DOCSLIB.ORG

Antibiotic Sensitivity of Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Bovine Mastitis Milk

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Antibiotic Sensitivity of Bacterial Pathogens Isolated from Bovine Mastitis Milk Content of Research Report A. Project title: Antibiotic Sensitivity of Bacterial Pathogens Isolated From Bovine Mastitis Milk B. Abstract: Antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria isolated from bovine milk samples was investigated. The 18 antibiotics that were evaluated (e.g., penicillin, novobiocin, gentamicin) are commonly used to treat various diseases in cattle, including mastitis, an inflammation of the udder of dairy cows. A common concern in using antibiotics is the increase in drug resistance with time. This project studies if antibiotic resistance is a threat to consumers of raw milk products and if these antibiotics are still effective against mastitis pathogens. The study included isolating and culturing bacteria from quarter milk samples (n=205) collected from mastitic dairy cows from farms in Chino and Ontario, CA. The isolated bacteria were tested for sensitivity to antibiotics using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. The prevalence (%) of resistance to the individual antibiotics was reported. Resistance to penicillin was 45% which may support previous data on penicillin-resistant bacteria, especially Staphylococcus and Streptococcus. Resistance rates (%) for oxytetracycline (26.8%) and tetracycline (22.9%) were low compared to previous studies but a trend was seen in our results that may support concerns of emerging resistance to tetracyclines in both gram- positive and gram-negative bacteria. Similarly, 31.9% of bacterial isolates showed resistance to erythromycin which is at least 30% less than in reported literature concerning emerging resistance to macrolides. More numbers (%) that should be noted are cefazolin (26.3%), ampicillin (29.7%), novobiocin (33.0%), polymyxin B (31.5%), and resistance ranging from 9­ 18% for the other antibiotics. The aim for this project and the trends shown by the data are to encourage further surveillance of antimicrobial resistance. This will allow us to determine whether the antibiotics are still effective against mastitis and whether mastitic bacterial pathogens pose a threat to consumers of raw milk products. Page 2 of 11 C. Major objective(s): The main objective of this study is to determine antibiotic sensitivity of bacteria isolated from mastitic dairy cow milk samples. Eighteen antibiotics were evaluated. D. Background research with analysis and summary of literature review: Mastitis is an inflammation of the udder of dairy cows that can occur in one or multiple quarters. It costs the U.S. dairy industry about $1.7-2 billion/year as a result of reduced milk production, discarded milk, cattle replacements, and culling, as well as treatment, labor, and veterinary costs. If left untreated, mastitis can result in death which increases economic loss (Jones and Bailey, 2009). These mastitis-causing pathogens present a public health concern due to possible transmission of bacteria from mastitic cattle to milk causing human infection. This is a larger concern in raw dairy products because pasteurization is meant to kill a majority of bacterial pathogens (Oliver, et al., 2009). For this reason, we decided to focus on bacterial pathogens even though mastitis is also caused by fungi and viruses. Some bacterial pathogens of interest are methicillin-resistant S. aureus, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus (e.g., S. pneumoniae), and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (e.g., E. faecalis) because they are gram-positive pathogens that have developed wide-spread resistance to antibiotics (Diekema and Jones, 2001). The 18 antibiotics, cefazolin (CZ30), cefotaxime (CTX30), ampicillin (AM10), penicillin (P10), gentamicin (GM10), kanamycin (K30), spectinomycin (SPT100), ciprofloxacin (CIP5), nalidixic acid (NA30), norfloxacin (NOR10), oxytetracycline (T30), tetracycline (TE30), chloramphenicol (C30), novobiocin (NB30), trimethoprim (TMP5), polymyxin B (PB300), vancomycin (Va30), and erythromycin (E15) have a broad spectrum of use including treatment of mastitis in dairy cows. A common concern in using antibiotics is the potential increase in drug resistance and emergence of multiple drug resistance with time. Antibiotic resistance may occur through a mutation or through exposure to exogenous DNA, such as transposons or plasmids, containing the gene(s) coding for resistance. The 18 antibiotics represent 10 families: beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, chloramphenicols, aminocoumarins, sulfonamides, polypeptides, glycopeptides, and Page 3 of 11 macrolides/polyketides, and understanding their mechanisms of action may help develop antibiotic combinations with synergistic effects against resistant bacteria (emedexpert.com, 2015). An example is the treatment of extended spectrum beta-lactamase producing bacteria with a combination of piperacillin and tazobactam. The goal is to develop a mixture of agents with varying modes of action and expanded activity against several species (Bradford, 2001). The prevalence of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) is of interest because S. aureus causes ~ 30% of mastitis cases and ≥ 90% are resistant to penicillin and other beta-lactam antibiotics due to production of beta-lactamase (Juhasz-Kaszanyitzky, et al., 2007). Methicillin, a semisynthetic penicillin, was developed to address resistance to penicillin. However, some strains of S. aureus have developed resistance to methicillin and treatment shifted to mupirocin as the last line of defense (Murinda, 2014). Another concern with MRSA is its resistance to aminoglycosides, macrolides, tetracycline, chloramphenicol, and lincosamides, showing resistance to multiple antibiotics (Nikaido, 2009). Vancomycin, a glycopeptide, is commonly used to treat MRSA due to its reliability against these multiple-drug resistant bacteria. However, prolonged treatment with vancomycin has led to rare cases of vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA) containing the transposon Tn1546; presumably acquired from vancomycin-resistant E. faecalis (Gardete and Tomasz, 2014; Diekema and Jones, 2001). Fortunately the development of oxazolidinones such as linezolid provides an alternative to vancomycin and is effective against methicillin-resistant S. aureus, penicillin-resistant Streptococcus, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (Diekema and Jones, 2001). There are several pathways to acquisition of antibiotic resistance, it is therefore important to regularly test sensitivity to these antibiotics and determine their continued efficacy in treating bacterial diseases. These antibiotics have broad clinical use in humans and animals and it is important to know whether resistant bacteria pose a threat to current mastitis treatment procedures. Page 4 of 11 E. Methods (Experimental procedure/design): Materials & Methods About four hundred milk samples collected from dairy farms in Chino and Ontario, San Bernardino County, CA, were analyzed in a previous study. The samples were collected from mastitis studies conducted in 2009-2012 and stored frozen at -20°C. From these samples, a total of 205 samples yielded bacteria and were used in the current study to test for antibiotic sensitivity. Isolation of bacteria: Milk samples were thawed and then streaked on blood agar (5% blood; vol/vol) to isolate bacterial colonies. These colonies were purified on tryptic soy agar then confirmed for morphology and gram reaction using microscopy. Antibiotic Sensitivity: Samples were tested for antibiotic sensitivity to each of the 18 antibiotics indicated before on Mueller Hinton Agar using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute interpretive criteria (CLSI, 2002). Zones of inhibition (diameter, mm) were measured. Data analysis: The prevalence (%) of resistance to the individual antibiotics was determined. Expansion to Project: Isolation of S. aureus: Standard methods from the National Mastitis Council’s Laboratory Handbook on Bovine Mastitis (NMC, 1999) are used for screening S. aureus. Briefly, milk samples will be thawed and then streaked on blood agar (5% blood; vol/vol) to isolate bacterial colonies. Presumptive S. aureus (n=109), determined through morphology, gram staining, and biochemical tests, will be purified on tryptic soy agar then confirmed for morphology and gram reaction using microscopy. Confirmation of MRSA will be conducted using PCR targeting unique DNA sequences associated with S. aureus and MRSA. Antibiotic resistance: After the confirmation of S. aureus, representative isolates will be tested for antibiotic resistance using the Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute interpretive criteria (CLSI, 2002). The most commonly used antibiotics for determination of methicillin resistance are cefoxitin, oxacillin, and methicillin (San Juan et al., 2012). Zones of inhibition (diameter, mm) will be measured. Mupirocin is one of the few antibiotics still highly active against MRSA; therefore resistance to mupirocin will be tested (Zhang et al., 2004). Page 5 of 11 PCR tests for target genes: The primers for use in DNA amplification will include: Staph756F (5′-AAC TCT GTT ATT AGG GAA CA-3′) and 3′ primer Staph750R (5′-CCA CCT TCC GGT TTG TCA CC-3′) targeting Staphylococcus genus-specific 16S rRNA; nuc 1 (5′-GCG ATT GAT GGT GAT ACG GTT-3′) and nuc 2 (5′-AGC CAA GCC TTG ACG AAC TAA AGC-3′) for nuc, targeting S. aureus species-specific sequences; mecA1 (5′-GTA GAA ATG ACT GAA CGT CCG ATA A-3′) and mecA2 (5′-CCA ATT CCA CAT TGT TTC GGT CTA A-3′) for mecA, targeting sequences for a determinant of methicillin resistance, and
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 1057-1064, 1984 the Effect of Pipemidic Acid on The
    Microbiol. Immunol. Vol. 28 (9), 1057-1064, 1984 The Effect of Pipemidic Acid on the Growth of a Stable L-Form of •ôNH•ôStaphylococcus aureus•ôNS•ô Kunihiko YABU,*,1 Hiromi ToMizu,1 and Yayoi KANDA2 1 Department of Biology, Hokuriku University School of Pharmacy, Kanazawa-machi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa ,920-11, and 2Department of Microbiology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Kaga 2-chome, Ilabashi-ku, Tokyo 173 (Accepted for publication, June 12, 1984) Bacterial L-forms usually display spherical forms in an osmotically protective medium and seem to lack the typical binary fission process of cellular division ob servedin most bacteria (7). Although various modes of replication, such as budding binary fission, and release of elementary bodies from large bodies have been observed by light and electron microscopy (2, 5, 16), little is known about the processes involved in replication of L-forms. In the course of an experiment designed to test the effect of DNA synthesis inhibitors on the growth of a stable L-form of •ôNH•ôStaphylococcus•ôNS•ôaureus which grows in liquid medium, it was found that pipemidic acid, a synthetic antibacterial agent structurally related to nalidixic acid (13), induced a marked morphological altera tionat growth inhibitory concentrations. This study was initiated in an attempt to clarify the mechanism of replication of stable L-forms by analyzing the mor phologicalalteration caused by pipemidic acid. The stable L-form used was isolated as follows. S. •ôNH•ôaureus•ôNS•ôFDA 209P was grown in 10ml of Brain Heart Infusion broth (Difco) at 37C. The culture grown at 5•~105 colony-forming units (CFU) per ml was washed with saline by filtration and suspended in saline containing 100ƒÊg of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine per nil.
    [Show full text]
  • Laboratory Manual for Diagnosis of Sexually Transmitted And
    Department of AIDS Control LaborLaboraattororyy ManualManual fforor DiagnosisDiagnosis ofof SeSexxuallyually TTrransmitansmittteded andand RRepreproductivoductivee TTrractact InInffectionsections FOREWORD Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and Reproductive Tract Infections (RTIs) are diseases of major global concern. About 6% of Indian population is reported to be having STIs. In addition to having high levels of morbidity, they also facilitate transmission of HIV infection. Thus control of STIs goes hand in hand with control of HIV/AIDS. Countrywide strengthening of laboratories by helping them to adopt uniform standardized protocols is very important not only for case detection and treatment, but also to have reliable epidemiological information which will help in evaluation and monitoring of control efforts. It is also essential to have good referral services between primary level of health facilities and higher levels. This manual aims to bring in standard testing practices among laboratories that serve health facilities involved in managing STIs and RTIs. While generic procedures such as staining, microscopy and culture have been dealt with in detail, procedures that employ specific manufacturer defined kits have been left to the laboratories to follow the respective protocols. An introduction to quality system essentials and quality control principles has also been included in the manual to sensitize the readers on the importance of quality assurance and quality management system, which is very much the need of the hour. Manual of Operating Procedures for Diagnosis of STIs/RTIs i PREFACE Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) are the most common infectious diseases worldwide, with over 350 million new cases occurring each year, and have far-reaching health, social, and economic consequences.
    [Show full text]
  • Resistance Pattern of Coagulase Positive Staphylococcus Aureus Clinical Isolates from Asir Region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
    Journal of Microbiology and Antimicrobials Vol. 3(4), pp. 102-108, April 2011 Available online http://www.academicjournals.org/JMA ISSN 2141-2308 ©2011 Academic Journals Full Length Research Paper Resistance pattern of coagulase positive Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates from Asir region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Mohamed E. Hamid Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, King Khalid University, P. O. Box 641, Abha, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. E-mail: [email protected]. Accepted 6 April, 2011 The objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of methicillin resistant coagulase positive Staphlococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in two major hospitals in Asir region, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and to compare it with the community-acquired infections. Two hundreds and ten coagulase positive S. aureus recovered from 9831 specimens from various infections at Asir Central Hospital and Abha General Hospital, KSA (Kingdom of Saudi Arabia), were tested against 44 commonly used antibacterial agents. One hundred of the isolates were from hospital-acquired infections, 100 from community-acquired infections and 10 isolates were collected from the hospital environment. All isolates were found resistant to aztreonam, colistin, mecillinam, metronidazole, polymyxin B and nalidixic acid but were sensitive to vancomycin, nitrofurantoin and novobiocin. Various levels of resistant were recorded for the remaining antibiotics. High resistance to antimicrobial agents was detected among hospital acquired infections compared to community acquired infections (p<0.01). The resistance rates of S. aureus to antimicrobial agents among hospital acquired infections isolates were significantly higher (p<0.05) than community acquired infections. This implies that hospital environment is a strong risk factor for the prevalence of MRSA in the hospitalized patients, visitors, and hospital staff with potential risk of spreading to the community.
    [Show full text]
  • Molecular and Immunological Sd0100025 Characterization of Mycobacteria Associated with Bovine Farcy
    MOLECULAR AND IMMUNOLOGICAL SD0100025 CHARACTERIZATION OF MYCOBACTERIA ASSOCIATED WITH BOVINE FARCY. Thesis submitted in accordance with requirements of the University of Khartoum for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D). By Victor Loku Kwajok B.V.Med. 1978, University of Cairo/Egypt. M.V.Sc.1992, University of Khartoum/Sudan. Supervisor: Dr. Maowia M. Mukhtar. Institute of Endemic Diseases, University of Khartoum. Department of Preventive Medicine and Veterinary Public Health. Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Khartoum. 2000. 32/27 SOME PAGES ARE MISSING IN THE ORIGINAL DOCUMENT LIST OF CONTENTS DEDICATION. * ii v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi ABBREVIATIONS viii ABSTRACT. xi CHAPTER ONE. REVIEW OF LITERATURE. 1. General Introduction. 1. 1.1. Molecular Systematics of genus Mycobacterium. 2. 1.2. Molecular taxonomy of M. farcinogenese and M. senegalense 11. 1.3. Immunology of bovine farcy agents. 36. CHAPTER TWO. MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY 41. Isolation, identification and characterization of M. farcinogenes. 2.1 Phenotypic characterization. 41. 2.1.1. Morphological and biochemical tests. 2.1.2. Degradation tests. 2.1.3. Rapid fluorogenic enzyme tests. 2.1.4. Nutritional tests. 2.1.5. Physiological tests. 2.2. Molecular characterization. 52. 2.2.1. DNA extraction and purification 2.2.2. PCR amplification and application. 2.2.3. DNA sequencing of 16SrDNA. 2.2.4. PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism. 2.3 Imrmmological analyses of bovine farcy agents. 71. 2.3.1 .EL1SA technique for sera diagnosis. 2.3.2 Animal pathogenicity Tests. 2.3.3 Protein antigen profiles determination using. CHAPTER THREE: RESULTS. 78. CHAPTER. FOUR: DISCUSSION. 124. REFERENCES. 133.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbiological Air Quality and Drug Resistance in Airborne Bacteria Isolated from a Waste Sorting Plant Located in Poland—A Case Study
    microorganisms Article Microbiological Air Quality and Drug Resistance in Airborne Bacteria Isolated from a Waste Sorting Plant Located in Poland—A Case Study Ewa Br ˛agoszewska 1,* , Izabela Biedro ´n 2 and Wojciech Hryb 1 1 Faculty of Power and Environmental Engineering, Department of Technologies and Installations for Waste Management, Silesian University of Technology, 18 Konarskiego St., 44-100 Gliwice, Poland; [email protected] 2 Institute for Ecology of Industrial Areas, Environmental Microbiology Unit, 6 Kossutha St., 40-844 Katowice, Poland; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +48-322-372-762 Received: 13 December 2019; Accepted: 29 January 2020; Published: 31 January 2020 Abstract: International interests in biological air pollutants have increased rapidly to broaden the pool of knowledge on their identification and health impacts (e.g., infectious, respiratory diseases and allergies). Antibiotic resistance and its wider implications present us with a growing healthcare crisis, and an increased understanding of antibiotic-resistant bacteria populations should enable better interpretation of bioaerosol exposure found in the air. Waste sorting plant (WSP) activities are a source of occupational bacterial exposures that are associated with many health disorders. The objectives of this study were (a) to assess bacterial air quality (BAQ) in two cabins of a WSP: preliminary manual sorting cabin (PSP) and purification manual sorting cabin (quality control) (QCSP), (b) determine the particle size distribution (PSD) of bacterial aerosol (BA) in PSP, QCSP, and in the outdoor air (OUT), and (c) determine the antibiotic resistance of isolated strains of bacteria. Bacterial strains were identified on a Biolog GEN III (Biolog, Hayward, CA, USA), and disc diffusion method for antimicrobial susceptibility testing was carried out according to the Kirby–Bauer Disk Diffusion Susceptibility Test Protocol.
    [Show full text]
  • Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021
    Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report Recommendations and Reports / Vol. 70 / No. 4 July 23, 2021 Sexually Transmitted Infections Treatment Guidelines, 2021 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Recommendations and Reports CONTENTS Introduction ............................................................................................................1 Methods ....................................................................................................................1 Clinical Prevention Guidance ............................................................................2 STI Detection Among Special Populations ............................................... 11 HIV Infection ......................................................................................................... 24 Diseases Characterized by Genital, Anal, or Perianal Ulcers ............... 27 Syphilis ................................................................................................................... 39 Management of Persons Who Have a History of Penicillin Allergy .. 56 Diseases Characterized by Urethritis and Cervicitis ............................... 60 Chlamydial Infections ....................................................................................... 65 Gonococcal Infections ...................................................................................... 71 Mycoplasma genitalium .................................................................................... 80 Diseases Characterized
    [Show full text]
  • Unexpected Drug Residuals in Human Milk in Ankara, Capital of Turkey Ayşe Meltem Ergen1 and Sıddıka Songül Yalçın2*
    Ergen and Yalçın BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth (2019) 19:348 https://doi.org/10.1186/s12884-019-2506-1 RESEARCH ARTICLE Open Access Unexpected drug residuals in human milk in Ankara, capital of Turkey Ayşe Meltem Ergen1 and Sıddıka Songül Yalçın2* Abstract Background: Breast milk is a natural and unique nutrient for optimum growth and development of the newborn. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of unpredictable drug residues in mothers’ milk and the relationship between drug residues and maternal-infant characteristics. Methods: In a descriptive study, breastfed infants under 3 months of age and their mothers who applied for child health monitoring were enrolled for the study. Information forms were completed for maternal-infant characteristics, breastfeeding problems, crying and sleep characteristics of infants. Maternal and infant anthropometric measurements and maternal milk sample were taken. Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale was applied to mothers. RANDOX Infiniplex kit for milk was used for residual analysis. Results: Overall, 90 volunteer mothers and their breastfed infants were taken into the study and the mean age of the mothers and their infants was 31.5 ± 4.2 years and 57.8 ± 18.1 days, respectively. Anti-inflammatory drug residues in breast milk were detected in 30.0% of mothers and all had tolfenamic acid. Overall, 94.4% had quinolone, 93.3% beta-lactam, 31.1% aminoglycoside and 13.3% polymycin residues. Drugs used during pregnancy or lactation period were not affected by the presence of residues. Edinburgh postpartum depression scores of mothers and crying and sleeping problems of infants were similar in cases with and without drug residues in breast milk.
    [Show full text]
  • Fostering Research Into Antimicrobial Resistance in India
    ANTIMICROBIAL RESISTANCE IN SOUTH EAST ASIA Fostering research into antimicrobial resistance BMJ: first published as 10.1136/bmj.j3535 on 6 September 2017. Downloaded from in India Bhabatosh Das and colleagues discuss research and development of new antimicrobials and rapid diagnostics, which are crucial for tackling antimicrobial resistance in India ndia is among the world’s largest Box 1: Examples of the impact of antimicrobial resistance research and interventions consumers of antibiotics.1 The efficacy globally of several antibiotics is threatened by the emergence of resistant microbial • In 2011, the Chinese Ministry of Health implemented a campaign for rational use of pathogens. Multiple factors, such antibiotics in healthcare, accompanied by supervision audits and inspections. Over a year, Ias a high burden of disease, poor public superfluous prescription of antimicrobials was reduced by 10-12% for patients in hospital 45 health infrastructure, rising incomes, and and for outpatients, as were drug sales for antimicrobials. unregulated sales of cheap antibiotics, • The Swedish Strategic Programme against Antibiotic Resistance (STRAMA) led to a decrease have amplified the crisis of antimicrobial in antibiotic use for outpatients from 15.7 to 12.6 daily doses per 1000 inhabitants and from resistance (AMR) in India.2 536 to 410 prescriptions per 1000 inhabitants per year from 1995 to 2004.6 The decrease The Global Action Plan on AMR was most evident for macrolides (65%) emphasises the need to increase • The effect of WHO essential medicines policies was studied in 55 countries. These policies knowledge through surveillance and were linked to reductions in antibiotic use of ≥20% in upper respiratory tract infections.
    [Show full text]
  • Anew Drug Design Strategy in the Liht of Molecular Hybridization Concept
    www.ijcrt.org © 2020 IJCRT | Volume 8, Issue 12 December 2020 | ISSN: 2320-2882 “Drug Design strategy and chemical process maximization in the light of Molecular Hybridization Concept.” Subhasis Basu, Ph D Registration No: VB 1198 of 2018-2019. Department Of Chemistry, Visva-Bharati University A Draft Thesis is submitted for the partial fulfilment of PhD in Chemistry Thesis/Degree proceeding. DECLARATION I Certify that a. The Work contained in this thesis is original and has been done by me under the guidance of my supervisor. b. The work has not been submitted to any other Institute for any degree or diploma. c. I have followed the guidelines provided by the Institute in preparing the thesis. d. I have conformed to the norms and guidelines given in the Ethical Code of Conduct of the Institute. e. Whenever I have used materials (data, theoretical analysis, figures and text) from other sources, I have given due credit to them by citing them in the text of the thesis and giving their details in the references. Further, I have taken permission from the copyright owners of the sources, whenever necessary. IJCRT2012039 International Journal of Creative Research Thoughts (IJCRT) www.ijcrt.org 284 www.ijcrt.org © 2020 IJCRT | Volume 8, Issue 12 December 2020 | ISSN: 2320-2882 f. Whenever I have quoted written materials from other sources I have put them under quotation marks and given due credit to the sources by citing them and giving required details in the references. (Subhasis Basu) ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This preface is to extend an appreciation to all those individuals who with their generous co- operation guided us in every aspect to make this design and drawing successful.
    [Show full text]
  • Vaginal Yeast Infection a Vaginal Yeast Infection Is an Infection of the Vagina, Most Commonly Due to the Fungus Candida Albicans
    5285 Anthony Wayne Drive, Detroit, MI 48202 (P) 313-577-5041 | (F) 313-577-9581 health.wayne.edu Vaginal Yeast Infection A vaginal yeast infection is an infection of the vagina, most commonly due to the fungus Candida albicans. Causes, incidence, and risk factors Most women have a vaginal yeast infection at some time. Candida albicans is a common type of fungus. It is often found in small amounts in the vagina, mouth, digestive tracts, and on the skin. Usually it does not cause disease or symptoms. Candida and the many other germs that normally live in the vagina keep each other in balance. However, sometimes the number of Candida albicans increases, leading to a yeast infection. A yeast infection can happen if you are: • Taking antibiotics used to treat other types of infections. Antibiotics change the normal balance between germs in the vagina by decreasing the number of protective bacteria. • Pregnant • Obese • Have diabetes A yeast infection is not a sexually transmitted illness. However, some men will develop symptoms such as itching and a rash on the penis after having sexual contact with an infected partner. Having many vaginal yeast infections may be a sign of other health problems. Other vaginal infections and discharges can be mistaken for vaginal yeast infection. Symptoms • Pain with intercourse • Painful urination • Redness and swelling of the vulva • Vaginal and labial itching, burning • Abnormal Vaginal Discharge • Ranges from a slightly watery, white discharge to a thick, white, chunky discharge (like cottage cheese) Signs and Tests A pelvic examination will be done. It may show swelling and redness of the skin of the vulva, in the vagina, and on the cervix.
    [Show full text]
  • The Sensitivity in Vitro of the Providence And
    J Clin Pathol: first published as 10.1136/jcp.11.3.270 on 1 May 1958. Downloaded from J. clin. Pat/i. (1958), 11, 270. THE SENSITIVITY IN VITRO OF THE PROVIDENCE GROUP OF ENTERIC BACTERIA TO 14 ANTIBIOTICS AND NITROFURANTOIN BY J. E. MIDDLETON From the Louis Jenner Laboratory, St. Thomas's Hospital and Medical School, London (RECEIVED FOR PUBLICATION JANUARY 8, 1958) During the course of an investigation into the oxytetracycline (100 Pg.), chloramphenicol (100 p-g.), antibiotic sensitivity of strains of the Proteus polymyxin (500 u.), and nitrofurantoin 10,000 pg.). per paper disc or group of bacteria isolated from infections of the (The concentration of each drug test tablet is given in brackets.) A zone of inhi- urinary tract (Middleton, 1957) a few strains of bition of growth 10 mm. or more in diameter were examined. This the Providence group also was considered to indicate sensitivity to the anti- group of the Enterobacteriaceae called type 29911 biotics, the discs or test tablets being 5 mm. in by Stuart, Wheeler, Rustigian, and Zimmerman diameter. Any inhibition of growth round the nitro- (1943), and named Providence by Kauffmann furantoin test tablet was taken to indicate that the (1951), has close affinities in many characteristics organism was sensitive to the drug. with the Proteus group (Singer and Bar-Chay, A few strains were also tested by the serial dilution copyright. 1954), and a similarity between strains of the two technique against streptomycin, tetracycline, and ml.) of a groups was found here in their common resistance chloramphenicol. A standard drop (0.02 dilution of an overnight broth culture was to many antibiotics in vitro.
    [Show full text]
  • INFECTIOUS DISEASES of HAITI Free
    INFECTIOUS DISEASES OF HAITI Free. Promotional use only - not for resale. Infectious Diseases of Haiti - 2010 edition Infectious Diseases of Haiti - 2010 edition Copyright © 2010 by GIDEON Informatics, Inc. All rights reserved. Published by GIDEON Informatics, Inc, Los Angeles, California, USA. www.gideononline.com Cover design by GIDEON Informatics, Inc No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means without written permission from the publisher. Contact GIDEON Informatics at [email protected]. ISBN-13: 978-1-61755-090-4 ISBN-10: 1-61755-090-6 Visit http://www.gideononline.com/ebooks/ for the up to date list of GIDEON ebooks. DISCLAIMER: Publisher assumes no liability to patients with respect to the actions of physicians, health care facilities and other users, and is not responsible for any injury, death or damage resulting from the use, misuse or interpretation of information obtained through this book. Therapeutic options listed are limited to published studies and reviews. Therapy should not be undertaken without a thorough assessment of the indications, contraindications and side effects of any prospective drug or intervention. Furthermore, the data for the book are largely derived from incidence and prevalence statistics whose accuracy will vary widely for individual diseases and countries. Changes in endemicity, incidence, and drugs of choice may occur. The list of drugs, infectious diseases and even country names will vary with time. © 2010 GIDEON Informatics, Inc. www.gideononline.com All Rights Reserved. Page 2 of 314 Free. Promotional use only - not for resale. Infectious Diseases of Haiti - 2010 edition Introduction: The GIDEON e-book series Infectious Diseases of Haiti is one in a series of GIDEON ebooks which summarize the status of individual infectious diseases, in every country of the world.
    [Show full text]