriaceae (11). The species such as Oscillatoria Table 1. The temperature was maximum with Mudasal cortiana, Oscillatoria salina, Oscillatoria tenuis, odai mangroves (33.52) in and minimum in Ariyankuppam mangroves (31.5). The pH was maximum Oscillatoria formosa, Lyngbya major, Lyngbya in mudasal odai mangroves (8.20) and minimum in confervoides, Lyngbya majuscule, Lyngbya mesotricha, Ariyankuppam mangroves (7.1). The salinity was Phormidium stagnina, Plectonema terebrans and maximum in (34.45) and minimum in Ariyankuppam Plectonema putuale and minimum in Synechococcaceae mangroves (30.5). Marine cyanobacteria constitute recorded only one species the species such as integral and major component of the micro biota in every Synechococcus elongatus. Among the species mangrove system (Potts, 1979, 1980; Hussain and Khoja, Synechocystis salina, Oscillatoria salina, Phormidium 1993; Kathiresan and Bingham, 2001; Palaniselvam and ambiguum, Phormidium tenue, Spirulina major Kathiresan, 2002; Sakthivel, 2004). Despite this seeming distributed all the mangrove areas. metabolic uniformity, their ecological diversity is remarkable; they occupy a very wide range of illuminated SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION ecological niches in terrestrial, marine, and freshwater environments. Most marine forms grow along the shore as Biotic and abiotic factors influence the distribution of benthic vegetation in the zone between the high and low cyanobacteria in marine environment. Basic knowledge of tide marks (Humm and Wicks, 1980; Ramachandran, ecological factors is important for understanding the 1982; Thajuddin, 1991b; Palaniselvam, 1995, 1998; ecology and biodiversity of cyanobacteria. Bearing this in Ramachandra Rao, 1994; Thajuddin and Subramanian, mind, marine cyanobaceria were studied from soil 2002; Kathiresan and Bingham, 2001). However, the samples, of the south east coast of India. As many as 39 cyanobacteria of Parangipettai, Ariyankuppam and Cyanobacteria, belonging to 12 families were identified in Mudasal odai are not explored properly. The present which Oscillatoriaceae alone contributed (11) species and chapter evaluates how the environment parameters of minimum in Synechococcaceae contributed only one cyanobacteria. An attempt has also been made to delineate species the species such as Synechococcus elongatus.

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Table 2: Diversity of marine cyanobacteria in three mangroves viz parangipettai, ariyankuppam and mudasal odai of south east coast of India Name of mangroves ------Name of the species cyanobacteria Parangipettai Ariyankuppam Mudasal odai Chroococcaceae Chroococcus tenax (Kirchner) Hieron. + ! + Chroococcus varius A. Br. + ! + Chroococcus turgidus (Kutzing) Nag + + ! Dermocarpaceae Dermocarpa leibleinea(Reinsch)Born.etThur. + !! Merismopediaceae Aphanocapsa littoralis Hansgirg + !! Merismopedia aeruginea Breb. !!+ Synechocystis salina Wislough + + + Microcystaceae Gloecapsa aeruginosa (Carm.) Kutz. ! + ! Microcystis litoralis (Hansg)Forti !!+ Microcystis aeruginosa Kutz + ! + Nostocaceae Anabaena torulosa Lagerh. ex Born et Flah. + + ! Anbaena variabilis Kutz. var. ellipsospora Fritsch + ! + Anabaena spharica Bornet et Flah.ault ! + ! Anabaena iyengarri Bharadwaja + ! + Oscillatoriaceae Oscillatoria cortiana Meneghini ex Gomont + !! Oscillatoria salina Biswas + + + Oscillatoria tenuis Ag. Ex Gomont + !! Oscillatoria formosa Bory ex Gomont + !! Lyngbya major ++ ! Lyngbya confervoides C.Ag.ex Gomont + ! + Lyngbya majuscule Harvey ex Gomont + ! + Lyngbya mesotricha Skuja ! + ! Phormidium stagnina + ! + Plectonema terebrans Bornet er Gomont + + ! Plectonema putuale (Kirchner) Hansgirg ! + ! Phormidiaceae Phormidium ambiguum Gomont + + + Phormidium tenue (Menegh.) Gomont + + + Phormidium fragile (Menegh.) Gomont. + + ! Phormidium valderianum (Delp.) Gomont + !! Trichodesmium erythraeum Ehrenberg ex Gomont + !! Pseudanabaenaceae Spirulina subsalsa Oerst.ex Gomont + + ! Spirulina major Kutz.ex Gomant + + + Rivulariaceae Calothrix brevissima + ! + Calothrix bharadwajae + ! + Dichothrix bauriana (Grun.) Born.et Flash. ! ++ Scytonemataceae Scytonema chiastum ! + ! Scytonema varium + !! Synechococcaceae Synechococcus elongatus Nag + + ! Xenococcaceae Myxosarcina concinna Printz ! + ! +: Present; -: Absent

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