Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 380 ; July, 2013 Volcanic Hazard Maps of Japan, Second Edition Japan is one of the most volcanic countries on earth with more than 100 active volcanoes. Many scenic tourist destinations and hot spring resorts are located near active volcanoes, and residential areas have been approaching the volcanic summits. This has made it urgent for local governments and disaster mitigation organizations adjacent to active volcanoes to implement effective disaster management systems for dealing with volcanic threats. After the eruption of Unzen Fugendake in 1991, the National Land Agency of Japan published a national guideline for volcanic eruption disaster hazard maps based on lessons learned from casualties caused by the disastrous eruption of Nevado del Ruiz in South America in 1985. This was followed by publications of volcanic hazard maps (disaster mitigation maps) as well as disaster mitigation plans by many local governments adjacent to volcanic areas. Efforts to update volcanic hazard maps and prepare other refuge handbooks were stepped up significantly after Usuzan and Miyakejima erupted in 2000. Meanwhile, the Commission on Mitigation of Volcanic Disasters of the Volcanological Society of Japan (VSJ) had been investigating effective methods for developing the best suited mitigating systems for volcanic disasters in Japan. Also, the Disaster Information Laboratory of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED) had been working on efficient ways to collect and disseminate disaster prevention related materials and information resources. Working together, these two organizations developed a volcanic hazard map database that provides basic information resources to local government authorities, disaster mitigation organizations, and researchers who are concerned with volcanic hazards. After building on these collaborations, the first edition of the Volcanic Hazard Maps of Japan (on two DVDs) was published in 2006, followed by an English supplemental DVD (on a single disk) in 2007. In addition, the NIED made the database system of volcanic hazard maps widely available to the public by putting up an online version on their website, which they regularly update as new information becomes available. Since the first edition of the Volcanic Hazard Maps of Japan was published six years ago, the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) has revised the number of active volcanoes upward from 108 to 110, and the new Volcanic Warning and Volcanic Alert Levels System has been incorporated into many areas near active volcanoes. Several hazard maps have therefore been revised by local governments, and numerous publications with new information have been published. One valuable lesson we learned from the recent Great East Japan Earthquake of March 11, 2011 is that we must be prepared to respond to major natural disasters no matter how infrequent and unlikely, and we must deal with such disasters as a national challenge and not simply rely on local governments and local disaster management organizations. In order to implement a wide-area disaster management system that can handle these kinds of large-scale disasters, we must bolster hard countermeasures with soft countermeasures while continuing to explore other novel ways of thinking. Indeed, reassessment of how people should respond to disasters based on these new ways of thinking has already begun. Taking this into consideration, the second edition of Volcanic Hazard Maps of Japan was planned and has now been released with new updated content, based on recent studies and reviews by national agencies, disaster management organizations and commissions, and local governments, some of which have faced volcanic threats in the recent past. We have tried to incorporate a great deal of new data about the current state of disaster management and future disaster mitigation efforts into this second edition. By including the latest version of volcanic hazard maps and other relevant information resources, we hope that the recent initiatives and information coming out from local governments, other relevant organizations and agencies, media organizations, volcanologists and disaster mitigation scientists will be put to widespread use in developing even better ways of mitigating volcanic disasters in Japan. Finally, we would like to express our appreciation to the members of the Disaster Information Laboratory, NIED, and the Commission on Mitigation of Volcanic Disasters of VSJ for publishing this paper. Yoichi Nakamura, Toshikazu Tanada, and Shigeo Aramaki March 2013 CONTENTS Challenges of Dealing with Large-Scale Volcanic Disasters .................................................................................. 93 Shigeo ARAMAKI Volcano Disaster Prevention Work of the Cabinet Office ........................................................................................ 95 Hideaki FUJIYAMA, Shinichi TOKUMOTO, Kiyotaka KOCHI, and Toshiki SHIMBARU The Japan Meteorological Agencyʼs Volcanic Disaster Mitigation Initiatives ...................................................... 101 Hitoshi YAMASATO, Jun FUNASAKI, and Yasunobu TAKAGI Volcanic Ash Advisories ........................................................................................................................................ 109 Shomei SHIRATO The Japanese Coordinating Committee for Prediction of Volcanic Eruptions and its Contribution to Volcanic Disaster Mitigation ........................................................................................ 113 Toshitsugu FUJII Actions for Volcanic Disaster Management........................................................................................................... 121 Shinji YAMAGUCHI Technical Efforts to Prepare Volcanic Hazard Maps ............................................................................................. 125 Nobuo ANYOJI Volcanic Disaster Measures of the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan ..................................................... 129 Tetsuro IMAKIIRE Observation of Volcanoes in the Seas around Japan by the Japan Coast Guard .................................................... 133 Koji ITO AISTʼs Research on Volcanology ..........................................................................................................................137 Hiroshi SHINOHARA and Yoshihiro ISHIZUKA Fire and Disaster Management Agency and Local Government Volcanic Disaster Countermeasures .................................................................................................................. 141 Hirobumi KOBAYASHI and Noriko URATA Volcanic Disaster Management at Unzendake ....................................................................................................... 143 Shinichi SUGIMOTO Practical Example of the Use of a Volcano Hazard Map in 2000 Eruption of the Usu Volcano ............................ 149 Toshiya TANABE Problems Associated with Activity Assessment, Dissemination of Information, and Disaster Response During the 2000 Eruption of Miyakejima ..................................................................... 155 Hidefumi WATANABE Volcano Disaster Mitigation Research Initiatives at National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention .......................................................................................... 161 Toshikazu TANADA and Motoo UKAWA Japanʼs Volcanic Disaster Mitigation Initiatives: Activities of the Commission on Mitigation of Volcanic Disasters, the Volcanological Society of Japan ........................................................ 165 Yoichi NAKAMURA, Shigeo ARAMAKI, and Eisuke FUJITA Explanation of“ Volcanic Hazard Maps of Japan – Second Edition” ................................................................... 173 Yayoi HOTTA, Hinako SUZUKI, Katsue SAWAI, and Toshikazu TANADA List of Database on Volcanic Hazard Maps and Reference Material .................................................................... 176 Location Map on Volcanoes ................................................................................................................................ 186 APPENDIX : 2 DVD-ROMs Volcanic Hazard Maps of Japan, Second Edition Vol. 1 : No.1 Shiretoko-Iozan – No. 45 Asamayama Vol. 2 : No.47 Niigata-Yakeyama – No. 97 Suwanosejima Technical Note of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention, No. 380 ; July, 2013 Challenges of Dealing with Large-Scale Volcanic Disasters Shigeo ARAMAKI* Japan has not made much progress in dealing with while offering reports and advice to the administrative large-scale volcanic eruptions that wreak devastation personnel. For their part, seismologists and volcanologists across several prefectures, and as we just witnessed in must learn how to work within disaster management the Great East Asia Earthquake in March 2011, this is a organizations, so that they know who to talk to and challenge of great urgency. Indeed, we have been rather who they should offer their information and advice to. slow to mount a comprehensive response even in the face Volcanologists involved in basic research tend to be of relatively small volcanic disasters. It would be a very uninterested in this kind of administrative activity, or significant development if we could come up with a viable think that they lack the basic skills and knowledge to play scheme for dealing with large-scale volcanic disasters such a role.