IJRPC 2013, 3(3) Kharat et al. ISSN: 22312781

INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN PHARMACY AND CHEMISTRY

Available online at www.ijrpc.com Review Article

A REVIEW ON PHYTOCHEMICAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF AR. Kharat*, VV. Nambiar, YS. Tarkasband, RR. Pujari PES Modern college of Pharmacy (For Ladies), Moshi, Pune, Maharashtra-412105, India.

ABSTRACT Ixora is evergreen perennial or tree belonging to , . Though native to the tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world, its centre of diversity is in Tropical Asia. This genus is known for its brightly colored . The is traditionally found to be useful for many ailments like hepatic disorder, cancer, microbial infection, antioxidant, pain, inflammation etc and has been documented for various medicinal properties. The genus Ixora has been reported to posses different classes of compound mainly aromatic acrid oil, tannin, saponin, carbohydrate, fatty acid, flavanoids like β-sitosterol, and . This review is an attempt to cover the available literature on Ixora genus with respect to pharmacognostic characters, traditional uses, chemical constituents and summary of its various pharmacological activities.

Keywords: Ixora, hepatic disorder, flavanoids, Rubiaceae.

INTRODUCTION are globose, fleshy, size of a pea and have 2- Ixora is a genus of flowering in seeded berry seeds plano- convex. The plant the Rubiaceae family. It consists of tropical flowers usually in April- May and fruits in May- evergreen trees and and holds around June.10 500 . Ixora also grows commonly in subtropical climates in the United States, such Scientific classification as Florida. Although there are around Kingdom: Plantae 500 species in the genus Ixora, only a handful Division: Angiosperms are commonly cultivated, There are numerous Class: named differing in colour Subclass: (yellow, , orange) and plant size. Several Order: popular cultivars are dwarfs, usually staying Family: Rubiaceae under 3 ft (1 m) in height. are Subfamily: coriaceous, up to 10 cm long, sessile or Tribe: Ixoreae subsessile, oblong, obtuse. Flowers are Genus: Ixora numerous and found to grow in clusters. They are bright scarlet, odorous, in sessile, corymbiform, dense-flowered cymes. Fruits

628 IJRPC 2013, 3(3) Kharat et al. ISSN: 22312781

Fig. 1.1: Leaves and flowers of I. Coccinea Fig. 1.2: Leaves and flowers of I. chinensis

Fig. 1.3: Leaves and flowers of I. parviflora Fig.1.4: Leaves and flowers of I.javanica

Fig1.5: Leaves and flowers of I. finlaysoniana Fig. 1: Different species of genus Ixora

Traditional uses treatment of cancer. The extract of I. The genus Ixora is widely distributed in tropical parviflora showed antiviral, hypotensive and and subtropical regions of Asia. The leaves, spasmolytic activity. flowers, roots, stem and fruits are used for different purpose by ethnic groups of different Flowers region of Asia, Africa and Europe. The flowers of I. coccinea were used for the treatment of cancer, leucorrhoea, dysentery, Leaves dysmenorrhoea, haemoptysis and The leaves of I. coccinea were found to have hypertension10. The flowers of I.javanica anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal, anti- contains antitumor principal and are locally asthmatic, antiulcer and antinociceptic used as vegetable. In the Philippines, infusion activity11. They are also used to pacify vitiated of fresh flowers of I. chinensis is drunk ad pitta, skin diseases, colic, flatulence, diarrhea, libitum as it is said to be good for incipient indigestion, ulcers, wounds, and used as tuberculosis and for hemorrhage and antiseptic. headache. Flower decoction used for The leaves of I. grandiflora are used as amenorrhea and hypertension22. I. poultice in fresh form for treatment of sprain, finlaysoniana flowers has been scientifically eczema, boils and concussions. The decoction documented to posses estrogenic, of leaves was used in treatment of wounds abortifacient and anti-implantation properties13. and skin ulcer. I. chinensis leaves have been I. parviflora flowers are used in treatment of used to treat headache and stomachache and whooping cough and in treatment of ulcers10. as a remedy for incipient tuberculosis. I. The flowers of I. macrothyrsa are used to finlaysoniana leaves showed antigestagenic impart color to herbal preparation. activity. The leaves of I.javanica are used in

629 IJRPC 2013, 3(3) Kharat et al. ISSN: 22312781

Roots UVB-induced intracellular reactive oxygen The roots of I. coccinea showed wound species production. The study, results of the healing and anti microbial activity. It is also photoaging screening experiments revealed used as astringent and antiseptic against that IPE at 1000μg/mL reduced the activity of scabies and other skin diseases where as the bacterial collagenase by 92.7 ± 4.2% and roots of I. parviflora are used in treatment of reduced the activity of elastase by 32.6 ± menorrhagia10. The roots of I. chinensis are 1.4%. The flowers of I. pavetta have been used in urinary trouble. The decoction is also extracted by ethanol and evaluated for the given after parturition22. In Indonesia, antiulcer activity by Aspirin induced and decoction of roots is used for bronchial pylorus ligation of rats. The extract significantly disorders. I. macrothyrsa pacifies vitiated decreased the gastric secretion, free acidity as kapha, pitta, burning sensations, eczema, well as gastric ulcers in the aspirin induced, ringworm other skin diseases menorrhagia, pylorus ligated rats, and the effects were leucorrhea and general weakness. I. compared with omeprazole15. . grandiflora is used in delivery and Topical application of 100 mg/kg body weight stomachache22. of I. javanica flower extract inhibited the growth, delayed the onset of papilloma PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY formation in mice initiated with 7, 12- Antimicrobial activity was performed on 50% dimethylbenz [a] anthracene (DMBA), and ethanolic extract of I. Coccinea. The effective promoted using croton oil. The extract at the inhibitory concentration of extract for both same dose, when administered orally inhibited bacteria and fungus was found to be 125µg/ml the growth of subcutaneously injected 20- beyond which the inhibitory activity declined methylcholanthrene (MCA)-induced soft tissue and organism started reviving from fibro sarcomas significantly. Oral antimicrobial principle.2 The aqueous extract of administration of 200 mg/kg of the extract the plant was also evaluated for anti-diarrheal inhibited the growth of intraperitoneally potential against several experimental models transplanted sarcoma-180 and ehrlich ascites of diarrhea in albino rats. The result obtained carcinoma tumours besides showing an substantiated the anti-diarrheal effect of the increase in the life span of the treated mice16. aqueous extract3. Oral administration of crude ethanolic extract Antitumor activity of I. coccinea flowers was of the serial parts of I. finlaysoniana Wall. studied in comparison to intraperitonial ex G. Don to adult female rats at 250 mg/kg transplanted Daltons lymphoma and ehrlich dose on days 1–5 or 1–7 post-coitum ascites carcinoma tumors in mice and found prevented pregnancy in 100% rats. The extract that the flower extract showed considerable was also effective when administered on days antitumor principle4. 1 or 1–3 post-coitum, but the minimum Antiasthamatic activity was investigated of effective dose increased with decreased hydro alcoholic extract of leaves of I. coccinea duration of administration and was 1000 mg/kg in an ovalbumin induced asthmatic rat. Results and 500 mg/kg, respectively21. provided information that I. coccinea has antiasthamatic property23. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS The anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic The wide spread use of different parts of leaf extract was also investigated and the genus Ixora in traditional system of medicines result showed that anti-inflammatory activity of has resulted in the chemical analysis of the plant is mediated via inhibition of nitric different species. The phytochemical oxide production, phagocytic cell infiltration, investigation revealed that most of the plant antihistamine effect, scavenging of free radical belonging to the Rubiaceae family had membrane stabilizing activity and lipid flavanoids present in them. Other classes of peroxidation9. chemical compound present are tannin, The antinociceptive potential of leaves of Ixora saponins, aromatic oil and fatty acid. coccinea was studied and the results showed Phytochemical studies have shown that the that the antinociceptive action was mediated major compounds present in I. Coccinea are centrally at supraspinal level via dopaminergic lupeol, oleic acid, linolic acid, ursolic acid, mechanism7. oleanolic acid, stearic acid and sitosterol. Hypoglycaemic and Hypolipidemic activity of Flowers are reported to contain rutin, the aqueous extract of leaves of I.coccinea leucocyanadin glycoside, cyanadin-3- and showed significant reduction in blood rutinoside and delphinidin monoglycoside. The glucose level and serum lipid profile level22. root bark contains Octadecadienoic acid while I. Parviflora with high polyphenol content the root oil has been shown to posses methyl exhibited antioxidant activity and reducing ester of palmatic, oleic, stearic and linolic acid.

630 IJRPC 2013, 3(3) Kharat et al. ISSN: 22312781

Leaves are reported to contain ixoratannin A- silica gel and the compounds eluted and 2, epicatechin, procyanidin A2, cinnamotannin identified as β-sitosterol, kaempferol, β- B-1 and the flavone-3-olrhamnoside namely sitosterol- β -D-glycoside, kaempferol-7-O- kaempferol-7-o-α-1-rhamnoside, kaempferol- methyl ether10,12. The mature seeds of I. 3-o-α-1-rhamnoside,quercetin-3-o-α-1- chinensis yield an oil having fatty composition rhamnopyranoside and kaempferol-3,7-o-α-1- like palmatic, stearic, oleaic, linolic, crepenynic dirhamnoside14. Fractionation of the n-hexane and ixoric acid11. The purified fraction of I. fraction of I. finlaysoniana by repeated column javanica has been identified to contain Ferulic chromatography using silica gel yielded acid, Pyrocatacheuic acid and caffeic acid16. compounds identified from its mass fragmentation pattern, 1H- and 13C-NMR as CONCLUSION n-nonacosanol, α-amyrin, β-sitosterol. The The present review describes the chloroform fraction of the plant was phytochemical screening of genus Ixora for fractionated using a combination of silica gel different medicinal purpose. The different column chromatography and MPLC to yield compounds isolated from different species with compounds like 3-hydroxyhexan-5-olide, the structures have been studied along with sitosterol-3-O- β -D-glucoside,protocatechuic their traditional uses and pharmacological acid and Gallic acid . Other compound activity. The evaluation needs to be carried out isolated were (3R, 5R)-3-(β- on Ixora in order to use the plant in formulation glucopyranosyloxy)-5-hexanolide for their practical and clinical applications, (parasorboside), D-1-O-methyl-myo-inositol, which can be used for the welfare of the galactitol.[13] The chloroform extract of I. mankind. parviflora was column chromatographed over

Rutin Kaemferol-3-rutinoside

Catechin Fig. 2: Structures of Flavonoids

631 IJRPC 2013, 3(3) Kharat et al. ISSN: 22312781

Ursolic acid lupeol oleanolic acid

Octadecadieonic acid Fig. 3: Structures of Triterpenes

Stearic acid Palmitic acid

Oleic acid

Fig. 4: Structures of Fatty acid and its derivatives

Cystine Glycine Proline Serine

Fig. 5: Structures of Amino acid and it derivatives

632 IJRPC 2013, 3(3) Kharat et al. ISSN: 22312781

Table 1: List of compounds isolated from various species of Ixora Class of S.No Name of the compound Biological source References compound 1.1. Flavanoids Kaempferol-7-o-α-1-rhamnoside, I. coccinea 14 1.2 Kaempferol-3-o-α-1-rhamnoside 14 1.3 Quercetin-3-o-α-1-rhamnopyranoside 14 1.4 Kaempferol-3,7-o-α-1-dirhamnoside 14 I. Coccinea ,I. 1.5 Kaempferol 10,12,14 parviflora 1.6 Rutin 10,12,14 1.7 Cyanadin-3-rutinoside 10,12,14 1.8 Kaempferol-7-O-methyl ether 10,12,14 1.9 Kaempferol-3-rutinoside I. parviflora 10 1.10 Catechin I. coccinea 14 1.11 Epicatechin 14 2.1 Triterpenes Ursolic acid I. coccinea 14 2.2 Oleanolic acid 14 2.3 Octadecadienoic acid 14 I. coccinea, I. 2.4 β-sitosterol parviflora. I. 10,12,13,14 Finlaysoniana 2.5 β-sitosterol- β -D-glycoside, I. parviflora 10,12 2.6 Sitosterol-3-O- β -D-glycoside I. finlaysoniana 13 2.7 Lupeol I. coccinea 14 I. coccinea, I. Fatty acid and its parviflora. I. 3.1 Palmatic acid 10,11,13,14 derivative Finlaysoniana, I. Chinensis 3.2 Oleic acid 10,11,13,14 3.3 Stearic acid 10,11,13,14 3.4 Linolic acid 10,11,13,14 Phenolic and phenyl 4.1 Protocatechuic acid I. finlaysoniana 13 propenoid 4.2 Ferulic acid 13 4.3 Gallic acid 13 Amino acid and its 5.1 Cysteine I. parviflora 10 derivative 5.2 Proline 10 5.3 Glycine 10 5.4 Serine 10 Sugar and its 6.1 D- glucose, I. parviflora 10 derivative 6.2 D-mannitol 10 6.3 Lecocyanadin glycoside I. coccinea 14 6.4 Delphinidin monoglycoside 14 7.1 Miscellaneous Ixoratannin A-2 I. coccinea 14 7.2 Procyanidin A2 14 7.3 Cinnamtannin B-1 14 7.4 Crepenynic I. chinensis 11 7.5 Ixoric acid 11

REFERENCES 1. Latha LY and Ibrahim D. 4. Latha PG and Panikkar KR. Pharmacological screening of Cytotoxic and antitumor principles methanolic extract of Ixora species. from flowers. Cancer Asian pacific journal of tropical lett.1998;130 (1-2): 197-202 biomedicine. 2012;2(2):149-151 5. Ratnasoorya WD and Deraniyagala 2. Latha PG, Abraham TK and Panikar SA. Antinociceptive action of KR. Antimicrobial properties of Ixora aqueous extract of leaves of Ixora Coccinea linn. Anc sci life. 1995; coccinea. Acta biol Hung. 2005;56 14(4):286- 291 (1-2):21-34 3. Yasmeen M and Prabhu B. 6. Latha PG, Suja SR, Abraham A, Antidiarrheal activity of flowers of Rajashekhar S and Panikkar KR. Ixora Coccinea Linn in rats. Hepatoprotective effects of Ixora Ayurveda Integr med. 2010; Coccinea flower extracts on rats. J 1(14):287-91 Trop Med Plants. 2003;4:33–8.

633 IJRPC 2013, 3(3) Kharat et al. ISSN: 22312781

7. Handunetti SM, Kumara RR, Industrial Research, New Delhi Deraniyagala SA and Ratnasooriya 1992;297-298. WD. Antiinflammatory activity of 20. Yasmeen M and Prabhu B. Ixora coccinea methanolic Evaluation of hypoglycaemic and extract. Pharmacogn Res. 2009; hypolipidemic activities of aqueous 1:80–90. extract of leaves of Ixora coccinea in 8. Asima chatterjee and Satyesh CP. diabetic rats. JCDR 2011;5(7):1381- The Treatise on Indian medicinal 1384. plant. Vol 5, National Institute of 21. Missebukpo A. Evaluation of science communication and antiasthamatic activity of Ixora information resources; 1997.p.85-86 coccinea. Journal of 9. The Wealth of India, Dictionary of Pharmacological and toxicology. Indian Raw Materials and Industrial 2011;6: 559-570 products – Raw Materials, National 22. Khare CP. Indian Medicinal Plants, Institute of science communication Springer private limited; 2007;338- New Delhi 2002;3:351. 339. 10. Bachheti RK and Pandey DP. 23. Solkar LV, Kakkar KK and Chakre Phytochemical analysis of aerial OJ. New Delhi: National Institute of parts of Ixora parviflora. Int. J. science communication and Chem Tech Res. 2011;3(3):1028- information resources. Glossary of 1032. Indian medicinal plants with active 11. Faten MM and Zedan ZI. principles; 1992;374. Phytochemical Study of Ixora 24. Satyavati GV, Raina MK and Sharma finlaysoniana wall. Ex.g.don growing M. Ixora Coccinea Linn. New Delhi: in Egypt. Bull Pharm Sci. June ICMR; Medicinal plants of India. 2003;26(1):91-96. 1976;1:92–5. 12. Elumalai A and Chinna E. 25. Nadkarni AK. Mumbai. Popular Phytochemical and pharmacological Prakashan Pvt Ltd. Dr.Nadakarni – profile of Ixora coccinea Linn. Int J of The Indian Materia Medica; 2005; Pharm and Life Sci. 2012;3(3): 1563- 698–9. 1567. 26. Cooke T. Ixora Coccinea Linn. India: 13. Wen KC and Chiu HH. Antioxidant Botanical survey of India; C.I.E. The activity of Ixora parviflora in a flora of presidency of Bombay. cell/cell-free system and in UV- 1901;40. exposed human fibroblasts. US 27. Chopra RN, Chopra IC and Handa National library of Medicine National KL. Indigenous Drugs of India. institute of health. 2011;16(7):5735- Calcutta: U.N. Dhur and Sons Pvt 52. Ltd; 1958;288–9. 14. Nair SC and Panikkar KR. Antitumor 28. MoniRaniSaha, Alam MA, Akhter R principles from Ixora javanica. and Jahangir R. Invitro free radical Cancer letters. 1990;49(2):121-126. scavenging activity of Ixora coccinea 15. Srinivas K and Celestin baboo KV. linn. Bangladesh J Pharmac. 2008; Antiulcer activity of Ixora pavetta. Int 390–6. j curr Pharm res. 2011;3(2):1-2. 29. Ratnasooriya WD, Deraniyagala SA, 16. Balinga MS and Kurian PJ. Ixora Galhena G, Liyanage SSP, Bathige coccinea Linn: Traditional uses, SDNK and Jayakody JRAC. phytochemistry and pharmacology. Antiinflammatory activity of the Chin J Integr Med. 2012;18(1):72-79. aqueous leaf extract of Ixora 17. Sumathy H, Sangeetha K and coccinea. Pharma Biol. 2005;43: Vijayalakshmi. Chromatographic 147-152. Fingerprint Analysis of Ixora 30. Reena Z, Sudhakaran NCR and coccinea Methanolic Flower Extract. Velayudha PP. Antiinflammatory and IJPSDR. 2011;3(4):327-330 anti-mitotic activities of lupeol 18. Singh MM and Chowdhary SR. isolated from the leaves of Ixora Antigestagenic activity of Ixora coccinea Linn. Indian J Pharm Sci. finlaysoniana in rat. Contraception. 1994;55:129-132 993;48(2):178-179. 31. Vadivu R, Jayashree N, Ksthuri C, 19. The Useful Plants of India, Rubhini K and Rukmankathan G. Publication and Information Pharmacognostical standardization Directorate council of Scientific and

634 IJRPC 2013, 3(3) Kharat et al. ISSN: 22312781

of the leaves of Ixora Coccinea Linn. 40. Annapurna J, Amarnath PVS, Kumar J Pharm Sci Res. 2010;2:164-70. AD, Ramakrishna SV and Raghavan 32. Latha PG and Panikkar KR. KV. Antimicrobial activity of Ixora Chemoprotective effect of Ixora coccinea leaves. Fitoterapia. 2003; coccinea L. flowers on cisplatin 74: 291-293. induced toxicity in mice. Phytother 41. Idowu TO, Ogundaini AO, Salau AO, Res. 2001;5:364-366. Obuotor EM, Bezabih M and Abegaz 33. Latha PG and Panikkar KR. BM. Doubly linked, A-type Modulatory effects of Ixora coccinea proanthocyanidin trimer and other flower on cyclophosphamide-induced constituents of Ixora coccinea leaves toxicity in mice. Phytother. Res. and their antioxidant and 1999:13:517-520. antibacterial properties. 34. Madhava Chetty K, Sivaji K and Phytochemistry. 2010;71:2092-2098. Tulasi Rao K. Flowering Plants of 42. Alves JL and Barreto RW. Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh, Pseudocercospora ixoricola causing 2008;158. leafspots on Ixora coccinea in brazil. 35. Matthew KM. The flora of the Plant Dis. 2010;94:278. Tamilnadu Carnatic. (F TamilC), 43. Aktar F, Kaisar A, Hamidul Kabir 1983;67. ANM, Hasan CM and Rashid MA. 36. Rawlins E.A., Bentley,s Text book of Phytochemical and biological Pharmaceutics, E.L.B.S., 8th investigations of Ixora arborea Roxb. edition,1982;174-176. Dhaka Univ J Pharm Sci.2009;8: 37. Chauhan JS, Kumar S, and 161-166. Chaturevedi R. Phytochemistry. 44. Thakur PC and Kumar H. Tissue 1984;23(10):2404-2405. culture study of Ixora parviflora 38. Surana AR, Aher AN, Pal SC and Vahl., a woody ornamental shrub. Deore UV. Evaluation of anthelmintic Asian J Microbiol Biotechnol Environ activity of Ixora coccinea. J of Pharm Sci. 2009;11:881-883. and Life Sci. 2011;2(6):813-814. 45. Nair SC, Panikkar B, Akamanchi KG 39. Nagaraj B, Krishnamurthy N, Liny P, and Panikkar KR. Inhibitory effects of Divya T and Dinesh R. Biosynthesis Ixora javanica extract on skin of Gold Nanoparticles of Ixora chemical carcinogenesis in mice and Coccinea flower extract & their its antitumor activity. Cancer Lett. Antimicrobial activities. 2011;2(4): 1991;60(3):253-8. 557-565.

635