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The Linkage Between Regionstoward the Development of Urban Areasusing Transportation Costs Approach in Aceh

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The Linkage Between Regionstoward the Development of Urban Areasusing Transportation Costs Approach in Aceh International Journal of Contemporary Applied Sciences Vol. 4, No. 1, January 2017 (ISSN: 2308-1365) www.ijcas.net THE LINKAGE BETWEEN REGIONSTOWARD THE DEVELOPMENT OF URBAN AREASUSING TRANSPORTATION COSTS APPROACH IN ACEH Muliadi*, Erna Safriana1, Raja Masbar1, Sofyan Syahnur1, Muhammad Isa2 1Faculty of Economics and Business Syiah Kuala University 2Faculty of Engineering Syiah Kuala University *Corresponding Author’s Email: [email protected] Abstract This study empirically examines the relationship between the regions and the development of urban areas within six (6) regionals ATDC (Aceh Trade and Distribution Center) that have been defined in the Spatial Plan (RTRW) Aceh. First model we employ in this article is aGravityModelwhich aims to observe the amount of linkage index (GI) between the central zone and the tested zone. Second method israndom effects regressionto find the effect of distance, travel time and cost of transport to the Gravity Index (IG).Third, mapping of the Arc-GISusing MDSA in viewing the development of the City. The results showthat the largest GI towards the center of the zone are the areas of; Central Zone (Banda Aceh City), North Zone (North Aceh District), East Zone (Langsa City), Southeast Zone (GayoLues district), South Zone (South Aceh) and West Zone (Nagan Raya). Random effects regression shows that between the travel time and transportation costs are significantly negative influence, while the distance is negative but not significant. MDSA test illustrates that there are three clusters can be developed in the Province of Aceh. Keywords: Gravity Index Model, Random Regression Model, MDSA (Multi Dimensional Scaling Analysis), Arc-GIS (Geographic Information System). 80 International Journal of Contemporary Applied Sciences Vol. 4, No. 1, January 2017 (ISSN: 2308-1365) www.ijcas.net 1. INTRODUCTION Regional development is intended as an attempt to equalize and disseminate development in the region with a purpose to harmonize and balance or minimize the difference in the level of growth rate among regions, as well as integrating all development activities in the region in order to support the successof the overall national development. Regional development is an integral part of national development. Economic development of a region is closely related to the economic potential and characteristics of the area along witha linkage between economic activities over the surrounding area. Similarly, districts/cities in Aceh Provincehas diverses wealth of natural resources include oil and gas, agriculture, industry, plantations, inland and marine fisheries, and mining havea potential to be developed in accordance with the spatialplan of Aceh. Determination of the development of strategic areas of Aceh is divided into six (6) ATDC (Aceh Trade and Distribution Center) namely; Central Zone which is centered in Banda Aceh city, North Zone, which is centered in Bireuen city, East Zone, which is centered in Aceh Tamiang district, East Zone, which is centered in Kutacane city, South Zone, which is centered in Blangpidie city and the West Zone, which is centered in Meulaboh city. Figure 1. The Road System in Aceh Source : Directorate General of Highways National Road Implementing AgencyI, 2014 81 International Journal of Contemporary Applied Sciences Vol. 4, No. 1, January 2017 (ISSN: 2308-1365) www.ijcas.net Figure 1 demonstrates that in 2007 the total length of roads in the Province of Aceh is 18.682 km, then increaseto 22.457.3 km in 2012. It shows that there is a development of road infrastructure in the Province of Aceh during the period of 2007 to 2012. However, the linkage between the regions affected by the distance and transportation costs. Hence, the linkage betweenregions reflected the interaction between the regions. One indicator of the interaction between regions can be seen from the migration of the population. Banda Aceh-Singkil 246 652 Banda Aceh-Tapak Tuan 151 434 Banda Aceh-Blangpidie 124 358 Banda Aceh-Meulaboh 102 238 Banda Aceh-Kuta Cane 221 536 Tujuan Banda Aceh-Takengon 120 - 336 Banda Aceh-Subulussalam 221.5 588 Arah Banda Aceh-Langsa 119.5 436 Banda Aceh-Lhokseumawe 75.5 273 Banda Aceh-Bireuen 62.5 215 Banda Aceh-Sigli 35.5 110 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Biaya Transportasi (Rp. X1000) Jarak (Km) Figure 2. Distance& Transportation Costs from Banda Aceh to Several Cities in Aceh Province Source: Organda Aceh, 2015 According to above figured,the distance, transportation costs and travel time among the areas in the province are also different from each other. For instance, the route ofBanda Aceh to the east coast of Aceh region and the transportation costs from Banda Aceh to the cities in the region are also different. Then, it isa similarity of thetransportation costs from Banda Aceh to the west coast of central and southern regions. With regard to the explanation above, the first discussion of this study is the linkage between the regions in each development areas in Aceh in terms of transportation costs. Of course, an area with a small capacity would expect to the other areas to promote them. Second, researchers examine by looking at the influence of transportation costs, distance, and travel time to the linkages between the regions in the Aceh Province. Thus, the transportation costs, travel time and traffic flow of each development region in Aceh is relatively different from one another. Certainly, this is not only a point that can affect the interaction between regions, but also affect the development of the region. Finally, the third issue, we will seek a clarity on the characteristics of the region towards the development of urban areas. 82 International Journal of Contemporary Applied Sciences Vol. 4, No. 1, January 2017 (ISSN: 2308-1365) www.ijcas.net 2. LITERATURE REVIEW The concept of development andregional linkage being ainfluence benchmark among region one another. Recently, only a few regions able to stand alone without the support of other regions. Whereas, the rest of them still stand beyond the potential from other areas, especially access to transportation. According toLeck, Shlomo and Naniel (2008), there is a relationship between accessibility (transportation) to the economic welfare of the societies. Furthermore, the development of transport can improve the efficiency, output, productivity and wages. Meanwhile, Pradhan and Tapan (2012) mentions thatit is a causal relationship between land transport infrastructure to the gross domestic capital formation. There is causality between economic growth and gross domestic capital formation. While the external factors, David and Pascal D (2004) describe that the regional economic integration through trade liberalization has a positive impact on economic growth. Iek (2013) argues that thefirst, analysis results prove that the construction of the road as the main drivers of workforce growthout of agriculture side (non-farm) and it has an impact on variety to the source of public income. Second, the income difference test results prove that the construction of the road has a positive impact and significant changes in revenue. Meanwhile, Suparta (2009) conducted research related to the Spillover Effect stated that spatial spillover effect in the form of commodity price and income of the people in each region neighboring turns out the price level and income. Moreover, Suhonono (2008) applies MDSA model then concluding urban development is required to consider the economic environment strategic. 3. RESEARCH METHOD The data that used in this reseach is panel data which is a combination of time series data for the period of 2006 to 2014 (cross section data) in each development region in the Aceh Province. The method applies for data analysis is accordances with the formulation of the problem and research objectives identified earlier, that is to analyse the relationship between regions and regional development. Firstly, the linkage between the regions are measuredfrom the Gravity Index (GI), a function which consists of indicators Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP), population, and distance. The structural form of the equations that describe the functional relationship between the variables expressed in the following equation (Wiyadi and Trisnawati, 2002): 3.1 Gravity Index Model: 푎 푊푖푃푖 푊푗 푃푗 퐺퐼푖푗 = 푏 (3.1) 퐷푖푗 Where :퐺퐼푖푗 = Gravity Index Modelregioniand j, 푊푖 = GRDP per capitaregioni, 푊푗 = GRDP per capitaregion j, 푃푖 = Total Population regioni, 푃푗 = Total Population region j, Dij= distance regionito region j, 푎= Constants, the value is 1. 83 International Journal of Contemporary Applied Sciences Vol. 4, No. 1, January 2017 (ISSN: 2308-1365) www.ijcas.net 3.2 Average of Gravity Index Furthermore, in order to perceive the average of gravity index model it can be written in the equation as below: 퐺퐼 푋 퐺퐼 = 푖푗 (3.2) 푖푗 푛 Where :푋 퐺퐼푖푗 = Avegare of Gravity Index Model regioniand j, GIij= Gravity Index Model regioniand j, 푛= Total Data 3.3 Panel Regression Model Thus,mathematically the relationship between these variables is expressed as follows: GI = f (JT, WT, OT) (3.3) The results of Gravity Index (GI) can be exertedas a development model from the relations of transportation aspects to the interactions between regions that can be stated to the equation (3.2), the regression model as follows: 퐺퐼푖푗 = 훼 + 훽1푇퐶푖푗 + 훽2푇푇푖푗 + 훽2퐷푖푗 + 휀 (3.4) Where : 퐺퐼푖푗 = Gravity Index Model, 푇퐶푖푗 = Transportation Costs,푇푇푖푗 = Travel Time, 퐷푖푗 = Distance,α = constant, β = slope, ε = residual. 4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS The gravity index is the amount of value added in order to establish linkages between the two regions that interact with each other economically. This index is obtained by matrix technique from 23 districts/cities in nine years time series by using a variable of distance, transportation costs, travel time, the number of residents in the city of origin and destination cities, as well as the GRDP in both regions. Then the magnitude of the index is defined as the value of the Inter-regional linkage index. Figure 3indicates that the six zones in Provinceof Aceh.
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