W1€ southern afri o [ Vol. VII No.11 December 19741

NATO's New Allies In South Africa- A SPECIAL REPORT CONTENTS VOL. VII, No. 11 December 1974

Letters to the Editor 1. Feature: The Drift Towards NATO Intervention 4 in Southern Africa 2. South Africa 7 POLITICS Rallies and Crackdown Refugees Controversies inside the National Party Commission to inquire into Penal System South Africa exposes its Dishonesty Black Education Sports ECONOMICS France and South Africa-SPECIAL REPORT Iran/South Africa/France New Mineral Discovery South African Exports to Nordic Countries FOREIGN POLICY New International Strategies 3. Namibia Namibian Exiles to the UN 14 South African Schemes Business in Namibia UN, South Africa and Namibia Commissioner for Namibia wins Nobel Peace Prize Council for Namibia acts to Protect Natural Resources US Oil Company withdraws from Namibia 4. ZimbabWe 17 Action and Reaction: The Guerrilla Struggle Rhodesia Takes Hard Line 5. Portugal and Africa 19 ANGOLA From Independence in Two Years to Two Months Talk of Cabindan Independence Continues Update on July Riots FNLA Occupies Uige Coffee Region in Angola Coup Attempt in Angola MOZAMBIQUE Full Independence is Near Composition of the Transitional Government Inside Mozambique Mozambique's Neighbors REPUBLIC OF GUINEA-BISSAU The Consolidation of Independence: The Struggle Continues Inside the Cape Verde Islands SAO TOME AND PRINCIPE 6. Lesotho, Swaziland and Botswana 26 Lesotho Political Trial Lesotho Oil Drilling New Swaziland Currency Swaziland and the New Mozambique The Botswana Economy Botswana Politics 7. United States and Southern Africa 27 Portuguese President asks Ford for Aid South African Lobbyists urge Military Co-operation Two SA Government Officials visit Washington 8. At the United Nations 29 Imperialist Powers Veto Expulsion of South Africa Portugal Pledges Total Decolonization 9. Action News and Notes 30 UNITED STATES ECONOMIC "No Tourism to Rhodesia" Campaign Launched US Action to Stop Coal Imports from South Africa

DID YOU RENEW YOUR SUBSCRIPTION TO SOUTHERN AFRICA? POLITICAL/EDUCATION New YorkTimes wins in State Court INTERNATIONAL Australian Aid for African Liberation Movements Deputation to South African Ambassador LIBERATION SUPPORT BOYCOTTS, CAMPAIGNS, SANCTIONS BUSTING CHURCHES TRADE UNIONS SPORTS, CULTURE Books and Pamphlets Received Resources Update

Letters to the editor....

Southern African Collective: As a regular reader of Southern Africa, I commend you Liberaiton movements have been tremendously successful, on your efforts to publicize the plight of the people in Southern Africa's reporting must also reflect these Southern Africa and the heroic struggle they have been fundamental changes brought about by these movements waging for the last decade. against the forces of colonialism, neo-colonialism and True to their patriotic and militant history, the people imperialism. Since the declaration of independence by of Angola, Guinea-Bissau and Cape Verde, and Mozam PAIGC in Guinea-Bissau, one year ago, Southern Africa bique, have brought an end to Portuguese fascism and a still-on the front page map of Africa, shows Guinea new era in the African peoples' struggle against Colonial Bissau as a colony of Portugal. This is a serious error ism, neo-colonialism and imerpialism. which must be corrected. The victory achieved by PAIGC and FRELIMO is the I hope that when I buy the next issue, that this change outcome of correct political line and a reliance on the will be made so that the graphic image will reflect the people as the fundamental force behind the liberation objective condition of Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique. In struggle. The course they have chartered as well as those this manner, it will be both visually and ideologically clear people in other parts of the world who have successfully where the last bastion of imperialism and colonialism has achieved the final victory is a point of reference, a vantage entrenched itself. point from which one can draw lessons regarding the charting of ones own liberation. Sincerely, Given that the victories achieved by the African Fassil Demissie Oakland, California

OUR COLLECTIVE jose aica tshediso monnapula SOUTHERN AFRICA is published monthly, except for a-double ilsue eric arnould gail morlan July.August, by the New York Southern Afric Committee. Our two wendy aronoff don morton addrem are: Southern Africa Committee, 244 West 27U* Street, Fifth charlie ebel antonio neves Floor, New York, N.Y. 10001 and P.O. Box 3651, Ourham, North jennifer davis patricia nute Carolina 27702, 19191 682-7342 carolyn fleuhr-lobban marie orth-pallavicini lynn goodwin angela passaro All subscriptions run from January to December. Those readers peggy halsey dipankar ray subacribing later in the year will be sent back issues to January, or after janet hooper david robinson Juno, readers may opt for the 7 month subscriptlon. tami hultman susan rogers paul irish christine root bill johnston melba smith reed kramer tim smith richard leonard jinni stroman richard lobban john stroman edgar lockwood stephanie urdang mary mcanally mary lee wiley bill minter Cover: Collage of South African Military Activities ruth minter feature The Drift Towards NATO Intervention in Southern Africa

The North Atlantic Treaty Organization has now begun The drift towards intervention in southern Africa to develop direct military links with South Africa. NATO began many years ago. And the British Conservative Party has begun contingency planning for "war" and "crisis" establishment, reflecting the concerns and interests of situations in the southern African region. Influential British and other multinational corporations, has been the groups inside NATO are pressing for the use of the South leading force working for close ties with South Africa. Sir African facility of Simonstown as a NATO base. There has Alec Douglas Home, for instance, now shadow Foreign been a marked acceleration in joint air and naval Minister and an elder statesman of the Party, has been maneuvers, usually on a "bilateral" basis, between NATO pressing for years for the extension of the "NATO and South African forces. There is now open talk in umbrella" to southern Africa. The argument is usually Washington of the need for South African forces in a joint that the western countries must be able tO protect the western naval task force in the Indian Ocean. In addition Cape route, which carries 80 per cent of Europe's oil, in to all this, there has been an unusual intensification 'of the event of war. Those who have been involved in the political and military consultations between the NATO intensive lobbying for South Africa, however, know that powers and South Africa. the "Cape route" argument is little more than a The extension of Alliance activities into the southern smokescreen. South Africa's supporters have merely used hemisphere represents an important departure from past it as a way of presenting an apparently acceptable western defence policy. Western defences have until now argument for co-operation with that country. In private been organized around the protection of Western Europe they acknowledge that they are looking for ways to "come and North America. But the Ottawa Declaration, which to the assistance of our potential allies." The now was signed on the 25th anniversary of the Alliance in famous Conservative Commonwealth and Overseas Coun June, extended the scope of NATO. The NATO powers cil document of February 1970, for instance, spoke how formally recognize that events in "troubled areas of openly of the need to prepare for the "defence of the the world" outside the Treaty area are a matter of Cape Route and Southern Africa. intimate concern to them. The Alliance is thus beginning The second step was the organization of massive and to extend its defence activities openly into the Third persistent pressure within NATO itself to move towards World in order to protect what they see as their legitimate co-operation with South Africa. Again, this pressure was interests. This is making NATO into a formal imperial usually organized around arguments about "the Soviet defence organization. The new developments in southern maritime threat" in the Indian Ocean and the South Africa, which appear to have been influenced by the Atlantic. The South Africa lobby inside NATO came into collapse of Portuguese fascism, are the first clear signs that the open with the appointment in 1972 of a subcom NATO is prepared to move rapidly in this direction. mittee on this "threat" in the NATO Assembly. At its These new NATO moves are clearly very dangerous. annual meeting in the fall of that year in Bonn the They do not constitute, in and of themselves, massive Assembly passed Recommendation 22, which requested military backing for the South African regime in the the NATO Council to authorize contingency planning for confrontation with liberation forces. That is not the the protection of the Cape route. This was only a point. The real danger lies in the future. The first stage in recommendation by an advisory body of NATO parlia the liberation of southern Africa is now nearly over. In mentarians. But it was an important political step. For the next stage the direct military pressure on the Republic many knew that the real purpose of the recommendation will increase greatly. And South Africa will eventually was to carry NATO towards closer ties with Portuguese have to confront both external military pressure and colonialism and the Vorster regime. internal upheaval. If by that time NATO has had its way, The passage of Recommendation 22 elicited some if the more conservative forces in the Organization concern in a number of western parliaments and among predominate, the NATO powers will be faced with an other observers. Enquiries were made. Each time, how almost impossible dilemma. South Africa will have been ever, the answer was that nothing had happened, that no incorporated, on an ad hoc basis at least, into the western action had been taken. In early 1974 the truth began to defence system. This could make it exceedingly difficult come out. The authors of a report prepared for the United for the NATO powers to leave South Africa to the mercies Nations Committee on Decolonization discovered that the of fate. There will be a strong tendency to provide every NATO Defence Planning Committee had actually acted on possible assistance to the Republic, for it will by then be the Assembly's recommendation and that contingency seen as an ally. planning was well under way. They discovered, further This is, of course, exactly how the United States more, that consultations had taken place in early 1974 on became involved in Indochina. No one decided to fight a the means of implementing the recommendation. Senior major war on mainland Asia. But many small, or NATO officers were clearly indicating that once contin apparently small, decisions were made which eventually gency plans had been drawn up, NATO would have to made it impossible to avoid fighting one. proceed to bring adequate forces to a state of readiness if the Cape route was to be protected. And this, it was said, CIA in Congressional testimony earlier this year. (See the would necessarily involve South Africa. For no plan to New York Times, August 3, 1974.) Nonetheless, Mr. police the southern oceans or protect the Cape route Middleton was moving towards the obvious conclusion. could be implemented Without South African bases, This was that North Atlantic planners were moving communications facilities and even naval and air units. towards "the establishment of a working relationship with All these activities, as well as apparent plans for the South Africa on the protection of the (Cape) route". This future, remained secret until the spring of this year. It was means precisely what the Pentagon denied contingency hoped that the United, Nations Committee on Decoloniza planning rieant. It means that "the protection of the tion would publicly call attention to the matter and give southern oceans" must involve South African bases, some warning to those in a position to help prevent communications facilities and, probably, naval and air further military involvement with the white regimes. This units. Mr. Middleton speaks with authority and his article proved a vain hope. Western missions at the United must be seen as reflecting a view which the US Nations exerted direct pressure on the Secretariat and the Department of Defense is now prepared to see discussed report, notwithstanding the sympathetic reception from openly. certain delegations, was suppressed. What is surprising is that so far almost nothing has been In May, however, the report surfaced in the Dutch said about the matter by anyone in a position to raise parliament. There was a small storm in western European effective objections. And this despite the obvious lessons newspapers and a parliamentary enquiry was called for by of the collapse of Portuguese power in Africa and of the the Dutch. On 14 May the NATO press Secretary in tragic path of US involvement in Indochina. Brussels publicly admitted that SACLANT (Supreme Events are now moving very rapidly. It was revealed in Allied Command in tbe Atlantic) had in fact been secretly London on September 1 that the NATO Military authorized to proceed with contingency planning. He Committee, which advises Secretary-General Luns, has indicated at the time that SACLANT planners were taken a secret decision to negotiate with South Africa considering not only the possible options for NATO in about the use of Simonstown as a NATO base. The wartime but also the options in "crisis situations". Dutch Military Committee is headed by Admiral Peter Hill- members of parliament were unable to clarify the meaning of this term in the subsequent enquiry, despite the fact that both the Dutch Minister of Foreign Affairs and the Defence Minister provided full confirmation at the time of the facts revealed in the UN report. It is worth noting that the Department of Defense in Washington was denying the existence of any such plans at the very moment when a 'major row was developing in Europe. A real effort was being made, not only in the US but in Great Britain as well, to keep the whole affair out of the limelight. Western governments seemed to be very anxious to avoid the opprobrium of involvement in a tacit alliance with the white regimes. During the past summer the situation changed radical ly. Official spokesmen no longer tried to prevent discussion of the NATO commitment. They actually went out of their way to brief journalists and others on what was going on. More and more reports of NATO activities, of maneuvers with South African forces and of consulta tions with the South African military were accepted as a matter of course. Listeners and readers in western countries were increasingly exposed to the news that NATO was moving south. What was particularly striking was the apparent attempt on the part of western military circles to gather support for the extension of military commitments to South Africa. An article by Drew Middleton in the New York Times of July 24 provides a rather striking illustration of the point. Mr. Middleton is the Times defense correspondent, and he is close to the Pentagon. His article, entitled "NATO's Vulnerable Sea Lanes", makes a number of exceedingly important points. The first is that the "primary problem facing the Atlantic Alliance" is to ensure the supply of oil and essential minerals in the event of war. The second is that, because of this, the sea lanes around southern Africa from the Persian Gulf "have become the most important naval area in the world. " The third is that in the event of a "crisis", the "most likely development" would be "an undeclared war by Soviet shipping around the Cape of submarines against Western I - T I Good Hope." This last, of course, is sheer military nonsense and was described as such by the Director of the South African Troops: New NATO Allies' Formosa E c ___NVietnam Pacific i.

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Norton, former Commander of UK Combined Services, make Simonstown a NATO base seems at this time the and a strong advocate of closer relations with South most important issue. If those who now press for such an Africa. Hill-Norton, in fact, believes that the extension of arrangement are successful, South Africa will have a "NATO umbrella" to South Africa is absolutely achieved a major victory in its campaign to draw the essential to Great Britain and other European powers. western powers to its side as allies in the coming This move is being made at a time when conservative confrontation in the region. The recent Labour Govern circles in Britain have scbred more than one important ment decision to "abandon" the Simonstown agreement success in the battle for closer ties with the apartheid must be seen against the background of these negotia Centurion on the southern approaches. In August they tions. If the NATO Military Committee is successful, somehow persuaded the UK Cabinet Defence Committee then the Simonstown agreement naturally becomes to over-rule the Minister of the Navy, Frank Judd, and to redundant. British forces can always use the base under a authorize the Royal Navy to send a nine-ship force to NATO agreement as opposed to a bilateral one. There is a engage in joint maneuvers with South Africa. Judd had real possibility that the Labour Government, which is been able until then to resist pressures to undertake such known to be reluctant to break ties with South Africa, is maneuvers under the terms of the Simonstown agreement. trying to achieve a propaganda victory while protecting its South Africa, however, had threatened to terminate the flank, as it were, by permitting NATO to dig in where it agreement. In the last two weeks the Royal Navy has fears to tread. undertaken further maneuvers with South Africa, this Whatever happens, one thing is certain. The NATO time on a larger scale and with "informal" official powers, publicly and secretly, are developing a dangerous, hospitality. tacit alliance with South Africa. . A great deal else is happening, but the proposal to

Simonstown: South African Naval Base South Africa

...

As the liberation movement came to power in Mozambique, some white residents in the capital tied to neighboringSouth Africa. Above, Africans search outgoing cars for weapons and contraband.

POLITICS Rallies and crackdown The ascent to power of the revolutionary black crowd started surging towards the police ranks they nationalist organisation FRELIMO, in neighbouring Mo moved in with teargas, batons and dogs. Scores of people zambique has already begun to spawn political unrest in including many policemen were bitten. More than 300 South Africa. Barely a week after a FRELIMO-dominated policemen are believed to have been held in reserve in side government was installed in Lourenco Marques black streets to assist in case the situation became uncontrol sympathisers in South Africa began preparing for political lable. 12 people were arrested and released on bail for rallies to demonstrate the solidarity of the black con organising the rally. sciousness movement with the new government. Rally There was more violence at the University of the North organisers included the South African Students Organisa in the Northern Transvaal, an all black student campus. tion (SASO) and the Black Peoples' Convention (BPC). Police turned up in 15 riot vans and five squad cars and SASO spokespersons sent out the word that four FRE ordered about a thousand students to leave the University LIMO members were being "smuggled" into the country hall in 15 minutes. The students left the hall but to speak at the rally in Durban. regrouped on the sports field where, according to the Presumably afraid that the rallies would aggravate the police, they began throwing stones at the police and at already tense situation in South Africa after the upheaval some cars on the campus. After firing a gas pistol and in Mozambique the Government reacted swiftly. Two some scattered gun fire a police officer ordered a baton days before the rally, the Minister of Justice, Mr. Kruger charge. In the ensuing melee four white members of the announced the banning of all meetings anywhere in South academic staff were injured and one student was treated Africa organised by SASO and BPC until October 20 in hospital for a gash on the head. under the Riotous Assembly Act. The Minister further As a result of these rallies a nationwide crackdown warned that anyone entering the country illegally would against black political activists was begun. The police be arrested. Despite the ban the joint SASO-BPC leader initiated a wave of arrests, searches and interrogations. ship pressed ahead with their organisation and of the four Many leading members of BPC, SASO and the Black rallies initially planned two eventually materialised. Allied Workers Union were detained under the 180 days Hours before the scheduled start people began gather detention clause, others were still being sought, at least ing outside the closed gate of the stadium in Durban. The one officer has reportedly fled to Bofwana. The Johan crowd of about 400 chanted pro-FRELIMO slogans nesburg office of the BPC were broken into and the SASO raising arms in the black power salute. The police gave headquarters in Durban was raided. Police brdke up a several warnings for the crowd to disperse but when the Transvaal Youth Organisation meeting in the black town- SASO Organizer with Township Residents ship of Soweto near Johannesburg. News, Tanzania, Sept. 27, 1974; New York Times, Oct. 1, Raids in which searches were conducted also took 1974) place at homes near Durban, in African and Coloured Refugees townships near Johannesburg, Germiston, Kokstad and The flood of Portuguese refugees leaving Mozambique King Williamstown. Several of the homes raided were slowed down to a trickle in October when the South those of people who had already been banned. African Government moved to reinstate thi visa regula The English-language Press expressed concern about tions which had been suspended during the weeks the treatment meted out to the editor of a Durban-based immediately following the riots in Lourenco Marques. newspaper The Daily News. Mr. J.O.W. O'Malley was Although refugees were not being deported they were arrested on the night after the rallies while attending a being requested to turn back if they did not have visas. wine tasting party, at a hotel. He was released the Despite this, hundreds of people are still entering the following day on bail after a brief appearance in court. country on holidary permits and scores are entering South Both Mr. O'Malley and his deputy have been charged Africa without travel documents through the Kruger under the Riotous Assembly Act and were ordered to National Park. A possible reason for the curbing was appear in court on October 11. They were accused of provided by an immigration official who suggested that having advertised the banned FRELIMO meeting in exaggerated reports of killing and atrocities had been used Durban. The "Daily News" had a front page report on the by many people who had fled as an excuse to be allowed day of the rally which stated that a banned pro-FRELIMO to stay and work in South Africa. Mr. Jose Ramos, who is rally was to be held despite the prohibition. Detectives are in charge of the refugee center in Johannesburg, after also investigating charges against the Argus and Die speaking to many recent arrivals came to the conclusion Burger, two Cape town newspapers in English and that many people had fled not because they were afraid Afrikaans respectively. but because they saw no future for themselves under a A woman reporter on the Daily News, Joan Dobson, FRELIMO Government. They could not hope for the fled to Lourenco Marques to avoid having to give evidence perpetuation of the privileged positions which they had against the members of SASO and BPC who were arrested enjoyed under the colonial system. Many people who during the rally in Durban. In a letter written to her editor arrived on holiday permits may plan to wait and see what after fleeing she explained that the Special Branch has developments take place in the coming weeks. ordered her to become a state witness against people she South African immigration laws are highly selective had liked and considered as friends. She felt that there even as far as White applicants are concerned. Regarded as was a strong possibility that she would have faced charges the most suitable are those who can most easily be herself if she did not cooperate. Four of the people assimilated into the conservative Afrikaaner linguistic charged have already appeared in court. group. However, the critical shortage of skilled labor in Political arrests have become very common again in South Africa may tempt the government into granting South Africa. Recent years have brought growing black residence to qualified artisans. Industrialists in the eastern labor protest against the oppressive reality of apartheid Transvaal have told the department of Immigration that and increasing repression to counter such protest. There jobs are available immedia-ely for skilled artisans. ISCOR, were more arrests and prosecutions resulting from labor the state owned iron and steel corporation has also disputes in the first six months of this year than during indicated that it can take on artisans. Some refugees have the whole of 1973. This may be partly because black already been placed in jobs. unskilled workers have had to suffer exceptional hardships Meanwhile, the Portuguese GovErnment has let it be due to eer-spiralling inflation. Politically aware blacks known through its embassy in Pretoria that it will take all know that the situation in South Africa is not very the responsibilities for the refugees. Those who have different from that of neighbouring Mozambique prior to refused to return to Mozambique and are not accepted by its liberation. Events there have boosted the confidence the South African Government will be repatriated to and morale of black political activists tremendously. Not Portugal. Many penniless refugees who had fled at the the least of the government aim at banning the rallies was height of the riots were prepared to return and the to prevent the endemic labor unrest from taking an Portuguese consulate was busy arranging seats on flights increasingly politital turn. to Lourenco Marques. (Star, Johannesburg, Sept. 28, Oct. 5; Guardian, London, (Star, Johannesburg, Sept. 21, 28, 1974; Times, London, Sept. 26, 27, 1974; Times, London, Oct. 2, 1974; Daily Sept. 18, 1974) Even the photographs published by the South African Department of Prisons cannot disguise the grim conditions in which South African political prisoners are forced to live. Right: the entrance to Port Elizabeth prison. Left: prisoners roll up the mats they are given to sleep on at Pollsmoor Prison.

Controversies inside the National Party Traditionally, the Afrikaans newspapers support the commission, headed by a Supreme Court judge, to inquire Government and the ruling National Party. However, since into the penal system. The two opposition parties the changes in Mozambique, it is being observed that some generally welcomed it, although Mrs. Helen Suzman of the of these papers are to some extent criticising the Progressive Party expressed disappointment over the fact Government on its racial policy and are urging the that the question of retaining the death penalty was Government and the White public in general, to adopt a specifically excluded from its term of reference. more liberal posture: The recent arrest of the editor of a The establishment of the commission follows the Durban paper, the exclusion of Blacks from the staff sentencing in September of three prison warders, two association of UNISA (University of South Africa), the white and one black, to 18 months each for assaulting a exclusion of Africans from the conference on African prisoner who later died and causing bodily harm to labor have been criticized in the Afrikaans press. One another black prisoner. Two other warders were given Afrikaans paper has also urged improved living conditions suspended sentences. The judge in his concluding remarks for urban African workers. described these assaults as "barbaric, cruel and inhuman" Another controversial issue in National Party circles and said that the trial had shown the "serious evils" in the has been the question of integrating the Coloureds with prison department. the Whites. While a section of the Party's supporters Since the introduction of the Prisons Act (which put welcome the idea, the Party's student organization in the the onus on the newspapers to prove allegations about University of Pretoria has launched a campaign against prison conditions) and the conviction of the "Rand Daily such a suggestion. The student organization has, however, Mail" under the act five years ago, South African criticized the Government for its lack of interest in newspapers have been wary of criticizing conditions in the creating a Coloured "homeland". prisons. The recent trial has sparked off a flurry of press The Deputy Minister of Bantu Administration, Mr. comments and has received wide publicity. Janson has announced that the Government is trying to (Star, Johannesburg, Sept. 21, 28, Oct. 5, 1974; Comment simplify the procedures regulating the movement of and Opinion, Sept. 20, 27, Oct. 4, 1974; Guardian, Africans in "White Areas" in an attempt to reduce the London, Oct. 9, 10, 1974) harrassment of Africans. As usual optimistic observers are interpreting these South African Government Exposes its Dishonesty moves as an indication of possible change in the Party's The South African Government consistently main policy. tained that the Bantustans and their legislative bodies Commission to inquire into penal system The Government has announced the appointment of a

RENEW YOUR SUBSCRIPTION TO SOUTHERN AFRICA FOR 1975 Rural African School

provide the appropriate vehicle, for te Africans to have black work force is still unable to read, write or do simple their say. As a corollary, the African workers, working in arithmetic. "white" areas were advised to channel their economic Because of the high cost involved, university education demands only through their respective Bantustan bodies. is reserved for only the most fortunate. For instance Now it seems that the Government is caught in its own during the period November 1974 to April '74, only 21 game. In a recent letter to the Kwazulu (one of the eight Africans qualified as doctors. Bantustans) cabinet, the South African Government (Star, Johannesburg, Sept. 28, Oct. 5, 1974; Times, warned it against interfering in the industrial dispute London, Sept. 29, 1974) concerning black workers in the "white" areas. This has brought sharp criticism from the Kwazulu chief executive Sports officer Gatsha Buthelezi, who said that the cabinet has India has refused to play South Africa in the final decided to defy the warning. round of the Davis Cup Tennis competition because of Vorster's Government, however, is trying hard to show South Africa's apartheid policy. South Africa can thus that it really wants to stick to promised independence for claim a Davis Cup victory. Before entering the final round Bantustans. Recently it announced that one such Ban South Africa beat Italy who had also initially refused to tustan, the Transkei, will get complete independence in play South Africa. Italy, however, retracted its decision five years. This has brought warm praise from the and finally agreed to play in Johannesburg. India faces Afrikaans press which contrasted the "peaceful transi possible censure or disciplinary action for its refusal to tion" in Transkei with bloodshed in Mozambique. This play the finals. year's delegation to the UN included Transk~i Chief International pressures and South Africa's continuing Minister Kaizer Matanzima, as an observer. (Star: Johan isolation in the sports field is forcing the government to nesburg, Sept, 14, 28, Oct. 4, 1974; Comment and adopt a more and more conciliatory attitude towards its Opinion: Sept. 20, 1974) black sportsmen. However, such minor modifications are primarily aimed rather at warding of pressures than bringing about a real change which would allow sports at Black Education all levels on a non-racial basis. '\mong the concessions released government statistics reveal the Recently made recently were: gap between money spent on white and black massive 1) White, African, Coloured, and Asian soccer teams are expenditure on black schoolchildren. The per capita to compete against each other in a "Champion of ended March schoolchildren in "white areas" in the year Champion" series. children in the "white areas" of 1974 was $43. For black 2) A Black boxer will now be able to become a South The "South West Africa" (Namibia) it was $75.75. African champion. other race groups amount spent on the education of the 3) A new dispensation in cricket is under way. was: Whites $725; Coloureds $136; Indians $183. The (Comment and Opinion, Oct. 28, 1974; New York Times, number of African schoolchildren had increased from 1.7 Oct. 5, 1974) million to 3.3 million during the decade 1964-74 despite the fact that education for Africans, unlike that for FRANCE AND SOUTH AFRICA: Whites is neither free nor compulsory. However, the high dropout rate meant that only a few thousand Africans SPECIAL REPORT graduate from high school each year. Fifty per cent of the The Africa Bureau in London has published a detailed ~10 paper on the economic relationships between France and South Africa. The major points in the paper are quoted below. South Africa as a trading partner of France Following the election of Valery Giscard d'Estaing to in million francs the French presidency, "Le Monde disclosed that the Imports Exports South African navy had ordered five submarines from 1972 1973 1972 1973 French naval shipyards. Almost at the same time, it was total 135.741 166.123 131.528 159.714 announced that a French-American consortium, Frama Africa 8.425 9.721 8.362 11.078 tome, was going to build a nuclear power plant in South S.A. 646 980 988 1.071 Africa. It is likely that the negotiations for the two orders were initiated before the death of President Pompidou. So Balance of trade between France and South far, however, his successor has done nothing to cancel the Africa (excluding arms, uranium and gold). two contracts. French-SA co-operation in the atomic and space field in million francs dates from 1963, the same time that the French Year S.A. France's balance government decided not to honor the UN Security exports exports Council resolutions inviting member states to stop selling 1960 249.8 163.7 -86.0 arms to SA. As a result trade relations between the two 1961 271.8 144.5 -127.2 countries, which were hitherto confined to the'sale of 1962 322.6 179.3 -143.3 South African wool to French manufacturers, were given 1963 344.8 272.3 -72.5 a new impetus. 1964 349.8 326.9 -22.9 "... Paris was at the same time paying lip-service to 1965 331.5 434.4 +102.9 the UN condemnation of apartheid, and stressed that 1966 376.0 422.5 +46.4 French sales excluded weapons which could be used 1967 342.2 472.0 +129.8 against the black population in case of internal strife. 1968 331.5 506.2 +174.6 Otherwise, the French government proclaimed it was 1969 446.9 719.8 +272.9 strictly following [its] policy of non-interference in the 1970 416.5 1,049.6 +633.0 'domestic affairs of other countries, just as the SA 1971 440.0 1,002.3 +562.3 government did during the Algerian rebellion. 1972 646.0 928.0 +282.0 1973 980.0 1,071.0 +91.0 Arms and Trade "The list of French arms sales to SA covers a wide range. First, at the time of the Algerian war, came the "Manufactured goods and heavy machinery represent a supply 'of armoured cars manufactured by Panhard and large proportion of French exports to SA .... Many of Levassor. These were soon to be built under licence in SA the important orders placed in France come from itself, although engines were still to be shipped from government controlled firms or government agencies. For France. Then, in 1963, Paris delivered supersonic fighter example, the P.K. Leroux and Hendrik Verwoerd dams bomber planes, the Mirage... and the Alouette helicop were built by French consortia. [Other important orders ters .... In 1968, the French ... received an order for have been placed by] the SA Electricity Supply Commis three Daphne type submarines and ... radar missile. sion (ESCOM) . . ., the Iron and Steel Corp. (I.S.C.O.R.), Other types of helicopters, a transport aircraft, various and by the South African railways .... The French firm rockets and missile, as well as gun-boats were also added Thomson Houston Hotchkiss Brandt, which manufactures to the shopping list..... a wide range of goods (missiles, mortars, radars, electron "... In 1970 ... Paris promised to stop the sale of ic devices etc. is also a good supplier of SA industry, armoured cars and helicopters [in response to a plea for having built, for example, the military radar network this action from President Kaunda] . But two years later, along the SA frontier. it was announced that Mirages were going to be built The deficit in SA's balance of trade with France under licence in SA. has been reduced in recent years. Important contracts "In the space field, Paris obtained the right to build a involving coal and fertiliser have contributed to redressing satellite tracking station near Johannesburg. SA uranium the imbalance .... sales to France escaped notice for a long time, until they "There are no recent official figures about the were exposed as a violation of the rules of Euratom (the importance of French investment in SA .... It is reliably European nuclear energy-controlling agency). The matter estimated that France is in third place after Great Britain was brought to the European Court of Justice, but with and the United States .... Investment is in SA gold no concrete result. France and SA never signed the mining and the automobile industry. international treaty against the proliferation of atomic "... French oil companies ... take part in the vast armaments. In fact, a close cooperation between atomic oil-prospecting program launched by the SA govern scientists of both countries closely followed the first sales ment. . . . To this list must be added important French of arms. interests in the wool and textile industries. "Simultaneously, the general trade between the two "It is a remarkable fact that no French firm disclosed countries increased rapidly. It remains however, difficult its policy towards African labor like American and British to assess its real importance, for the three main items of firms did following pressure from black politicians in the French-SA exchange-arms, gold, and uranium-are not United States and a press campaign in the UK. No French included in the official statistics published by Paris and firms announced either wage increases or training Pretoria. schemes. "... France is one of SA's six major trading partners No End to the Dialogue? . and if military goods were included, French would probably be second in the list. "There is no military alliance, no political pact, not 11 even a commercial treaty between France and SA, but the NEW MINERAL DISCOVERY development of trade has been greatly encouraged by Diamonds, and then gold in prodigious quantities both governments. . . . Only a few weeks after the election supplied the wealth to transform South Africa from a of Giscard d'Estaing, a trade mission went to SA to pave simple agricultural country into the complex industrial the way for the visit of a French minister. The rise in the nation that it is today. Without this wealth, the rest of the price of oil has hit France very severely, and this it seems, world would hardly have taken notice of the land at the is no time to neglect any foreign market. The voice of the tip of the African continent. The presence of that wealth French left ... will not weigh much against profitable and the economy it finances has created the present trade. The protest of the French opposition against hypocrisy in South Africa's international economic torture of political prisoners in Iran during the recent relations. Other nations verbally condemn apartheid while Shah's visit did not hinder in the least the signing of the they expand their investment and trade. most important economic agreement ever passed between It is unlikely that the situation will be altered, a5 more Paris and Teheran. One of its most important clauses and more mineral wealth is being discovered. The Phelps provides for the building of five nuclear power stations in Dodge Corporation has announced the presence of Iran by French firms. massive ore bodies of copper, lead, zinc, and silver in the "The new French president has never displayed any North-Western Cape. Estimated worth of the metals is special interest in SA affairs.... It remains to be seen more than $1,400 million a year. whether the failure of the "dialogue" policy between The North-Western Cape and southern Namibia repre Pretoria and the African states-a policy warmly sup sent a major new metalogenic province. Twenty-six ported by French diplomacy-will induce Giscard to have companies are exploring the area, which is vast and second thoughts about his country's close friendship with inhospitable. In order for the metals to be extracted, an South Africa." adequate physical and social infrastructure will have to be (Africa Bureau Fact Sheet, London, No. 38, July, 1974) provided. In Namibia, a large copper ore body has been IRAN / SOUTH AFRICA / FRANCE discovered by a subsidiary of Rio Tinto Zinc Corp. Their The South African press has begun to speak of a new chief executive, Alistair Macmillan says it is not yet developing trade axis: South Africa, France, Iran. France known if the find is commercially exploitable. (Star, is building nuclear power stations in Iran and SA. South Johannesburg, Sept. 14, 1974; Wall Street Journal, New Africa is supplying uranium to France and Iran. And the York, Oct. 15, 1974) role of Iran is the currently crucial one of supplying oil to its trading partners. SA's Minister of Economic Affairs, Senator Owen Horwood has recently visited Iran and France. South Africa has won several large orders from Iran, which DID YOU RENEW YOUR SUBSCRIPTION TO include cement, bricks, and steel piping. And it was in Paris that the Shah of Iran said in a press interview that SOUTHERN AFRICA? co-operation with South Africa was in his country's long term interests. Iran has shown an interest in the western part of the Indian ocean, where France holds important strategic positions in Djibouti and Reunion. The French fleet uses the naval facilities in Simonston, SA, and South Africa is SOUTH AFRICAN EXPORTS TO NORDIC COUNTRIES very anxious to involve others in committing themselves The November issue of Southern Africa reported on to defend the Cape route. The countries of the axis clearly growing trade between South Africa and Scandinavia. The have enough overlapping interests to suggest that the axis following chart gives the details of this trade. (R1 equals will be a significant factor in the future. (X-Ray, London, $1.40) Vol 4, No. 10, July 1974) (SAFTO, Vol. 11, No. 7, July, 1974)

SOUTH AFRICA'S MAIN EXPORTS TO THE NORDIC COUNTRIES (By BTN section, in ROOO's) Denmark Finland Norway Sweden 1972 1973 1972 1973 1972 1973 1972 1973 (10 mths) (10 mths) (10 mths) (10 mths) 1 Live animals, animal products 160 108 2 - - 5 67 2 Vegetable products . .. 647 701 979 812 1 111 1562 6384 5767 3 Animal and vegetable fats, oils, etc. 2 - 207 18 11 4 Prepared foodstuffs . ... 1034 1 031 8088 3590 1271 1344 1126 745 5 Mineral products 2423 2011 174 102 1809 2791 716 694 6 Chemicals and allied products 103 163 50 70 22 26 395 492 1 333 5667 224 171 111 79 908 814 8 Hides, skins and leather goods 210 11 Textiles and articles 6 11 9 5 1 - 170 475 864 187 278 6326 6611 1863 1338 15 Base metals and products . . . 304 16 Machinery and parts .... 137 34 4 24 257 224 311 18 19 34 47 103 111 Others ...... 62 110 Total ...... 6 380 10700 9737 5071 11149127071205410475 Soorce S A. Department of Customsand Excise

- il P; .,- - - 7 Q',YL!" - - South African "Integrated" Delegation to UN. from left Botha, Matanzima. Naidoo. Hanekon. Ulster (Credit UN) ,

FOREIGN POLICY NEW INTERNATIONAL STRATEGIES The South African regime has recently adopted a new the Apartheid regime. They are individuals who are willing international strategy which it hopes will undermine to betray their own people and collaborate in maintaining growing public criticism in the Western countries of its the South African regime's oppression of the Black apartheid policies. Concerned about this opposition, the majority in order to achieve personal gains for themselves. South African regime wants to deceive the Western public Although Chief Minister Matanzima claims to be the by attempting to build up a false image that "well "representative" of the people living in the Transkei, considered, gradual and evolutionary" change is actually certain facts belie this claim: Since 1960 the Transkei has occurring within South Africa. This image does not at all been under a State of Emergency-"Proclamation 400". reflect the real situation of Blacks inside South Africa The Transkei "Bantustan" government has the power since political repression is increasing, not decreasing-but which it frequently uses-to banish its opponents to has as its basic objective to "help to strengthen the faith remote places, far from their families, and to detain them our [South Africa's] friends [for example, the govern for indefinite periods of time. In other words, Kaiser ments of the United States, Great Britain, Japan, France, Matanzima maintains his position of power in the and West Germany] have in us [the South African Transkei through the exact same type of repressive regime]" (Die Bruger, Cape Town, Sept. 12, 1974) police-state syltem which the White South African A method the South African regime will be using to government uses to maintain its power in the whole of create this "new image" will be the presentation to the South Africa. Chief Minister Matanzima, like the apar world of an "integrated" Diplomatic Corps. In the first theid regime of South Africa with which he collaborates, week of October, the South African Minister of Informa would not remain long in his position without this tion, Dr. Connie Mulder, announced in the House of police-state apparatus. Therefore, no one should regard Assembly that African Information Officers-that is, Kaiser Matanzima as a spokesperson for the Africans of Africans who are willing to betray their own people-will South Africa. be soon serving at the South African Information Service Besides. the use of a politically repressive apparatus offices in London, New York City, Cologne, and Paris. through which Kaiser Matanzima aids the maintenace of Additionally Minister Mulder stated that beginning in the apartheid system, he assists the South African January 1975 his Department will be operating a training government-in particular its propaganda machinery-in program for information officers from the African, another way. Chief Minister Matanzima's call for the Indian, and Coloured communities. He noted that the "independence" of the Transkei is bein§ advertised African information officers will be chosen after consulta around the world by the South African regime as an tion with the heads of the "Bantustan" governments. example of the "fact" that the apartheid system is "evolving" and that both (Star, Johannesburg, Oct. 5, 1974) Black and White can "benefit" The first unveiling of this new propaganda strategy of from apartheid. (Comment and Opinion, Sept. 20, 1974; the South African regime occurred at this year's United Oct. 4, 1974) What would this "independence" of the Nations General Assembly meeting. Included as observers Transkei actually mean for its African residents? There is in this "integrated" delegation from South Africa were a severe shortage of land in the Transkei, which is badly Paramount Chief Kaiser Matanzima (Chief Minister of the oveicrowded. Each year around 53 per cent of the African Transkei "Bantustan" government), Mr. M. B. Naidoo (a workers living in the Transkei are forced, in order to member of the Executive Committee of the South African survive, to work as migrant laborers in the "White" Indian Council) and Mr. D. R. Ulster ( a Coloured who is designated areas of the Republic. (F. Wilson, Migrant the principal of the Batswood Training College). These Labour in South Africa, 1974, p. 98) The South African three Black observers do not in any way represent the regime uses the excuse of the existence of the "Bantu political aspirations of the Black majority oppressed by stans", which it created, to deny political rights to 13 Africans. If the Transkei is granted "independence" it munity, is reported not to be affiliated with any political would be a sham independence-having only a flag and a party. (Star, Johannesburg, Sept. 21, 1974) The reason national anthem, but no political or economic power for this is that the South. African regime is possibly which would enable the South African regime to condemn finding it increasingly difficult to recruit collaborators the workers from the Transkei to the permanent status of from the politically conscious members of the Coloured migrant wage slaves who lack all political rights. In this community. (See Southern Africa Oct., 1974, for a report regard, one must note that historically the "Bantustans," on the government suspension o'f the Coloured Represen formerly called reserves, were limited to so small an area tatives Council). of South Africa (13.7 per cent of the total land area) in As indicated by the announcement of the South order to guarantee that the White economy would be able African Minister of Information, Dr. Mulder,-reported to obtain its necessary quota of very cheap African labor. above-we will be seeing more examples of these Hence, the promised "independence" of the Transkei, "integrated" delegations from South Africa. Such Black while not meaning any improvement in the political, members of these South African propaganda teams should social, or economic condition of the African people, is be viewed not as spokespeople for the Blacks of South simply a propaganda device being used to prolong the Africa, but as people who are willing to collaborate in existence of the apartheid system. maintaining the oppression of the Black majority. Mr. M. B. Naidoo, the Indian Observer on the 1974 Historically, oppressive regimes have been able to recruit South African "integrated" UN Delegation, as a member collaborators from the community they oppress. For of the Executive Committee of the South African Indian example, during W.W. II, certain groups of Jews developed Council, is a supporter of a sham institution created by an infamous reputation for collaborating with the Nazi the South African regime in order to attempt to divert the regime in rounding up the Jewish people for internment in attention of the South African Indian community-from the concentration camps. challenging the apartheid regime. (This institution has However, the use of Black collaborators in its been rejected by a majority of the Indians in South Diplomatic Corps is not the only method the South Africa.) The role Mr. Naidoo was expected to play in African regime plans to use to create a false world image. falsifying the real situation inside South Africa is It was reported in the Star (Johannesburg, Sept. 21, 1974) indicated by his statment, reported in the Star (Johannes that the South African Department of Information is and burg, Sept. 21, 1974 : "Although I [M. B. Naidoo] will will be involved in "unconventional or undercover be an observer, I will, if asked to do so, clear the unfair diplomacy." The concern of the Department of Informa picture created about the country [South Africa]. In tion will be to use all methods and tacitcs, including South Africa, there are two sides-the good and bad. "bribery, suspicion-mongering, denigration, undermining, Outsiders seem to know only about the bad side and indoctrination, persuasion and propaganda of a religious, nothing at all about the good. If the people at the United scientific, political, and economic nature.., to reach, Nations consult with us, we will definitely give them the convince and influence opinion-makers and decision facts of our true position." In effect, Mr. Naidoo was takers across the whole spectrum of public life in all brought to New York City in order to paint a rosy picture countries that are of importance to us [South Africa] ." of the methods used by the white South African The sliecific targets of this South African propaganda government to maintain its political and economic tactic will be the political leaders and elected representa dominance. tives of the countries considered vital to the South The third Black observer, Mr. D. R. Ulster, the African governments' ability to maintain the status quo. "representative" from the South African Coloured corn- Namibia

NAMIBIAN EXILES COME TO THE UNITED NATIONS Five Namibians who recently escaped from South surveillance. African oppression in their homeland have just arrived at Ms. Taati Ithindi of the SWAPO Youth League is a the United Nations. Three women and two men-all student. Ms. Netumbo Nandi and Ms. Ulitala Namweya young active members of the South West Africa Peoples' are teachers and active SWAPO members. They were part Organization (SWAPO) and including the legendary John of a delegation, headed by John Otto, that met with UN Otto-are in the United States for a month or more. Secretary General Kurt Waldheim during his brief visit to They are testifying at the UN and are available for Namibia two and a half years ago. The three were speaking engagements, along with SWAPO representative subsequently detained without trial for three months and at the UN and in the Americas, Theo-Ben Gurirab. later given three-year suspended prison sentences. Inquiries should be made to: Mr. Theo-Ben Gurirab, 657 Andreas Nuukuawo is also a teacher, was SWAPO West 161st Street, Apt. 3F, New York, N.Y. 10032. treasurer in the northern region of Namibia and was Mr. Otto, the SWAPO Secretary General, is by arrested numerous times by the South African political profession a teacher who was convicted in the first police. Mr. Nuukuawo was publicly flogged-16 strokes Terrorism Trial of 37 Namibians in a South African court. with the steel-like makalani palm leaf rib on his bare Mr. Otto was detained for two years before the trial and body-on October 25, 1973, because of his activities and received a three-year suspended sentence. He has been on orders of tribal authorities acting on instructions from banned and for years was constantly under police South African occupation officials. He was unable to walk z

w

Namibian Observers at UN for two weeks. (five-year term." It was confirmed the commissioner The five SWAPO members fled into Angola last June would leave his post on April 21, 1975 (Star, Johannes and reached Zambia. They are part of the exodus of 3,000 burg, Oct. 26, 1974). Namibians-400 of them women-which is still contin South Africa, having sacrificed Jannie de Wet, is uing. preparing for just such an eventuality as partition. The South African Government gazette of October 11 carried SOUTH AFRICAN SCHEMES a Proclamation by State President J.J. Fouchd dissolving Africa News of Durham, N.C., reported on October 17 the Owambo legislative council and fixing general elec that Jannie de Wet, South Africa's "Commissioner tions there for January 13, 1975. The August, 1973, General of Indigenous Peoples in South West Africa", elections saw only 1,300 out of 50,000 eligible voters in proposed that northern Namibia, once known as Ovambo the showpiece bantustan casting ballots, as a result of a land, and called by the South Africans by the Bantustan SWAPO boycott and despite an intensive campaign to get name of "Owambo" be united with southern Angola to out the vote by Owambo officials and their front, the form an independent state. De Wet explained further that Owambo Independence Party. the retention of the other Namibians as a scattering of mini-states was envisioned with the approximately 90 thousand Whites hanging on to two-thirds of Namibia-the SOUTH AFRICA'S PLANNED REDISTRIBUTION OF THE AFRICAN richest in mineral wealth. POPULATION OF NAMIBIA INTO SO-CALLED BANTUSTANS. The London Observer of October 13 carried a story from Stanley Uys in Cape Town, entitled "Vorster's Ploy To Hold On To Namibia", stating that the Whites would invite the homelands to join them in a loose confedera tion. If this is rejected, "the whites might seek to link up with South Africa." The partition plan dredged up from the past runs head into the determination of the Namibian people for one nation andl the UN's pledge of a unitary state. De Wet's kite flying caused considerable unhappiness among Na tional Party people in Namibia, drawing repudiations from A. H. du Plessis, party leader, and Dirk Mudge, legislative assembly boss. The latter "made it clear that he was critical of Mr. De Wet expressing his views shortly after the announcement by the SWA National Party that there are to be talks among all the race group' in South West Africa and that all options are open to them" (Star, Johannesburg, Oct. 19, 1974) Mr. De Wet also said it was only his personal opinion. The influential newspaper, Die Suidwes-Afrikaner of Windhoek on October 16 called for the commissioner not to be retained in office. De Wet retorted he wasn't stepping down, but by October 22 The Windhoek Advertiser reported that De Wet "did not resign but he simply would not be available for a second SWAPO Reaction In London, Mr. Peter Katjavivi, SWAPO representative in the United Kingdom and Western Europe, said: "We regard this as a maneuvre to annex the richest parts of the country, leaving Owamboland as a buffer against the north, with the mini-states at the mercy of South African manipulations." (Star, Johannesburg, Oct. 19, 1974) A SWAPO representative in Windhoek is quoted as saying that "when the time arrived" the movement would call for a boycott of elections (Times, London, Oct. 4, 1974)

BUSINESS IN NAMIBIA The London Times story of October 4 also says that "some business and commercial sources in Johannesburg claim that South Africa is preparing to get out of -South-West Africa in a hurry." The dispatch relates that a withdrawal is anticipated within 12 months. Diamonds, an Example of Namibia's Natural Wealth UN, SOUTH AFRICA AND NAMIBIA Namibia figured in the UN Security Council considera tion of a resolution to expel South Africa from the world COUNCIL FOR NAMIBIA ACTS TO PROTECT NATUR body. The document scores "South Africa's refusal to AL RESOURCES The Council for Namibia has taken a further step in its its police and military forces, as well as its withdraw battle to wrest control over the territory from the civilian personnel, from the mandated Territory of its first legislative act since its Namibia and to co-operate with the United Nations in apartheid regime. In founding, the Council adopted a decree on the natural enabling the people of Namibia as a whole to attain resources of Namibia. The decree states that no explora This "immediate self-determination and independence." tion, exploitation or export of natural resources can be expulsion" resolution was vetoes by the United Kingdom, of the Council; that France and the United States on October 30. undertaken without the prior consent concessions granted by South Africa are to be considered null and void; that any natural resources taken out of the territory without permission of the Council may be seized and shall be forfeited and held in trust for the people of the territory; and that any vehicle, ship or container found to be carrying resources from Namibia shall also be subject to seizure and forfeiture. The Council, in another action, approved a plan to establish an Institute for Namibia in Lusaka. The institute is to provide Namibians with education and training to prepare them for the administration of their country after liberation from South African rule. (UN document A/AC.131/33; New York Times, Sept. 29, 1974).

US OIL COMPANY WITHDRAWS FROM NAMIBIA the mission boards of the United Church of Christ announced in a press release dated October 31 that Continental Oil Company (CONOCO) has informed them that it has decided to withdraw from oil explorations off the shores of Namibia. A spokesman, the Rev. Dr. Howard Schomer, said: "We understand that Continental Oil Company is in the Sean McBride UN Commissioner for Namibia process of making contractual arrangements with its partners in this particular venture, Getty Oil and Phillips of its interest and has so COMMISSIONER FOR NAMIBIA WINS NOBEL PEACE Petroleum, for the re-assignment PRIZE notified the South African government". The United Church filed shareholder resolutions in Sean MacBride, U.N. Commissioner for Namibia, was 1973 and 1974 asking CONOCO to wind up all business on October 8 awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for 1974. in Narnibia and adjacent waters "under pur The 70-year-old former secretary-general of the inter activities national Commission of Jurists and once chairman of ported concessions obtained from South Africa, until a government approved by the United Nations is estab Annesty International was cited for his "many years of efforts to build up and protect human rights all over the lished". The press release says that "this is the first time that a world." The selection of the one-time I.R.A. leader and foreign multinational corporation, faced with mounting share minister of Ireland is a recognition of his personal holder concern about its investment in a white minority life-time commitment and is another indication of the ruled part of Africa, has chosen to withdraw from the increasing prominence of Southern Africa and of Namibia area". in the eyes of the world. Zimbabwe ACTION AND REACTION: THE GUERRILLA STRUGGLE Guerrilla activity in the northwest has been intensify ing in recent months. Two South African soldiers in Rhodesia were killed and three members of the Rhodesian security forces were injured. The Rhodesian government has made a formal protest to the Zambian Government about guerrillas crossing over the western border. Rho desia claims that armed Zambians have fired on South African police boats in Rhodesian waters of the Zambesi River. (Guardian, London, Oct 7, 8, 1974; Evening Standard, London, Oct. 7, 1974) The coming rainy reason will provide cover for a new offensive in the northeast, center of the hottest fighting. A white district officer" and his African assistant were killed by a landmine which exploded in the Chiweshe reserve. Four enemy soldiers were killed by freedom fighters in the area in early October. Rhodesia claims 15 guerrillas were killed during the same period. ZANU reports increased activity in Mt. Darwin, Rusambo, Gwangwana, Bindura, Shamva, Mrewa, Centenary, Mazoe, Sipolilo, and Umvukwesi districts where enemy troops, vehicles, aircraft, farm buildings, and command posts have ZANU Guerrillas in Northern Zimbabwe been destroyed. (Star, Johannesburg, Oct. 5, 1974; Daily Nation, Dar es Salaam, Oct. 4, 1974; Africa News, Durham, Oct. 3, 1974; Zimbabwe News, Lusaka, Sept., 3, 1974; Washington Post, Oct. 2, 1974; Star, Johannes 1974) burg, Oct. 5, 1974.) The weaponry and training that went into FRELIMO's Three men, reported to be Rhodesian police, have struggle for freedom will soon be at the disposal of kidnapped Edson Dube, an official of the Zimbabwe ZANU. New anti-aircraft techniques and heat-seeking African People's Union, who was in an apartment in missiles will aid ZANU greatly in the battles against Francistown, Botswana. Dube is believed to have been Rhodesian aircraft. One Portuguese Major in Mozambique recruiting fighters from among the Rhodesian refugees said, "By next spring ZANU will be able to lob bazooka there. He was taken by force to a car and driven to shells into the High Street in Umtali from the safety of Rhodesia. On the same day, BBC radio reported the arrest Mozambique if they want to .... Rhodesia cannot afford in Rhodesia of twenty officials of the African National hot pursuit against a country that carries so much of her Council. All of these men were living in the area across trade to the sea. Even if they could afford it economical from Francistown when Dube wis okitnapped. Some ly, are they really going to risk provoking FRELIMO?" sources say the Rhodesian government believed it had (Guardian, London, Oct. 4, 1974) found a ZAPU ring and hoped to break it up. (Africa Smith said it would be suicide for FRELIMO to close News, Durham, Oct. 21, 1974) their ports to Rhodesian goods. South Africa provides Other desperate moves by Smith's government add to 99% of the trade through Lourenco Marques and the proof that the forces for liberation are on the Rhodesia provides 80% of the Beira trade. Smith said the offensive. The major African newspaper, Moto, was color of the neighboring government was of no concern to banned by the Rhodesian minister of justice who said the Rhodesia. "We hope they're going to be sane and paper was too antagonistic toward the government. The responsible, that's the crux of the matter." (Rand Daily paper was published by the Catholic Church offices. It Mail, Johannesburg, Aug. 3, 1974) had a circulation of 25,000, in English and vernacular The Zimbabwe African National Union headquarters in editions. (Guardian, London, Sept 27, 28, 1974; Star, Lusaka were destroyed by a blast on October 1. Three Johannesburg, Sept. 28, 1974) rooms of the Liberation Center, which houses the offices The Smith government has begun jamming radio of all liberation movements in Lusaka, were wrecked. It broadcasts from Zambia in an effort to stop communica may have been caused by a time bomb which was meant tion between the liberation movement based in Lusaka to go off when people were present. No one was injured and the people of Rhodesia. (Daily World, Oct. 23, 1974; by the blast or fire which followed. ZANU records and Africa News, Durham, Oct. 10, 1974) office equipment were destroyed. Eight months ago a Discontent is spreading within Rhodesia. Zimbabwe bomb exploded in the South African National Congress Review, the organ of ZAPU, reports student unrest in offices in the Center, killing John Dube. ZANU officials schools, culminating in a demonstration at Goromonzi said the treacherous act was a result of the Smith Secondary School in early July. Riot police were called to government's offer to pay people to sabotage liberation quell the disturbance. More than twenty Zimbabwean movement efforts and eliminate nationalist leaders. (BBC students expelled from the university for demonstrating broadcast "Focus", Oct. 5, 1974; Guardian, London, Oct. against racial discrimination have arrived in England to continue their studies. Voluntary agencies, the Ministry of Overseas Development and the Commonwealth Secretar iate sponsored their move. (Guardian, London, Oct. 4, 1974) Mass removals of people in the northeast continue in an effort to create a highly regulated "no go" zone. Removals within Chiweshe Reserve were completed recently, and more removals within the Madziwa tribal, trust area are under way. A security spokesman said if the people do not move voluntarily by the end of October, they will be moved forcibly. This is a futile Vietnam-type effort to keep the villagers from aiding the guerrillas. (Christian Science Monitor, Philadelphia, Sept. 19, 1974)

RHODESIA TAKES HARDLINE With an income tax increase on 10% imposed only shortly after the "election" which Smith dominated, with severe drains on foreign exchange, and with recent statements by FRELIMO that they would honor UN sanctions against Rhodesian trade, white Rhodesians are Dotted Lines Indicate Rail lines with New Link Between Rutenga (1) and Beitbridge (2) no longer asking how long they can survive, but if they can survive. The rail link to South Africa does not promise to meet current needs, 'especially with the possibility of is one of the lowest in the world. Zambia has an annual increased loads from the Botswana line if Botswana does growth per head of 7.1%. Rhodesia's is 0.4%. Dr. Hanks indeed take-over control of that portion of the Rhodesian addressed the Rhodesijn Chamber of Commerce and Railways in her land. A second direct rail link to South predicted that Rhodesia would be "swamped by poverty Africa is being discussed. (There is also a rail line which and social discontent" if jobs were not found. The birth runs through Botswana and is therefore subject to rate is far higher than increased job opportunities; while pressure) 42,000 jobs were created in 1973, the African population While South Africa is talking of pulling back support increased by 215,000. He said the Tribal Trust Lands are from Rhodesia, and urging a settlement, Smith has taken a satiated and cannot absorb any more subsistence dwellers. hard line, saying that he will not give priority to a (Rhodesia Herald, Salisbury, May 9, 11, 1974 in X Ray, settlement if African leaders continue to boycott his London, Oct. 1974) constitutional conference. The ANC has refused to attend Bubonic plague has been reported in the northwest, and other black organizations which had shown interest near the Wankie National Park. Three are known dead, initially have now decided not to participate. (Guardian, plus two Namibians employed in near-by migrant labor London, Oct. 3, 1974; Times, London, Sept. 19, 21, camps. (Africa News, Oct. 14, 1974; Washington Post, 1974) In London, Zambia's Foreign Minister, Vernon Sept. 30, 1974)m Mwaanga called on Britain to convene a constitutional conference to work out a method of transferring power to an African majority government. (Daily Nation, Dar es Salaam, Oct. 4, 1974) Added to the transportation and defense problem, Rhodesia has an alarming rate of unemployment among Africans. Dr. John Hanks of the University of Rhodesia, said that Rhodesia's annual rise in Gross National Product

Rhodesian students expelled frdm Salisbury for demnnstrating against racial discrimination portugal ar ad africa angola

FROM INDEPENDENCE IN TWO YEARS TO TWO MONTHS COMPIA The future of Angola still remains uncertain six months after the Portuguese coup which has resulted in indepen dence for Guinea Bissau and Mozambique. It. seems lNGOST1,, everyone wants a piece of the enormously rich pie that is Angola, which last year alone had a GNP of $1.5 billion from its oil, diamond, coffee and iron resources. Prospects for an independent Angola have increased with a new date for the formation of an independent government by the end of this year. The change in policy occured in Portugal after the resignation of Antonio de Spinola. Originally the plan was for independence within two years including the formation of a provisional government representing whites and all of the liberation movements, elections and the eventual transfer of power from Portuguese appointed officials to elected Angolan rulers. All of the liberation movements rejected this proposal, and the white minority Angolans feared the political effects of one man-one vote. The new policy calls for the formation of a coalition government comprised of representatives of the African Wall Painting in Luanda liberation movements and black and white political parties to take control of Angola by the end of the year. (New general in Luanda soon, and Portugal is opening a York Times, Oct. 8, 1974) At this writing there is no consulate office in Kinshasa. (Washington Post, Oct. 20, reaction from the various liberation movements to the 1974) It is clear that whenever Angolan independence plan. Fernando Falcho has emerged as the leader of the negotiations actually begin, Mobutu will have a largehand predominantly white FUA (United Front for Angola), a to play in them, perhaps even hosting independence talks party which he formed immediately after the change in in Zaire. policy was announced in Portugal with the specific . Meanwhile efforts to unite the three African liberation purpose of working jointly with the liberation move movements continue to be mired in personality clashes ments. There is some question as to whether Falc~o, a and a hostile political atmosphere of accusation and white progressive, nationalist and ex-political prisoner of counter-accusation. A "tacit ceasefire" which is now in Salazar's PIDE, will be able to unite the white Angolan effect between Portugal and MPLA, FNLA and UNITA population. (Star Johannesburg, Sept. 12, 1974; Sept. 28, should have set the stage for independence negotiations. 1974; Report from Portuguese Africa, Luanda, Sept. 6, In September FNLA announced that it was waiting in 1974) Already Falcbo is under pressure from white groups Kinshasa for the arrival of MPLA's new leadership to build demanding a concrete detailing of the say white parties the Common Front as soon as possible. (AFP Interafrican will have in Angola's future. However, the appointment of News Survey, Sept. 10, 1974) MPLA Vice-President Falc~o to the high post in the provisional government is Chipenda arrived in Kinshasa in September. FNLA has said to be popular in southern Angola where his apparently entered into formal negotiations with the anti-fascist activities are well known and respected. Falc~o Portuguese and set up an office in Luanda. ( Guardian, claims to have contacts with MPLA and UNITA already New York, Oct. 30, 1974). FNLA leader Holden Roberto established and is preparing to form the coalition reportedly has said that "after the Brazzaville Agreement government. (AFP Interafrican News Survey, Sept. 20, which reconciled the three MPLA factions, there is no 1974) Early in October Falc~o flew to Zaire for talks with longer anything which honestly stops us ... from creating President Mobutu aimed at building an alliance between a common FNLA-MPLA front." (AFP Interafrican News centrist Whites and the Zaire-based FNLA. (Star, Johan Survey, Sept. 10, 1974) Yet the factions merged by that nesburg, Oct. 5, 1974) Curiously, before his resignation agreement seem to still have major complications. It is Spinola and Mobutu met in the Cape Verde Islands to reported that MPLA President Neto is preparing for an discuss Angola's future, while Spinola never met with any independent entrance into Luanda moving MPLA head of the Angolan liberation leaders. (Zambian Daily Mail, quarters there from East Africa. (New York Times, Oct. 2, Lusaka, Sept. 24, 1974) Zaire is slated to open a consulate 1974) This as well as other unresolved problems could undermine the already fragile unity of Brazzaville. Yet as TALK OF CABINDAN INDEPENDENCE CONTINUES MPLA spokesman S. Mingas made clear when speaking at A FLEC (Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of the UN in October: "The divisions within Angolan Cabinda) spokesman has told an Angolan newspaper that nationalism must not be used as a pretext for speaking of no Angolan political group has the right to represent the 'difficulties of a solution' " to the granting of full Cabinda in independence negotiations with Portugal. independence to Angola. FNLA representative, M. Tulu, (Africa News, Oct. 24, 1974) Two groups, one based in stated that it was Portuguese lack of realism which Kinshasa under the leadership of Luis Ranque Franque thwarted a negotiated agreement. (Guardian, New York, and the other in Brazzaville under Augusto Tchioufou, Oct. 30, 1974) claim to be the legitimate FLEC organization representing The apparent transfer of the MPLA headquarters from the Cabindan people. (Washington Post, Oct. 11, 1974) Lusaka and Dar es Salaam to Luanda has triggered more None of the liberation movements formally supports conflict within MPLA that could undermine the extreme Cabindan independence, although MPLA's vice-president ly fragile unity demonstrated in Brazzaville in September. Chipenda is on record as supporting the right of Cabinda Meanwhile UNITA is actively campaigning against to self-determination. (see Southern Africa, November, MPLA and FNLA with considerable assistance from the 1974) conservative white sectors of Angola. (Star, Johannesburg, A spokesman for the Armed Forces Movement in Sept. 21, 1974) In a situation that is frequently confusing Portugal has said that Portugal would never accept any and full of contradictions, UNITA spokesman, Jorge partitioning of Angola and here the reference was to Samgumba, still claims that it wants a common front with independence for Cabinda. (New York Times, Oct. 10, its rivals. (AFP Interafrican News Survey, Sept. 27, 1974) 1974) Speculation concerning Gulf Oil's role in support Another contingent of Chinese military advisers arrived ing the Cabindan independence movement is running high, in Kinshasa to train FNLA troops at the military base of and MPLA'and FNLA spokesmen in New York have Kinkuzu (Neue Zurcher Zeitung, Switz., Aug. 9, 1974), stated that FLEC was created and financed by Gulf Oil. and a "large quantity of arms and equipment" from (Guardian, New York, Oct. 30, 1974) Gulf denies any role Rumania has arrived as part of an aid agreement reached in Cabindan politics; "We will not attempt in any way to, in Bucharest last January between Holden Roberto and influence the ultimate outcome in Angola or Cabinda", President Ceacescu. (AFP Interafrican News Survey, Aug. Gulf Vice-President Paul Sheldon told a congressional 28, 1974) This growing international aid for the FNLA sub-committee recently. (Africa News, Oct. 24, 1974) military and the reports of increased numbers of FNLA troops remains an important factor in the complex UPDATE ON JULY RIOTS machinery of politics that is seeking independence for As a result of the July racial violence in Luanda in Angola. which, more than a hundred Africans were killed and a Still the FRA and RUA reactionary white organiza handful of whites died, it is reported that 40,000 people tions have not been dismantled, and MPLA has noted the have left Luanda returning to their homelands in southern danger that the "Flechas", DGS-trained African troops, and central Angola and the Cape Verde Islands. (Radio have similarly not been disbanded. (Star, Johannesburg, Reports, Luanda in English, Aug. 27, 1974) A further Sept. 14, 1974) Aiy serious effort from the right could interesting development is that the US Consulate General easily rely upon the support of such- groups. in Luanda has denied rumors that "American secret

Luanda Townships Site of Recent Violence Lusaka, Zambia after 500 years of colonialism and ten years of armed struggle, formal freedom talks began between Portugal and FRELIMO (Mozambique Liberation PARTOF ANGOLAA Front) with responsibility for the final negotiations assumed by FRELIMO President, Samora Machel and

CABINA. S *SA... ;..s--. -- 1 ZAIRE Mario Soares, Portugal's Foreign Minister.

SALVADOR I There will be two stages to the transfer of power

GEDMBOS outlined in the Lusaka Agreement. The first is a etANOA transitional government. Joaquin Alberto Chissano was 00N00 •OUESSUA sworn into power as Prime Minister September 20. ATLANTIC \ .....N, I ..... Chissano is said by some sources to be "able, diplomatic and moderate." (The Times, London, Sept. 21, 1974) On

LOSITO 00 • SILVA PORTO -,_ September 16 he arrived in Lourenco Marques along with REGEO ZZAMBIA*NOVA LSSOA *I 80 other FRELIMO leaders. Many FRELIMO military units were also flown to LM. Some of the tasks of the leadership will be the MOAEE o 55 '. .. implementation of policies involving the very structure and posture of the new state, including the creatien of a E one-party democracy, the establishment of a non-racist ...... society and the development of noninterference relation ANGOLA NAMIRIA ROTSWNANA ' ships with neighboring countries. Mozambique's freedom fighters fought against colonial ism and not the Portuguese people; Chissano has stated that no distinctions will be made between Black and White. (see Machel's address to the nation in Southern Africa, November 1974) (Star, Johannesburg, Oct. 5, agents" were involved in the instigation of the violence. 1975, Sept. 21, 1974; Guardian, London, Aug. 8, 1974, (Rand Daily Mail, Johannesburg, July 27, 1974) Sept. 18, 1974; New York Times, Aug. 18, 1974; Nation, Nairobi, Sept. 3, 1974) FNLA OCCUPIES UIGE COFFEE REGION IN ANGOLA The second stage of the transfer of power to A large force of Zaire-based FNLA troops (estimated FRELIMO is full sovereignty, expected to occur on June to be roughly 1,000 men) have penetrated the Uige 25, 1975. This date will be the 13th anniversary of the district in northeastern Angola along its border with Zaire. founding of FRELIMO. They have moved to a point 180 miles from the capital, The main points of the Lusaka Agreement are: the Luanda. The penetration generally was peaceful and went creation of a transitional government with six of nine unopposed'by the Portuguese, and now both the FNLA cabinet positions held by FRELIMO and three by the and the Portuguese are operating openly in the district. Portuguese (see list); a ceasefire controlled by a joint Violence in the occupation was limited to an attack on a military commission; a Mozambican police force; joint civilian truck in which eight contract workers and a white driver were killed. (Star, Johannesburg, defence of Mozambique's borders by Portuguese and Oct. 4, 19741 FRELIMO troops; acceptance by FRELIMO of financial This military move has been expected since FNLA obligations undertaken by Portugal if deemed in the contrQlled almost minimal territory within Angola, and territory's interest; creation-of a central bank with funds the movement derived most of its strength from Angolan given by Portugal; (The'Times, London, Sept. 9, 1974) refugees in Zaire. The move is similarly not surprising and a society in which racism plays no role. (Le Monde, since talk of a joint MobutuRoberto military penetration of Paris, Sept. 1974) Angola has been rife for almost a year. The build-up of FNLA's army 'has intensified since the Portuguese coup. Clearly this action puts FNLA in a better negotiation position in any future independence talks.

COUP ATTEMPT IN ANGOLA It has been learned from Africa News that the Christian Democratic party in Angola made a coup attempt October 27. In Portugal Admiral Coutimho announced that the coup attempt had been thwarted and that the leaders have been arrested. Coutimho further indicated that the coup makers were planning a UDI. The arms apparently had been smuggled into Luanda aboard fishing boats. Radio reportsmozambique from Angola now indicate that all is quiet.

FULL INDEPENDENCE IS NEAR On August 29, 1973 Portuguese troops abandoned four main garrisons in Mozambique. The following week in FRELIMO President Samora Machel INSIDE MOZAMBIQUE Whites Revolt In early September Whites protested the Lusaka Agreement which gave FRELIMO control of the territor ial government. As a result of the protest approximately 200 persons were killed. "Of the first 45 confirmed deaths, only nine were White." (International Bulletin, Sept. 20, 1974) Portuguese soldiers captured the airport at Lourenco Marques and the Freedom of Mozambique (MFM) radio station. Also the central jail was raided and 200 members of the former PIDE (eliminated by the new Portuguese government) were freed. Africans retaliated against the white settler rebellion, which was aimed, in part, at preventing FRELIMO from playing a role in the new transitional government. The retaliation was also against white vigilante groups who had toured black areas in cars, shooting at Africans. No Blacks were seen in white areas. "One black Mozambican was dragged from his car, shot, and then set on fire by a group of whites." (Guardian, London, Sept. 11, 1974) Hundreds of Portuguese began fleeing to South Africa. Since it is annual leave time for Whites in Mozambique Premier JoaquimA. Chissano of Mozambique reading oath of office. Behindhim, in many were only in Mozambique temporarily, making the naval whites, is Rear Adm. Victor Crespo,Portuguese High Commissioner. emigrant figures difficult to interpret. (Star, Johannes burg, August 24, 1974) Several African political groups have attempted to Admiral Crespo, Portugal's high commissioner of the challenge FRELIMO, including the Mozambique National transitional government, said that only about 20 people Coalition Party led by Uria Simango, a one-time FRE were responsible for the attempted white coup, and that LIMO leader and COREMO led by Paulo Gumane, but among a white population of 70,000 in Lourenco Marques neither group has achieved any validity inside Mozambique and Beira, Mozambique's two principle cities, only a Also GUMO and several other counter-revolutionary minority supported the poorly planned coup "for groups which were developed after the April 25 coup in emotional reasons and because they feared for the future Portugal have disappeared from the political front. (BBC and were ill-informed." Of the nine million people in all News of the African World, Aug. 24, 1974) of Mozambique, only 250,0p0 are White or of mixed ancestry. (The Times, London, Sept. 13, 1974) The composition of the transitional government is as Many of the white counter-revolutionarie seemed to follows: be members of 'Fico' (meaning "I stay" in Portuguese Prime Minister: Mr. Joaquim Chissano (FRELIMO); working with a group of former Portuguese commandos Minister of Justice: Mr. Rui Baltazar dos Santos Alves calling themselves ".the Dragons of Death." FRELIMO (FRELIMO); leaders would not retaliate against the handful of "emotional" Minister for Home Affairs: Mr. Armando Guebuza Whites, but the leaders will be tried. (FRELIMO); F R ELI MO is exercising "moderate, responsible authority" Minister for Economic Co-ordination: Mr. Mario Madungo to combat lawlessness and to calm anxious Whites. (New (FRELIMO); York Times, Sept. 8, 1974) Minister of Information: Mr. Josd Oscar Monteiro During late September through mid-October tensions " (FRELIMO); inside Mozambique diminished. All appeared to be Minister of Education: Mr. Gideon Nbo Digo Ndobe (FRELIMO); Minister of Labor: Mr. Mario Matsinhe (FRELIMO); Minister of Communications and Transportation: Mr. Eugenio Picolo (Portugal); Minister for Health and Welfare: Dr. Ant6nio Paulino (Portugal); Minister of Public Works: Mr. Luis de Alcantara Santos (Portugal).

At the ceremony of investiture of the transitional government of Mozambique three important statements were made, one by the Portuguese High Commissioner, Admiral Victor Crespo, another one by the President of FRELIMO, Mr. Samora Machel, and the third one by the new Prime Minister of Mozambique, Mr. Joaquim Chis sano. A statement was also delivered in the evening, at the banquet that followed the ceremony, by Mr. Tang rbiao, Under-Secretary-General for Political Affairs ,.to; wo represented the Secretary Aftermath of Violence in Lourenco Marques f he Lhiried Nations at the investiture. accepting the protection from FRELIMO patrols. But a carrying stories of the new government in Mozambique month of calm was disturbed on October 21-22 when a were sold out immediately-pro-FRELIMO rallies were Portuguese soldier pushed a black youth who was wearing crushed. a shirt displaying the FRELI MO flag. Shooting broke out, Mozambican Prime Minister Chissano has responded by but by dawn the situation was controlled. stressing a foreign policy of "non-interference", saying This small incident spread rapidly in a wave of violence that FRELIMO "will not be the savior or the reformer of which led to the death of fifty people and dozens injured. the South African policy. That belongs to the people of In-this second episode of hostilities in a month FRELIMO South Africa." (Washington Post, Sept. 18, 1974) South has indicated that the guilty will be tried. More than Africa claims that it is looking toward the "closest 1,200 people have been jailed in sweeping arrests although possible economic relationships" with Mozambique and many have already been released. (Africa News, Durham, will also not interfere unless attacked; there is no Oct. 28, 1974) intention of invading Mozambique. (Star, Johannesburg, Sept. 7, 1974) Chissano has emphasized that FRELIMO The Economic Scene has not been fighting for ten years just to provoke another Whites fear the loss of economic privileges more than war. (Le Moncle, Paris, Sept. 19, 1974) simply a new context of race relations. The lack of proper In the context of avoiding any harsh words South management under colonialism has failed to develop African Prime Minister has said that he will aid Mozambique's natural and human resources. For Africans Mozambique to the best of his ability. (Financial Times, there was only modest education and few social services. London, Sept. 16, 1974) Again FRELIMO has recipro Businesses and valuable property belonged predominantly cated by releasing some South African personnel it had to Whites. White-owned cotton plantations, tea estates, captured in the northern war zones. Two , -,yslater South and sugar cane fields that seem to spread for miles in the African Airways provided fast transport for a representa fertile agricultural zones of south and central Mozambique tive of General Spinola, who had to hurry to Lourenco may come under government control to be reorganized as Marques. (Star, Johannesburg, Sept. 2, 4, 1974) cooperatives or state farms. (Christian Science Monitor, Presumably much of this good behavior rests upon the Oct. 12, 1974) desire of South Africa to receive a new source of Mozambique depends heavily on tourism, and the use hydroelectric energy from the Cabora Bassa project, labor of its port facilities at Lourenco Marques, Nacala, and from Mozambique to work in South African mines, and Beira which play important roles in the transfer of goods the use of Lourenco Marques. Without cheap labor and to the interior of Southern and Central Africa. Mozam energy South Africa would be severely cramped in its bique has several other problem areas in its economy. economic growth. Many of the country's troubles arise from a shortage of South African troops have moved close to the 350-mile development capital and the payment of excessive debts border with Mozambique just as FRELIMO soldiers are with the small reserves that do exist. Three thousand searching private cars for weapons concealed by anti striking civil servants have put additional pressure on the Mozambique types near the border town of Komatiport. economy when they were granted salary increases, while (Star, Johannesburg, Sept. 21, 1974) South African thousands of others are unemployed. The departure of Foreign Minister Muller has insisted that his government many Whites will also dislocate portions of the service and was not involved in the recent disturbances in Mozam clerical sectors of the economy. However, new jobs are bique and that no mercenaries will be recruited in South expected to come with the building of the new Africa, (Guardian, London, Sept. 12, 1974) Even the Mozambican society. (New York Times, Sept. 8, 1974; well-known capitalist, Jorge Jardim, has indicated that he Christian Science Monitor, Oct. 12, 1974; Guardian, is not considering mercenary operations although it had London, Aug. 22 1974) long been rumored that he advocated such activities. To help resolve some of these ills, FRELIMO has (Guardian, London, Sept. 5, 1974) already put a freeze on food prices and has provided In neighboring Rhodesia the situation is much the emergency foodstuffs, same. This minority regime has sent a gift of milk, flour, beans, and medical supplies to Lourenco Marques as a MOZAMBIQUE'S NEIGHBORS token of good will, but the Salisbury government is The changes in the Mozambican government have had deeply concerned about FRELIMO's past support to necessary implications to the minority white settler ZANU fighting in the northwest of Rhodesia. (Times of regimes to the south and west. The South African press Zambia, Lusaka, Sept. 24, 1974) Bishop Muzorewa, leader has carried dozens upon dozens of articles seeking to of the ANC in Rhodesia has congratulated FRELIMO on interpret the events in "PEA" (Portuguese East Africa). its great achievement (Washington Post, Sept. 18, 1974) The central theme of these articles is a sense of caution, Meanwhile it is reported that Voice of America radio skepticism, and nervousness which stresses the inevitabil equipment based in Rhodesia has been jamming broad ity of the decline of Portuguese rule. The "wait-and-see" casts of Voice of FRELIMO. (Noticias, Mozambique, Aug. attitude has sparked talk, in some areas, of leaving South 24, 1974) Yet on the other hand the Beira-Umtali and Africa. Some South African journalists have spoken of Beira-Tete railways have been opened up for tourism or impending chaos under FRELIMO control and the transport to Rhodesia; they had been under attack until possibility of "another Congo". (Comment and Opinion, late August. (Star, Johannesburg, Aug. 24, 1974) Johannesburg, Sept. 13, 1974) It is likely that this "tit for tat" relationship will The popular feeling of caution has also been carried by continue until June 1975, but at that point it is not the leaders of apartheid but is expressed more in the unlikely that the contradictory positions of African image of "walk softly and carry a big stick". Indeed, the nationalism and white settler colonialism will ultimately South African military is one 6f the mightiest in all of clash. Africa. Pro-FRELIMO and anti-South African slogans DID YOU RENEW YOUR SUBSCRIPTION TO in the city of Johannesburg. Newspapers have appeared SOUTHERN AFRICA? both sides have been exchanged, some of whom had been republic of held for up to three years. By the end of October all Portuguese troops had been evacuated as well as all of their moveable equipment and supplies. (It is said that the guinea.bissau Portuguese sold some South African canned fruit to Guineans, but they carried away their excess wine.) (AFP Sept. 17, 1974; New York Times, Aug. 28, 1974; Waln THE CONSOLIDATION OF INDEPENDENCE: THE Street Journal, Aug. 27, 1974) STRUGGLE CONTINUES Portugal's new relations with its African territories and This flat, marshy country of Guinea-Bissau has long with African nations has now given it the chance to been pillaged by colonialism which has left 70 per cent of overfly African countries such as Algeria, Nigeria, and its economy relegated to agricultural production of Mali rather than take a longer route through the Cape peanuts, rice, and palm products. Some bauxite and oil Verde Islands as was the case during the war. (Gqardian, may be available. While the economy has yet to be London, Aug. 28, 1974) developed the PAIGC has been building the nation for the last decade during which time educational and medical In Full Power facilities were initiated and expanded, and a barter Inundated with a flood of letters and telegrams the economy integrated the liberated areas. With the armed PAIGC began its full operations controlling all parts of the struggle at an end, the PAIGC now faces a long road to nation. The Portuguese escudo will remain in circulation travel from b errilla opposition to the problems of for a period of three years before the new Guinean holding state power. currency, the peso is introduced. Some of the first The United States was the long-time ally of Portuguese programs include rural electrification and the installation colonialism in Africa having done much to finance and of rural piped water systems. (Africa News, September 12, equip the Portuguese armed forces. Now President Ford, 1974) The development program will also include agrarian Senator Humphrey and others are calling for support to reform, local industrial development, and diversification the new nation in' meetings its agricultural, medical, of foreign aid. The PAIGC educational program will be scientific, and economic needs. While the majority of the continued and expanded. The forest schools which have world's nations granted diplomatic recognition soon after long functioned can now give way to more permanent the 1973 declaration, Spain, Japan, Austria, and New constructions. The Portuguese military camps and forts Zealand have just added themselves to the list. will be turned into schools. The new school year will Guinea's membership in the Universal Postal Union, commence on November first. Some 500 PAIGC students the World Health Organization (WHO), and the UN's are currently receiving higher education overseas. (Diario Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) is now more de Noticias, Lisbon, September 14, 1974) Increased rice meaningful. The FAO, the example, is prepared to give production may soon show a favorable balance of $1.3 million in emergency foods to Guinea-Bissau to payments after years of having agriculture interrupted by provide nourishment for some 90,000 children during the war. next six months. Britain, Portugal, Canada are also planning to aid the country. INSIDE THE CAPE VERDE ISLANDS During the war some 300,000 inhabitants of Guinea Acts of Repression on Cape Verde Bissau fled to the neighboring countries of Gambia, On August 28 the official PAIGC delegation ta the Senegal, and the Republic of Guinea (Conakry). These Cape Verde Islands arrived in Sao Vincente to set up their refugees have begun to return and the PAIGC is actively offices. They were greeted with a warm welcome and seeking to integrate them in the new society, while open support by 20,000 demonstrators (of a town of regulating the flow of returnees so that the minimum 35,000 people) who carried banners and placards pro disruption occurs. A program of rural resettlement is claiming "Down with colonialism!", "Down with neo being stressed so that the over-crowded city of Bissau will colonialism!" "Immediate Independence with PAIGC", not become more so. Well intentioned Portuguese are "Unity with Guinea-Bissau". It was the first of regular invited to come to Bissau if they are willing and interested such demonstrations of support that were to take place in in working for the country. (New York Times, Aug. 26, the following month, a testament to PAIGC's assertion 1974; Sunday News, Dares Salaam, Aug. 11, 1974) that the people of Cape Verde are behind them and want Aside from a few minor disturbances the transfer of to unify with the mainland country. power went without incident. In fact, General Spinola, The demonstrations grew more enthusiastic as Septem President of Portugal at the time was said to have been ber 24 neared-the first anniversary of the Republic of annoyed by the lack of fanfare. All prisoners of war from Guinea-Bissau and the day on which PAIGC was to 'elebrate victory in its fight against Portuguese colonial ism. When General Antonio Spinola, then President of Sharing the Harvest in Guinea-Bissau Portugal visited the islands he was greeted by a huge demonstration at Sal airport, some distance from the nearest town, calling for unity with Guinea-Bissau. His visit occurred shortly before his forced resignation and at a time when he no doubt anticipated that he would be able to entrench himself and rightist forces in Portugal. No sooner had he left, when armed police and Portuguese soldiers began to retaliate against the unarmed dernon strators. In a speech to the Fourth Committee of the United Nations on October 10, Abilio Duarte, Commissioner for CAPE VERDE 1- Secretary-General of PAIGC, made accusations that the -SANTO A IT ; ^C_. I KE-LAN S "Portuguese colonial police and armed forces are attempt ing in vain to halt progress of our people towards genuine independence, persisting in exercise of savage repression --siovcNTE A of population ... [This] constitutes flagrant violation of letter and spirit of Algiers agreement signed between our party and Portuguese government on August 26." The Portuguese ambassador to the United Nations Simao denied these accusations by responding that the ==:= S.40 TIAGO. troops had only acted to maintain public order and that the government is not opposed to a majority movement. During this period of repression there has been a build up of war materiel on the Islands. Eight warships, five .0==-:: kmlnz200O frigates and three torpedo boats arrived in the harbors. It was also rumored that much of the war materiel that should have returned to Portugal from Guinea-Bissau had been shipped to the Cape Verde islands instead. (Interview with representative from Republic of Guinea-Bissau Mission to the UN on October 17, 1974 by Southern Africa; UN documents: A/9788; A/9796 (Oct. 7, 1974); A/C.4/SR.2088 (Oct. 14, 1974) Daily News, Dar es Salaam Sept. 27, 1974) Political events Since the Cape Verde Islands were not included in the negotiations for full independence with Guinea, much speculation has occurred regarding the fate of this Cape Verdean Affairs for the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, strategic archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean. The PAIGC gave a summary of what had happened. talks in Algiers resolved that while self-determination was "On September 21 there had been a confrontation not negotiable it must be up to the Cape Verdeans to between the people and the armed forces and police, who determine the means for themselves. It is widely assumed had been given orders to fire on the defenceless that a referendum would definitely call for independence inhabitants. On September 22 a force of about 1,000 from, rather than federation with, Portugal. The PAIGC armed soldiers had conducted a search operation in the has proposed that a constituent assembly be formed in the town of Mindelo, entering the homes of the inhabitants, Islands to parallel the national assembly in Guinea. A, breaking windows and leaving a number of seriously supreme PAIGC assembly would then link theSe two wounded among the civilian population. bodies. "On September 23 another search operation had been For the first time in history the Portuguese have conducted at Ribeira Bote, where the aggressors had again installed a Cape Verdean national, Duarte Fonseca, as the opened fire. new Governor of the Islands (Le Monde, Paris, Sept. 24, "On 25 September there had been confrontations 1974). This coincided with the first anniversary of between Cape Verdean and Portuguese soldiers at army Guinea's independence. headquarters in Sao Vincente. The Cape Verdean soldiers Commenting on this, Abilio Duarte (in the speech at had demanded the weapons which had been taken away the United Nations quoted above) said: "The only step from them and they had then been fired upon. The people taken by the Portuguese Government to carry out its had taken the side of the Cape Verdean soldiers, promise of decolonization of the Cape Verde Islands was provoking new confrontations with the military police the investiture, for the first time in history, of an which had left several persons wounded. indigenous Cape Verdean as Governor, an event which had "In prOtest against those colonialist-type acts of taken place at Lisbon on September 21. Perhaps the aggression a general strike of employees and workers had Portuguese Government had thought that by appointing been declared on Sao Vincente. Similar strikes were an indigenous Cape Verdean to govern the Territory-an declared by the inhabitants of other islands, and on individual who, it should be noted, had not been chosen several islands people's assemblies had been held to adopt by them-it could convince them that it was taking a step motions condemning the repression." towards decolonization. That investiture was, however, By the end of these events, numerous people had been most inopportune, for the appropriate course of action at critically, wounded and a number were dead, including the current juncture was to reach agreement with PAIGC two militants of PAIGC. on ways and means of enabling the Cape Verdeans to "The situation on the islands is very tense", a member exercise their inalienable right to self-determination and of the Guinea-Bissau Mission to the United Nations told independence as recognized by the United Nations and by Southern Africa on October 17. "Many areas could be the Portuguese Government itself." considered 'liberated' as Portuguese troops are isolated While the Algiers agreements have not been made and will not go into these areas during the day or night." public, the PAIGC maintians it is the only legitimate He said further that PAIGC's position is to maintain calm representative of the Cape Verdeans. The PAIGC has in the area. "There is no question that PAIGC is the elaborated by saying that the people on the Islands are strongest force on the islands. The people are behind the primarily concerned about their own welfare and would Party and want unity and independence immediately." seek a policy of non-alignment. The "popular consulta In a telegram to the United Nations, Aristedes Pereira, tion" or referendum promised by Portuguese Foreign Minister Mario Soares and former President Spinola has from many quarters. Even President Mobutu of Zaire still not come to pass. (Portuguese Times, October 17, accompanied by a FNLA representative, had a brief visit 1974) with former Portuguese President Spinola in the Cape Meanwhile, on the Islands, linked by culture and Verde Islands only a few days before the latter was history to the mainland, there are several groups which thrown out of the Portuguese government for his oppose the PAIGC. The UPCV (Popular Union of Cape right-wing tendencies. (Times of Zambia, Lusaka, Sept. Verde) has claimed that the PAIGC would permit the 24, 1974) President Senghor of Senegal has summed up Islands to be used as a Soviet military base. PAIGC the situation very well by pointing out that Guinea will Commissioner Duarte has insisted that no foreign military only be free when the Islands are included in its territory. bases would ever be allowed in Guinea-Bissau or on the (0 Seculo, Lisbon, Sept. 19, 1974) Islands. (Daily News, Dar es Salaam, Aug. 15, 1974) The UDC (Democratic Union of Capeverde), headed by the SAO TOME and PRINCIPE lawyer and leading capitalist, Joao Baptista Monteiro, has Like the Cape Verde Islands, the islands of Sao Tome also expressed concerns similar to those of the UPCV. and Principe have long been occupied by the Portuguese. Both movements are opposed to unification with Guinea All of these islands figured importantly during the period of slavery. Sao Tome and Principe are in the Gulf of Bissau. Guinea off the coasts of Nigeria and Although the Islands are very poor, proper develop Cameroon. Since the coup d'etat in Lisbon in April 1974, the ment of fishing, salt processing, tourism, bunkering of new rulers of Portugal have promised the right to self-determination to ships, airport facilities, and local commerce could prove to these tropical make them self-sufficient. islands. (Zambia Daily Mail, Lusaka, August The prime importance of Cape Verde to people outside 5, 1974) On September 5 demonstrators for independence the Islands is the strategic role that they may play. South swept across the islands led by the MLSTP Africa has used the Islands to refuel its domestic airlines (Movement for the Liberation of Sao Tome and Principe). As a result and its military ships and planes. Since the turbulent events of this past year, South Africa has begun several people were killed and many wounded. The Portuguese authorities have declared negotiations with Spain to land on the Canary Islands. An a "state of siege" following these disturbances and said that they would not underwater telephone cable between South Africa and "tolerate acts of vandalism and violence which, Europe passes through Cape Verde. had The CIA has been nervously studying the situation in endangered lives and property." (AFP Sept. 10, 1974; Daily News, Dar es Salaam, Sept. 9, 1974) Portugal and it is reported that US Secretary of State More recently Kissinger has said "the US is not opposed to independence workers on the larger island of Sao for Guinea-Bissau, but would not stand for the Portuguese Tome have threatened a general strike unless negotiations giving up the Cape Verde Islands to the Guineans." (Le between the MLSTP and the Portuguese Government are Canard Enchaine, Paris, mid-October, 1974) Another initiated. The MLSTP Secretary General hopes to meet senior US diplomat said "it's not that we want the Islands Portuguese Foreign Minister, Mario Soares at the United for ourselves, but we don't want the Soviets to have them Nations. (Provincia, Luanda, Sept. 6, 1974) I either." (Africa News, Oct. 7, 1974) It is apparent ihat considerable behind-the-scenes negotiations are underway

LESOTHO, SWAZILAND and BOTSWANA

LESOTHO POLITICAL TRIAL exploratory oil drilling at Mohobong in the Leribe district. The Lesotho Government has announced that 32 The 2,700 meter shaft will take six months to sink at a members of the opposition Basutoland Congress Party will cost of $210,000. The company also plans to drill at go on trial for treason in November. They are alleged to Mazenod and Mohales Hoek. All of Lesotho's fuel and oils have been involved in attacks on police posts last now come from South African refineries. (Star, Johannes December and January. Observers believe that the trial is a burg, Aug. 24, Sept. 7 and 14, 1974) response by the government to criticisms of repression and detention without trial, particularly before the UN Commission on Human Rights. (Africa News, Durham, October 17, 1974; Washington Post, October 11, 1974) The new leader of the Basutoland Congress Party is Gerard Ramoreboli, who took over after the former leader, Ntsu Mokhehle, fled the country at the tipe of the January events. Ramoreboli has proposed a government of national unity with the participation of King Moshoeshoe II in response to Prime Minister Leabua Jonathan's suggestion that elections might be held in 1975. All political activity has been suspended in Lesotho since 1970, when Jonathan invalided the elections in which the h is party. (Africa, September 1974) New Swazi Money o Siil D,-iling. f er1S months of preliminary geological study, NEW SWAZILAND CURRENCY Westrans Petroleum Inco of New York has recently begun In September on the sixth anniversary of Swaziland's independence, a new currency was introduced. Expressed country to Zambia, and stretching 530 kilometers from in Emalangeni (sing. Lilangeni) notes and Cents, the new Kazungala to Francistown. Italy is providing Botswana currency is based on the South African Rand and will with technical assistance in vocation training, rural have a parity of 1 Lilangeni to 1 Rand. King Sobhuza II development and health services. Botswana's Assistant appears on all of the notes and some of the coins. Lesotho Minister of Finance announced hopes for estoblishing an and Botswana, as well as Swaziland, have quit the South $122 million salt and soda ash mine in the Nata Area. African monetary union and are considering introducing (Star, Johannesburg, Aug. 17, 24, 1974) their own currency as well. (Standard Bank Review, Because of "various technical problems and other August 1974; Star, Johannesburg, Aug. 24, Sept. 7, 14, 1974) difficulties," the cost of developing the nickel and copper 21, ore deposits at the Selebi-Pikwe project of Botswana RST Ltd. have increased, according to Amax Inc., which owns SWAZILAND AND THE NEW MOZAMBIQUE SITUA almost 30% of Botswana RST. Amax estimates that $286 TION million may be needed to complete the project, in During the recent talks in Lusaka involving Kaunda, contrast with earlier estimates of $153 million and $214 Nyerere and FRELIMO's Samora Machel, Prince Minister million. The other major shareholders of Botswana RST Makhosini Dlamini took part, marking the first overt are Anglo-American Corp. of South Africa and Charter contact between a liberation movement leader and a Consolidated Group Co. (Wall Street Journal, New York, Swazi government official. Dlamini's Private Secretary Sept. 1974.) termed the discussions "extremely fruitful." (Africa, August 1974). BOTSWANA POLITICS The Swaziland Government has declared Jorge Jardim, President Seretse Khama dissolved Parliament in early the Mozambique financier-politician, a prohibited immi September and announced elections for October 26. His grant. Jardim has had good relations with Kaunda and ruling Democratic Party is expected to remain in power Banda and was recently Malawian consul in Mozambique, (holding 24 out of 31 seats now). Its opponents are the until he fell afoul of the new regime which issued a People's Party, the Independent Party and the National warrant for his arrest. When Malawi granted him refuge Front. Khama has been criticized for giving too many the Portuguese broke off relations with Banda. Jardim has mineral rights to South African companies. He recently been variously reported as organizing a mercenary force to announced that a new national currency would be created intervene in Mozambique, lobbying at the independence within two years. (Africa News, Durham, Sept. 9, 12, talks of right-wing forces in Mozambique for inclusion in 1974) a the provisional government. He, and the Black Frecomo movement said to be linked to him, have been in Swaziland several times recently, their movements always cloaked in secrecy. Swazi police guarded Jardim's hotel on his last visit and the government has paid the hotel bills of the Black Frecomo members. The reasons for Jardim's being banned are not clear. (Star, News Service, Mbabane, Sept. 7, 1974) Swazi exports are being held up by strikes and disturbances in Lourenco Marques. The pulp wood of the Usutu Pulp Company, as well as sugar, iron and oranges have been affected by a reduction of railroad hauling to about half the normal capacity. (Star, Johannesburg, Sept. 28, 1974)

THE BOTSWANA ECONOMY Canada is providing Botswana with $4.6 million out of a total loan of $34 million needed for the road linking the President Seretse Khama UNITED STATES and SOUTHERN AFRICA

PORTUGUESE PRESIDENT ASKS FORD FOR AID attempt to assuage American fears about the recent In a meeting on October 18 with President Ford, which political moves to the left in the Portuguese Government. Costa Gomes termed "extraordinarily important," the According to the New York Times of October 21, new President of Portugal asked for large amounts of US "Kissinger, in particular, was understood to have been economic aid to help the "Portuguese people in the worried about the possibility of a Communist take-over development of the democratic process now in course." not only in Portugal but in Spain and Greece as well." The request for aid appears to be in exchange for a Perhaps a more important indication of US distrust of the five-year renewal of a US base in the Azores islands. new government is a recent decision to cut Portugal off Costa Gomes lauded the US and NATO during his visit from certain highly classified military information normal to the United Nations and Washington, perhaps in an ly available to all NATO members. to Congressmen Dent and Derwinski, who have taken a leading role in fighting sanctions against Rhodesia, and to Congressmen Morgan, Yatron and McSpadden, who were considered "swing" votes on the sanctions bill in the Foreign Affairs and Rules Committees. A major focus of de Kieffer's work has been on US co-operation in the security of the Cape Route. In May and June, de Kieffer mailed 65 copies of a booklet on this topic to Congressional offices and civic groups. The booklet, entitled "The Republic of South Africa and the Southern Hemisphere: Political and Military Strategic" (sic), was authored by South Africa's Admiral Hugo Biermann in 1972. It presents a lengthy analysis of South Africa as the "focal point of strategic importance" in the "world conflict between the East and West." Admitting that Western powers "are loath to be associated with the defense" of apartheid South Africa, Biermann tries to establish a case for Western military involvement in the Indian Ocean not only in order to protect Western oil New Portuguese President Costa Gomes trade around the Cape, but also to stop the "Communist pursuit of world domination." The booklet posits that the While trying to reassure the United States of its only way the Communist concept of "indirect strategic political stability, the Armed Forces Movement is also attack" can be prevented is by the establishment of a quietly reminding the US that Portugal's political future is Western permanent maritime force in the Indian Ocean, its internal affair. In the wake of several press reports on requiring the use of South African ports. The booklet continued CIA involvement in Portugal since the coup, an concludes that "it is imperative that a super power should official Armed Forces Movement bulletin, in an apparent be involved in the strategy for the southern hemisphere" reference to the United States, spoke of their responsibil and a specific invitation to the United States: "The USA ity "to establish and defend democracy in Portugal ... has already on occasion demonstrated that the Monroe principally against the inexorable offensive of world doctrine is still in force and that she will not tolerate imperialism." (New York Times, Oct. 21, 1974, Washing outside interference in the affairs of Latin America; her ton Post, Oct. 9, Oct. 26, 1974) interests in the Pacific and South East Asia could also be taken as a reasonable assurance for the defense of SOUTH AFRICA'S LOBBYISTS URGE MILITARY Indonesia and Australia. It is only Southern Africa and its CO-OPERATION surrounding ocean areas, therefore, that are deprived of Members of the Washington law firm of Collier, this deterrent umbrella and where there is a vacuum in Shannon, Rill and Edwards have recently filed a si.. Western prior presence." month report with the Justice Department describing their work as, foreign agents for the South African TWO SA GOVERNMENT OFFICIALS VISIT Ministry of Information. (see Southern Africa, July WASHINGTON August, 1974) Two high officials of the Republic of South Africa Donald de Kieffer and Thomas Shannon, the two visited Washington in late September and early October, registrants, have spent about 30 hours a week lobbying on spending considerable time making friendly contacts with a wide variety of issues including: "the South African American political leaders and being feted by Congress sugar quota, domestic politicl developments within men. South Africa, liquification and gasification of coal, urani Foreign Minister Hildgard Muller came to Washing um enrichment, US private investment in South Africa, ton from the United Nations and was honored at a dinner leadership exchange programs and monetary affairs." given October 10 by south African Ambassador R. F. They have contacted five Administration Departments, 10 Botha. The Embassy would not reveal their guest list for Congressional Committees, the press, labor, and industry this dinner, but it included a number of Congressional on these matters. Representatives. Mr. Muller also visited Senators Mansfield De Kieffer and Shannon are veteran industry lobbyists and Fulbright. He attempted to meet with Secretary and veteran contributors to political campaigns. While Kissinger as he has in the past but, despite South African their individual contributions appear to be in small protest, was denied access to the Secretary of State and amounts, they form a pattern of supporting Congressmen met instead with Deputy Secretary Ingersoll. who have been helpful to the South Africans 'and the Dr. Eschel Rhoodie, Secretary of Information in anti-Rhodesian sanctions forces. (They also hold a con Cornelius Mulder's Ministry of Information, preceded Mr. tract for the industry association orchestrating opposition Muller, making individual visits to Senators Kennedy, to the Rhodesian sanctions bill.) The two men contrib Muskie, Tallmadge, Tower, Sparkman, and Harry Byrd. uted to the campaigns of Congressman Wyman, who set Rhoodie also met with a number of Congressional up a meeting for Minister of Information Cornelius Representatives at a luncheon given for him by California Mulder at the Pentagon in January, 1974, and Congress Congressman Republican Bob Wilson at the Capitol Hill man Bauman, who arranged a dinner in May with 17 US Club October 3. Navy Admirals for South Africa's Admiral Biermann. A On September 30 Rhoodie addressed legislative assis contribution went to Congressman Bob Wilson, who tants whose Congressmen belong to the Republican arranged a Congressional luncheon in October for Secre Steering Committee, a tax-exempt, unofficial group of tary of Information Eschle Rhoodie. They also gave funds conservative Republican Congressmen. Rhoodie was speiking to one of the Republican Steering Committee's regular Monday morning private sessions on assorted current topics. The group's conservatism is reflected in legislative director, Mr. Lewis Ingram's response to our inquiries. He said in a telephone interview that he feels the Republic of South Africa represents the last bastion of Western, Christian civilization and refused to give any information on the contents of Mr. Rhoodie's remarks. Mr. Ingram is one of the six legislative aides who were taken on a tour of South Africa last spring where they met with Nationalist Party leaders, all as guests of the South African Government. Rhoodie seemed to be having some success with his new approach to winning US friends by approaching moderates as well as conservatives, but his schedule of meetings also reflects a continued heavy reliance by South Africa oh conservative-to-reactionary US politicians. U

South African Foreign Minister Hilgard Muller Visits Washington Credit UN at t he

IMPERIALIST POWERS VETO EXPULSION OF SOUTH Committee. Subsequently, the General Assembly also AFRICA voted to reject the credentials of the South African On October 30, the Security Council took a historic representatives, as it has done every year since 1970. vote on a resolution sponsored by Kenya, Mauritania, Although the negative vote does not automatically affect Cameroon and Iraq calling for the immediate expulsion of South Africa's rights of membership, the result this year South Africa from the world body because of its racist was that the South African delegates withdrew from the policies, its illegal occupation of Namibia and its support general debate in the Assembly rather than force a ruling for the Smith regime in Rhodesia. The resolution was from the Chair which would probably have been against vetoed by three permanent members of the Security them. Council which have consistently supported the racist For the first time this year, the General Assembly also regime: the United States, France, and Great Britain. This decided to grant observer status to the OAU-recognized was the first time that the question of the expulsion of a South African liberation movements, the ANC and the member state was brought before the Security Council, PAC, in the Special Political Committee of the General and the first time that three vetoes were cast to defeat a Assembly, the body which deals with the question of resolution. The move for expulsion, however, had the apartheid duritg the anriual session. The decision was overwhelming support of the non-permanent members of taken by the General Assembly without a vote and the Council and of the General Assembly. Ten Council without objections. Earlier this year, the two movements members voted in favor of the resolution (two abstained), had been granted observer status with the Special and the vast majority of the speakers who addressed the Committee on Apartheid, a standing committee of the Council on. the issue called for expulsion. The General General Assembly. These decisions came in the wake of a Assembly resolution requesting the Security Council to resolution adopted by the Assembly last year, which review the relationship between the United Nations and states that the South African regime has no right to South Africa "in light of the constant violation of South represent the people of South Africa and that the Africa of principles of the Charter and the Universal liberation movements recognized by the OAU are the Declaration of Human Rights", was adopted by an authentic representatives of the overwhelming majority of overwhelming vote of 125 to 1 (South Africa), with only the South African people. The liberation movements 9 abstentions. obtained further recognition in the world body when they The Security Council decision represented the culmina were invited to speak before the Security Council on the tion of efforts made by African and other Third World issue of expulsion of the Apartheid regime. countries at the twenty-ninth session of the General In another move against South Africa that may Assembly to step up the attack against South Africa. At eventually have considerable impact, several countries the beginning of the session, the Credentials Committee of have signed the International Convention on the Suppres the General Assembly voted to reject the credentials of sion and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid, which the South African delegation on the grounds that the was adopted last year by the General Assembly. The white minority government cannot claim to speak for the Convention which has so far been signed by 21 countries majority of the people of the country. This was the first and ratified by 3 countries, declares apartheid a crime time that South Africa's friends failed to muster a against humanity and places international criminal respon majority in favor of South Africa in the Credentials sibility on individuals, organizations and States which 29 commit the crime or co-operate in the commission of the solution in the Cape Verde. He placed responsibility on crime. Persons charged with the crime could be tried the Portuguese Government for the repressive policies of either by a national tribunal of a State party to the the local government in Cape Verde. Convention or by an international tribunal. The Conven The representatives of the MPLA and FNLA, which tion will come into force after ratification by 20 have observer status in the Fourth Committee, also countries. accused Portugal of stalling on decolonization. They said An eleventh-hour South African move to ward off a that Portugal was taking advantage of divisions among the strong challenge by its opponents at the current session of liberation movements to delay independence negotiations. the General Assembly by sending a racially mixed General Francisco da Costa Gomes, President of delegation (which included Chief Matanzima of the Portugal, sought to counter these accusations in his Transkei, a Coloured and an Indian as "observers") fell address to the General Assembly on October 17. He flat as country after country denounced this as a pledged his Government to full -compliance with the manoeuver to mislead international public opinion. A United Nations Charter and fulfillment of all its inter statement issued by the so-called Nationalist Party of national obligations, and stated that Portugal had em South West Africa concerning the supposed readiness of barked upon an "irreversible and definitive" process of the Whites to hold multi-racial talks between the various decolonization in the Territories. In a letter to the "peoples" of the Territory on the constitutional future of Secretary-General on the question of the incidents on Sao Namibia, and timed to coincide with the General Vicente Island, the Permanent Representative of Portugal Assembly debate on the credentials of the South African to the United Nations also stated that the Portuguese delegation, was also categorically rejected as a ploy. Government pledged unconditional respect for the future (United Nations document A/PV.2248, s/11543, Constitution of Cape Verde, to be drafted by a S/PV. 1797-1808, A/9779, A/AC.1316/6, Constituent Assembly elected from all political parties. A/RES/3207(XXIX), A/RES/3151G(XXVIII); Christian The Portuguese Government also issued a joint com Science Monitor, Oct. 1, 1974; New York Times, Oct. 13, muniqud with the Movimento para Libertacao de Sao 31, 1974) Tom& and Principe, which recognized "the necessity of promoting the immediate decolonization of the territory PORTUGAL PLEDGES TOTAL DECOLONIZATION as the only way of solving the colonial conflict between In a telegram addressed to the President of the General the people of Sao Tom and Principe and the Portuguese Assembly, the Secretary-General of the PAIGC, Aristides Government." The Portuguese Government urged a quick Pereira, denounced the Portuguese military build-up in the withdrawal of all the embargoes and restrictions on Cape Verde archipelago and police attacks against Portugal by the United Nations and its specialized, unarmed demonstrators on Sao Vicente Island. The same agencies in view of Portugal's hew policies. (UN docu charges were made in the Fourth Committee (on Trust ments A/9788, A/9796, A/C.4/SR.2088, A/C.4/778, and Non-Self-Governing Territories) by Abilio Monteiro A/PV.2269) E Duarte, Guinea-Bissau representative, who warned of attempts by the Portuguese to apply a neo-colonialist action news and notes

UNITED STATES ECONOMIC "NO TOURISM TO RHODESIA" CAMPAIGN illegality of transferring funds to Rhodesia and using LAUNCHED Rhodesian airlines. Many agencies responded favorably to The National Council of Churches through its Inter the church request to end all tourism with Rhodesia faith Center on Corporate Responsibility (ICCR) has (based on United States legal regulations which regretably called for national and local action aimed at fourteen the government has failed to implement). Others, how travel agencies most heavily involved in itinerating ever, are known to want to continue the lucrative tourist Americans to Rhodesia. (See Southern Africa, October, link. For example, Ronald Harris, President of the Los 1974). The campaign is the result of work done by the Angeles firm, Travelworld, replied to the Center for Social Center for Social Action of the United Church of Christ. Action: "You have caused a great deal of unnecessary They informed more than 1,000 travel agencies of the turmoil [sic] and as a result of your actions I feel that not

DID YOU RENEW YOUR SUBSCRIPTION TO SOUTHERN AFRICA? only we, a major operator, but also my competitors will Maupintour Travel Service strengthen their endeavors to that country [Rhodesia] ". Box 13205 The ICCR Brief which reveals this information as well Commerce Tower 1905 as the bakcground, historically and legally, to the tourist Kansas City, Mo. 64199 issue in Rhodesia, rightly states that "it appears that only concerted action by concerned individuals and groups can Merriman & Finnerty Associates Travel insure that the white minority regime in Rhodesia does 15 E. 48th St. not continue to receive American money to support its New York, N.Y. 10017 racial oppression." Because of the growth in guerrilla activity in Zim Percival Tours, Inc. babwe, tourism has declined over the last several years. 5820 Wilshire Blvd. However, US tourists have increased to an estimated 20 Los Angeles, Calif. 90036 per cent of all visitors to the country. At least 16,500 persons from the US were booked on group tours alone Red Carpet Wares Travel and Tours via Air Rhodesia in 1974 bringing in at minimum $16 1051 E. Atlantic Ave. million in foreign exchange to that beleaguered white Delray Beach, Fla. 32074 minority regime. Tourism is important to Rhodesia. Thus action to end American tourism, says the ICCR Brief, is TRAVCOA key. ACT NOW. 111 N. Wabash Ave. For more information get the ICCR Corporate Brief, Chicago, II1. 60602 5th Floor, 475 Riverside Drive, New York, New York 10027. Travelworld Because of lack of US Government action, ICCR is 6922 Hollywood Blvd. calling for action against firms in New York, Washington, Los Angeles, Calif. 90028 Cleveland, Detroit, Los Angeles, Kansas City (Missouri), Delray Beach (Florida) and Milwaukee. (See list below) Unitours, Inc. 60 E. 42nd St. WHAT TO DO: New York, N.Y. 10017 1. Write to Don Morton (UCC-CSA) Room 621, 475 Riverside Drive, New York, NY 10027 to obtain World Travel Service, Inc. information about specific target travel agencies (see 624 W. Mitchel St. below) or others in your own area concerning their Milwaukee, Wisc. 53204 involvement in Rhodesia. 1 2. Write or phone the tourist agency explaining your concern; request a meeting urging an end to its business U.S. ACTION TO STOP COAL IMPORTS FROM SOUTH with Rhodesia. AFRICA. 3. Depending upon agency reaction, use publicity and The United Mineworkers of America and the State of other measures to urge "no tourism" to Rhodesia. Alabama have initiated proceedings before the United States Commissioner of Customs to bar the importation of South African mined coal into the U.S. The Mannes LIST OF AGENCIES mann Pipe and Steel Corporation has commenced importing coal from the Transvaal for supply to the "Ask Mr. Foster" Travel Service Southern Power Company, for use in power utilities in the. 31 Public Square South, and an initial shipment of 23,000 tons was the Cleveland, Ohio 44113 subject of a complaint to the Commissioner of Customs. The complaint was made under Section 307 of the Tariff "Ask Mr. Foster" Travel Service Act of 1930, which prohibits the importation into the 1627 K St., N.W. U.S. of any product or good which is mined, produced or Washington, D.C. 20006 manufactured by forced labor, indentured labor under penal sanction or convict labor, provided the U.S. can Diners Fugazy Execitove Travel meet its domestic consumptive demand for the product Box 117A from U.S. sources. Detroit, Mich. 48232 The Documents filed by the complainants demonstra ted that under South African laws such as the Bantu Exprinter Tours Labour Act of 1964, breaches of contract by black 500 5th Ave. workers are punishable as crimes, thus bringing the coal New York, N.Y. 10036 within the prohibition of the Tariff Act. The com plainants also demonstrated that there is sufficient coal Hemphill Travel Service available within the U.S. to meet the "consumptive 1201 W. 4th St. demand" requirement. Los Angeles, Calif. 90017 The Commissioner did not take action to prohibit the offloading of the coal. Instead, on August 22nd he held a Linblad Travel Service hearing attended by the importing company, the Southern 133 E. 55th St. Power Company, a representative of the Transvaal Coal New York, N.Y. 10022 Owners' Association and an official of the Bureau of Mines. The complainants were not notified of this hearing.

DID YOU RENEW YOUR SUBSCRIPTION TO SOUTHERN AFRICA? After protesting this irregular procedure a further hearing The Ambassador refused to see Neville Curtis, former was held at which testimony was presented on behalf of President of NUSAS, who was to have accompanied them. the United Mineworkers and the State of Alabama. This The deputation protested the detention of the 16 black included a statement by Congressman Dent of Pennsyl student leaders recently arrested in Durban under the vania opposing the importation of South African coal. Terrorism Act who have been held incommunicado Expert legal evidence was presented on the meaning of indefinitely. Section 307 of the Tariff Act and on the content of South The Ambassador agreed that "there was much in South African labor legislation by Douglas P. Wachholz and African law which was inequitable" and said he was Michael Davis, a South African lawyer in exile. In addition concerned about South Africa's poor international reputa there was evidence from expert witnesses and the coal tion. He invited the deputation to return "in view of the producers in Alabama on the availability of local U.S. meeting's unsatisfactory conclusion." Senator Geitzelt coal. and Gareth Clayton both said they would raise the matter The testimony was presented by Ms. Goler Butcher in Parliament and students from the Australian National acting on behalf of the Lawyers' Committee for Civil University staged a demonstration outside the, Embassy to Rights Under Law, as counsel for the co-complainants, the publicize the arrests. (Canberra Times, Canberra, Oct. 23, United Mineworkers of America and the State of 1974) Alabama. The Commissioner of Customs has not yet made a LIBERATION SUPPORT ruling on the complaint. The independence of Guinea-Bissau, the approaching independence of Mozambique, the negotiations in Angola, POLITICAL/EDUCATION and the new situation in Portugal itself have prompted a NEW YORK TIMES WINS IN STATE COURT number of international actions. Heads of State of East The New York State Supreme Court Justice, Nathaniel and Central Africa, who recently met in Congo, have T. Helman, ruled in late October that the New York called upon Western countries to take steps to prevent any Times, could carry classified ads for employment in South of their citizens from becoming involved in mercenary Africa voiding an order issued by the New York City activities in Africa. Fear of such action is growing at the Commission on Human Rights against such advertisements same time that negotiations are taking place between because they are implicitly discriminatory. The decision Portugal and the African movements. (Diario de Noticias, was apparently leaked to the press prior to the complain Lisbon, June 8, 15, 1974; Globe & Mail, Ottawa, Aug, 13, ants or their lawyers knowing about it. It appears likely 1974; Daily News, Dares Salaam, Sept. 5, 1974) that the Commission will appeal the ruling. Justice There is also the recognition that there continues to be Helman's decision stated that since none of the ads a great need for liberation support in southern Africa. The directly made reference to race, the Times, did not involve Government of Japan has made three contributions to the itself in discriminatory practices. (For background, see UN: $100,000 to the UN Educational Training program Southern Africa, Feb., September, October, 1974) for Southern Africa, $10,000 to the UN Trust Fund for South Africa, and $10,000 to the UN Fund for Namibia. INTERNATIONAL BOYCOTTS, CAMPAIGNS, SANCTIONS BUSTING AUSrRALIAN AID FOR AFRICAN LIBERATION The Prime Minister of South Africa John Vorster, has. MOVEMENTS stated the case with great clarity: "Every time a South In the budget announced by the Australian Govern African product is bought, it is another brick in the wall ment on Sept. 17 the foreign aid item includes $200,000 of our continued existence." (Star, Johannesburg, Aug. to provide humanitarian assistance to liberation move 26, 1972) This is the principle behind all the boycotts and ments in Africa. campaigns, both economic and cultural, against South Following the highly successful Australian visit of Ms. Africa. In a special "Ban Bulletin" printed by the Boycot Potuse Appolus, central committee member of the South West Africa Peoples Organization, (SWAPO) who dis cussed this question with the Prime Minister Dr. Jim Cairns, the aid will almost certainly go through the Organization of African Unity which may also set up an information office in Canberra. PM Whitlam also promised to send a planeload of emergency aid for the 2,000 Namibian refugees now in Zambia. There are, however, likely to be some problems with the proposals for aid to the liberation movements getting through the Senate where the Labour Party does not have a majority and where several opposition Senators are sympathetic to the Smith regime. DEPUTATION TO SOUTH AFRICAN AMBASSADOR On October 22 a deputation consisting of two government members of Parliament, Senator Arthur Geitzelt and Mr. Gareth Clayton, together with Rev. George Garnsey, ecumenical chaplain of the Australian National University and Ian McDonald, President of the Australian Union of Students met with the South African Ambassador Mr. J.B. Mills at the Embassy in Canberra. Australian Prime Minister Gough Whitlam RENEW YOUR SUBSCRIPTION NOW Outspan Aktie Pasteurstraat in Holland, a good summary New Zealand Amateur Fencing Association has decided to of the Dutch campaigns is presented. (First edition, Feb. allow the national foils champion to compete in an 1974; second edition, June 1974) Boycotts and campaigns international invitation tournament in Johannesburg (New against South African goods continue in England, spon Zealand Herald, Oct. 1, 1974) despite New Zealand sored by the Anti-Apartheid Movement, Young Liberal, anti-apartheid groups' campaigns against it. New Zealand's and other groups. The British National Union of Students Prime Minister Rowling has also said that the visit of New has played a big part in opposing British links with Zealand's softball club to South Africa was "exercising Southern Africa, and its 600,000-strong membership is the right ... to move freely about the world." (Evening backing a boycott of Barclays Bank, more support for the Post, NZ, Sept. 24, 1974) and that New Zealand's policy liberation movements, .fund-raising campaigns, and re of non-cooperation in sport with South Africa "was search into university- and corporate involvement in hurting the blacks there." (Press, NZ, Sept. 19, 1974) A Southern African minority regimes. (Anti-Apartheid row has also arisen over an "unannounced" cricket tour of News, October, 1974) a New Zealand team to Southern Africa (The Bulletin, South Africa has lost its representation on the boards Sept. 21, 1974;Press, Sept. 26 and Oct. 1, 1974). of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The International Amateur Athletics Federation's Rumania barred South African delegates from the world Congress has rejected South Africa's application to be population conference in Bucharest last August and South readmitted to international athletics, and the Japanese Africa was also excluded from an international conference Racing Association has turned down an invitation to send on the world's water problems in Paris (Star, a Japanese jockey to ride in South Africa. (Anti-Apartheid Johannesburg, Aug. 24, Sept. 7, Oct. 5, 1974). News, London, October, 1974) South Africa and Rho Australia and New .South Wales are taking steps to desia remain suspended from membership in the Inter comply with UN sanctions against Rhodesia. (Star, national Swimming Federation. (Star, Johannesburg, Sept. Johannesburg, Aug. 17, 1974) In West Germany, Austria 21, 1974) and at the UN, action is being taken to stop the support that has been pouring into Rhodesia to finance the expansion of the Rhodesian Iron and Steel Company's plant at Que Que. Documents proving the sanctions busting were presented to the UN in April, and it is hoped that the enterprise will be stopped completely in the very near future. (Anti-Apartheid News, June, 1974) CHURCHES The Australian Council of Churches and the Catholic Church's National Commission for Justice and Peace have called for the closure of Australia's two trade commission offices in South Africa. (Zambia Daily Mail, July 29, 1974) The Presbyterian Church of New Zealand has voted to withdraw its church investments from Southern Africa. (Star, Johannesburg, Aug. 17, 1974) TRADE UNIONS Three Netherlands trade union confederations have Target of Australian Protest Golfer Gary Player asked Dutch firms investing in South Africa to recognize the rights of Africans in South Africa to establish trade unions, to abolish job reservation, to open trade training ANTI-APARTHEID ACTION AT MASTERS GOLF to all races, and to pay equal pay for all races in South TOURNAMENT IN SYDNEY Africa. British anti-apartheid movements are in opposition Plainsclothes policemen were protecting South African to some of the recommendations made by a delegation golfer Gary Player during the Masters Golf tournament at from the Trade Union Council that recently returned the Australian Golf Club in Sydney on Oct. 26 and 27. from South Africa-namely the encouragement of invest Anti-apartheid demonstrators had painted "Racist Go ment in British subsidiaries in South Africa that "encour Home" in lime on the 12th green and about 30 of them age" black unions, and the continued support for TUCSA followed him around the course. (Trade Union Council of South Africa), long after it has An aboriginal demonstrator was arrested on the been discredited in the eyes of black workers. (Anti Saturday, simply because he happened to cough as Gary Apartheid News, London, June 1974) Player was putting. He was brutally escorted from the course amid shouts of "Why are you arresting our black SPORTS, CULTURE brother? This is racism." The following day was more The Edinburgh Town Council has refuse -permission violent and seven people were arrested. In order to for a South African-Rhodesian hockey team to play at promote an anti-racist image Gary Player had brought Edinburgh's stadium. The Cambridge University Rugby with him an African golfer, Vincent Tshabalala. But Mr. Club has decided to call off its tour of Rhodesia. Tshabalala has done nothing to criticize the South African Following the model set by Malawi and Kenya, Zambia government's policies of apartheid in sport and merely has asked the national sports council and all national echoes Gary Player's support for his government's sports associations to cancel arrangements with British policies. (Herald, Melbourne, Oct. 26, 1974; Age, Mel teams as long as these teams continue to tour South bourne, Oct. 28, 1974; Australian, [national] Oct. 28, Africa. (Anti-Apartheid News, London, June, 1974) The 1974) RENEW YOUR SUBSCRIPTION NOW books and pamphlets received...

Thomas P. Melady, Burundi: The Tragic Years. Maryknoll, at Conakry, May 13, 1972. N.J.: Jihan Productions, N.Y.: Orbis Books, 1974. 1973. 8 pp. $1.25. Quentin Jacobsen, Solitary In Johannesburg. Levittown, From LSM Information Center, LSM Press, Box 94338, N.Y.: Transatlantic Arts, Inc., 1973. 256 pp. $9.50. Richmond, B.C., Canada. Al J. Venter, Africa At War. Old Greenwich, Conn.: The Mozambican Women in the Revolution, 28 pp. $.85. Devin-Adair Co., 1974. 185 pp. Guinea-Bissau:.Toward Final Victory! (Selected Speeches United Nations, A Trust Betrayed: Namibia. N.Y.: UN and Documents from PAIGC). 98 pp. $1.25. Office of Public Information, 1974. 43 pp. $2.00. Interviews in Depth Series: PAIGC, Cabral on Nkrumah, speech delivered by the late Namibia, SWAPO '1', Adreas Shipanga. 27 pp. $.75. Sec. Gen. of PAIGC, Amilcar Cabral, at a symposium Zimbabwe, ZAPU '2', George Silundika. 26 pp. $.75. organized by the PDG, Guinea, in memory of Nkrumah resources ARTICLES ON THE BANK CAMPAIGN. Two articles Committee among the 250,000 Cape Verdean Americans describing the process and politics of a church/community in the United States. TIME: 14:07. Available from "The coalition organizing around Maryland National Bank's $2 Rest of the News", 306 East State Street, Ithaca, New million loan to South Africa. See Engage/Social Action, York 14850. Tape is reel-to-reel, (72 or 3%) or on August, 1974 (United Methodist Church/United Church cassette. Cost $6.00. Order a catalogue of other programs of Chirst, 100 Maryland Ave., NE, Washington, 20002. 50 from "The Rest of the News" as well. cents); and New World Outlook October 1974 (United Methodist Church, 475 Riverside Drive, New York, NY ANTI-APARTHEID NEWS describes what life is like in 10027) Vorster's South Africa, carries news of the liberation struggle all over Southern Africa, exposes British collabor TAPE SHOW ON GUINEA BISSAU, "GUINEA BISSAU ation with apartheid-and involves you in the fight against WINS INDEPENDENCE". Gil Fernandes, Guinea-Bissau's it. representative at the United Nations discusses his coun Membership of the Anti-Apartheid Movement (including try's future and outlines past US intervention on behalf of subscription to AA NEWS) £2: overseas airmail £5; Portugal in the 12 year struggle. Buddy Andrade of the surface mail £3. Subscription only, £1.50; airmail £3.50. PAIGC-USA, talks about activities of the PAIGC Support Anti-Apartheid Movement, 89 Charlotte St., London W.1. films on Southern Africa... a historical record of the struggle to create a FREE PEOPLE IN free nation of Guinea-Bissau since the start of GUINEA-BISSAU PAIGC in 1956. an excellent introduction to the racist policy of apartheid in South Africa. Available only from THE WITNESSES TFC New York office.

the most comprehensive introductory film on the A LUTA CONTINUA national liberation movement in Mozambique. other films from Africa include; Grand Prize winner, 1973 Pan African Film Festival, this new Moroccan feature film depicts the semi 1001 HANDS feudal conditions of the North African worker. ... from 7,7777 "77 I~ T7ue ," FOR RENTAL INFORMATION AND/OR A COMPLETE CATALOG, CONTACT 333 Sixth Avenue 1034 Lake Street P.O. Box 4430 New York, NY 10014 Oak Park, IL 60301 Berkeley, CA 94704 (212) 989-3330 (312) 386-5909 (415) 548-3204 UPDATE

SOUTH AFRICA VOTED OUT OF UN GENERAL white rule, while the Smith regime celebrated its ninth ASSEMBLY year of illegal control. At a ball on November 9th, the UN General Assembly President Bouteflika has ruled Prime Minister led white dignitaries through festivities that South Africa cannot participate in the current session which included the ringing of an "independence bell." of the United Nations General Assembly. The ruling, says On behalf of the African National Council, Bishop Bouteflika, reflects the spirit of an earlier General Abel Muzerewa issued the call for mourning, declaring, Assembly resolution that rejected South Africa's creden "We look forward to the day Zimbabwe will be free and tials and referred Pretoria's membership in the world body independent." ZANU and ZAPU both vowed to accelerate to the Security Council. The Assembly then voted 91 to the armed struggle. 22 (19 abstained) to uphold the ruling. .The African move to totally expel South Africa from the UN was killed in the Security Council by a triple veto CRACKDOWN AGAINST BLACK LEADERS IN SOUTH by the United States, Britain, and France on October 30. AFRICA CONTINUES Bouteflika's action bars South Africa from participa Nine more members of the South African Students ting in General Assembly debate for the duration of the Organization (SASO) and the Black Peoples' Convention session ending December 17. The ruling leaves open, (BCP) were arrested under the Terrorism Act on however, the status of South Africa's UN membership. November 7. Nearly thirty others from SASO, BCH and South Africa immediately recalled UN Ambassador Botha the Black Allied Workers' Union were detained under the for consultations and froze its one million dollar budget same law in late September following the announcement contribution. of a series of rallies planned to show solidarity with the people of Mozambique in attaining their freedom. Another 19 people were arrested and charged for unlawful ANGOLA'S PROBLEMS PERSIST assembly in connection with a pro-FRELIMO rally held in Angola's capital city of Luanda suffered the worst Durban. The wave of arrests is one of the largest violent outbreak in several months during the weekend of concentrated crackdown against black leaders since the November 9th when over 100 persons were killed and early 1960's and indicates white South Africa's growing many more wounded in several nights of fighting. insecurity about the future of white supremacy in Perpetrators of the violence seemed to be persons southern Africa. unaffiliated with any of Angola's three main liberation groups. All three now have offices in Luanda and all quickly condemned the clashes. US OFFICIAL TOURS 10 AFRICAN STATES In Cabinda, the oil rich province to the north, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs, Donald Portuguese troops were moved in several days before the Easum, undertook a 10-nation four-week tour of eastern Luanda violence, following an apparent attempt by the and southern Africa last month. After initial stops in Front for the Liberation of Cabinda (FLEC) to launch a Zaire, Tanzania, and Malawi, America's highest-ranking major armed offensive. The Portuguese authorities have official for Africa attended Zambia's 10th anniversary stated their opposition to autonomy for Cabinda, as have independence celebrations. all three liberation movements. However, the BBC In South Africa he met with a cross-section of correspondent in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania reported on individuals. Leaders of the Coloured Representative November 11 that diplomats and government officials Council, as well as black student leaders, told Easum they there believe President Mobutu Sese Seko of Zaire and the were disappointed in the US Security Council veto which President of the National Liberation Front, FNLA, have helped keep South Africa in the UN. White politicians made a deal to hand over Cabinda to Zaire after Angola's from all political parties expressed their gratitude, but independence. Mobutu's alleged role is to support FNLA Easum warned that the vote was not an endorsement by leader Holden Roberto as President of Angola. the US Government of South Africa's racial policies. He On the day of the BBC report, Tanzanian President predicted major changes in the country soon, and Nyerere was in Lusaka for talks with Zambian President emphasized the US desire for Pretoria to observe UN Kaunda. High on their agenda was Angola and the rulings on Rhodesia (observance of sanctions and with continuing disunity among the liberation movements drawal of South African troops) and Namibia (recognition there. Also attending were Frelimo President Machel, of UN sovereignty) Botswana President Khama, and Lesotho King Moshoeshoe. Also on Easum's itinerary were Lesotho, Botswana, Notably absent was Mobutu, who has been involved in Swaziland, Mozambique, and Angola. N numerous discussions on Angola with Nyerere and Kaunda in recent months. His absence seems to support the view that Kaunda and Nyerere are unhappy about his actions-the reported deal over Cabinda and his support for Daniel Chipenda as MPLA leader. DID YOU RENEW YOUR SUBSCRIPTION TO BLACKS MOURN RHODESIAN ANNIVERSARY African leaders in Rhodesia called for a day of SOUTHERN AFRICA? mourning, and vowed to intensify the struggle against Note new rates for 1975 listed below:

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