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Biogas Production from Ruminant and Monogastric Animal Manure Co-Digested with Manipueira

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Biogas Production from Ruminant and Monogastric Animal Manure Co-Digested with Manipueira Biogas production from ruminant and monogastric animal manure co-digested with manipueira Andrade, W.R.1@; Xavier, C.A.N.2; Coca, F.O.C.G.2; Arruda, L.D.O.1 and Santos, T.M.B.2 1Animal Science. State University of Mato Grosso do Sul. Aquidauana. MS. Brazil. 2Animal Science. Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul. Campo Grande. MS. Brazil. SUMMARY ADDITIONAL KEYWORDS The aim of this study was to evaluate ruminant and monogastric animal manure co-digested Alkalinity. with 10 % of manipueira through process monitoring parameters and biogas production. In this Ammonia. study, eight semi-continuous digesters, with a capacity of 7.8 liters of substrate in fermentation, Digester. operated with 30 days of hydraulic retention time, were used. Monitoring analyses were per- Cassava. formed in order to assess: pH, total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentration, partial alkalinity 3 -1 pH. (PA), content and biogas yield (m ·kg·Volatile Solids (VS)added ). There was no statistic difference for all the pH values, which reached values around 6.8 to 8.0. For PA, all the substrates rea- ched higher than 1.200 mg·L-1 values as recommended. During the process, there was no risk of failure due to TAN concentration. The average biogas productions accumulated per week were 0.00676; 0.01167; 0.01515 and 0.01856 m3 for substrates composed by dairy cattle, sheep, poultry and swine manure co-digested with manipueira, respectively. The biogas yield 3 -1 for those respective substrates were 0.122; 0.275; 0.535 e 0.843 m ·kg·VSadded . The highest biogas yield was obtained for anaerobic co-digestion of swine manure with 10 % (volume/ volume) of manipueira. Produção de biogás por dejetos de ruminantes e monogástricos co-digeridos com manipueira RESUMO PALAVRAS-CHAVE ADICIONAIS Objetivou-se avaliar o uso de manipueira na co-digestão anaeróbia com dejetos de ani- Alcalinidade. mais monogástricos e ruminantes, por meio de parâmetros de monitoramento do processo e Amônia. da produção de biogás. Foram utilizados oito biodigestores semicontínuos com volume útil de Biodigestor. 7,8 L de substrato em fermentação operados com tempo de retenção hidráulica de 30 dias. Mandioca. Realizou-se análises de pH, nitrogênio amoniacal, alcalinidade parcial (AP), sólidos totais pH. 3 -1 (ST), sólidos voláteis (SV), e rendimento do biogás (m kg SVadicionados ). Os valores de pH e concentrações de AP apresentaram-se na faixa ideal para a ocorrência do processo de diges- INFORMATION tão, de 6,0 a 8,0 e acima de 1.200 mg·L-1, respectivamente. Durante o processo não houve Cronología del artículo. risco de falência por concentrações de nitrogênio amoniacal. As produções médias de biogás Recibido/Received: 20.10.2015 acumuladas semanais foram de 0,00676, 0,1167, 0,01515 e 0,01856 m3, respectivamente Aceptado/Accepted: 05.05.2016 para substratos formados por dejetos de bovinos de leite, ovinos, aves e/ou suínos codigeridos On-line: 15.09.2016 com manipueira. Os rendimentos para os respectivos substratos foram 0,122, 0,275, 0,535 e Correspondencia a los autores/Contact e-mail: 3 -1 0,843 m kg SVadicionados . Maiores produções de biogás são obtidas na co-digestão anaeróbia [email protected] de dejetos de suínos com 10 % (volume/volume) de manipueira. INTRODUCTION to its high content of organic compounds (Ribas and Barana, 2003). In 2015 the Brazilian cassava production reached 24,154,377 million tons of roots (IBGE, 2015). This tube- Nevertheless, livestock production generates as rous root is considered a popular product for Brazilians much waste as the cassava processing does. Residues with cultural, nutritional and economic importance. from agro industry such as animal manure, wastewa- Large portion of this production is destined to indus- ter, straws, shells and pulps might be used for energy try, which is responsible to generate derivatives such and nutrient recovery. Recycling of these wastes can be as cassava flour. According to Souza and Otsubo (2002) done through a process for renewable energy produc- the generation of cassava flour have produced consi- tion, the anaerobic digestion. This process is performed dered amounts of cassava wastewater (manipueira), by anaerobic microorganisms through breakdown of yellow liquid residue from crushing and washing of complex organic matter, resulting mainly in the release cassava, considered harmful for the environment due of methane gas (CH4) that can be converted into energy Arch. Zootec. 65 (251): 375-380. 2016. ANDRADE, XAVIER, COCA, ARRUDA AND SANTOS Table I. Composition of the manure used in the substrates to the daily feeding of the digesters (Composição dos dejetos utilizados nos substratos para alimentação diária dos biodigestores). Total solids Volatile solids Volatile solids ( %, fresh matter) ( %, in dry matter) ( %, fresh matter) Dairy cows 19.46 79.46 15.46 Sheep 37.03 76.49 28.32 Swine 37.99 60.66 23.04 Poultry 60.21 59.31 35.71 while the sludge can serve as crop fertilizers due to its they might contribute in the buffering capacity of the agronomic profile. substrate when co-digested with other residues (Moli- nuevo-Salces et al., 2013). Due to lacking of knowledge from farmers, many li- quid and solids residues from agriculture and livestock Using manipueira and livestock’s waste as substra- system are daily produced and improperly disposed. te of anaerobic digesters in adequate proportion may In this backdrop, the anaerobic co-digestion may be an facilitate manipueira recovery and thus, adding eco- alternative to treat these different sources of organic nomic, environmental and social value, once that sig- waste. nificant part of cassava producers come from familiar The co-digestion process is able to process various units located in small rural communities (Bringhenti biomass substrate at the same time, leading to an in- and Cabello, 2005). crease of precursors of biogas; better balance of nu- Therefore, the primary aim of this study was to trients in the system; mitigation of toxic compounds evaluate the process of anaerobic co-digestion and bio- already present in the waste or formed during the gas production of dairy cow, poultry, swine or sheep process, and provide better buffer condition due to the manure with manipueira in semi-continuous anaerobic incorporation of distinct organic wastes (Alvarez and digesters. Lidén, 2009; Holm-Nielsen et al., 2009; Mao et al., 2015). The use of manipueira in anaerobic digestion pro- MATERIAL AND METHODS cess to biogas production may be restricted due to high contents of easily soluble components (Panichnumsin The anaerobic digestion assay was carried out in the et al., 2012), leading to improper balance of volatile laboratory of Biomass and Water Quality at State Uni- fatty acids and causing instability in the process. Due versity of Mato Grosso do Sul located in Aquidauana to that fact, anaerobic digestion of manipueira as uni- – MS, Brazil (Latitude 20º28’S; Longitude 55º48’W). The que substrate does not occur successfully; it always experiment was conducted during the rainy season, needs adding buffering substances, long hydraulic when the average temperature was 29.02 °C. retention time, dilution on water, separation of phases This assay was performed in two phases, which and/or anaerobic co-digestion. consisted of 35 days of start-up and 90 days of daily fe- On the other hand, livestock waste is wealthy in eding. Substrates for start-up contained 2 % of total so- components that have low degradability rates, when lids (TS) and for daily feeding, 4 % of TS. During daily compared to those present on manipueira. Moreover, feeding, the hydraulic retention time was 30 days. Table II. Composition of the substrates (kg) used in the digesters (Composição dos substratos (kg) utilizados nos bio- digestores). Manure Water Manipueira Sodium bicarbonate Start-up Dairy cows 0.79 6.71 0.000 0.039 Sheep 0.42 7.08 0.000 0.039 Swine 0.41 7.09 0.000 0.039 Poultry 2.58 4.92 0.000 0.039 Daily feeding Dairy cows 0.05 0.21 0.026 0.0013 Sheep 0.03 0.23 0.026 0.0013 Swine 0.03 0.23 0.026 0.0013 Poultry 0.02 0.24 0.026 0.0013 Archivos de zootecnia vol. 65, núm. 251, p. 376. BIOGAS PRODUCTION FROM RUMINANT AND MONOGASTRIC ANIMAL MANURE CO-DIGESTED WITH MANIPUEIRA Manure used to start the daily feeding of the digesters Fresh manure from dairy cows, sheep, poultry were collected at the dairy cow, poultry and sheep and swine were used to the start-up phase and daily complex at State University of Mato Grosso do Sul and feeding. For the start-up phase the amount of TS the swine manure were collected in an experimental used to calculate the substrate of each treatment farm at Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul. were 19.46; 36.74; 6.05 and 37.99 % respectively. The Pantaneira breed lactating cows were fed with 60 % amounts of TS and VS from manure used in the of forage and 40 % of concentrate ratio. Concentrate daily feeding are presented on tables I and II. was compound by corn, soybean meal, urea and mi- Manipueira added to substrates during daily neral supplementation. Santa Inês breed and crossbred feeding averaged 5.5 % TS, pH of 4.87 and total sheep were kept in rotated grazing fed with piatã fora- ammonia concentration (TAN) of 175 mg·L-1. Per- ge, massai forage and mineral supplementation. centages of manipueira inclusion (10 %, weight/ Hy line poultry housed on conventional cage sys- weight) as well as the use of sodium bicarbonate tem were fed with diet based on corn and soybean (NaHCO3) (0.5 %, weight/weight) were defined in meal. Pietran/Duroc x Large White/Landrace fatte- preliminary tests.
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