1 the Life and Times of David Ricardo 2 Ricardo's Vision 3 Value And

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Notes

1 The Life and Times of David Ricardo

1. For three appraisals, each roughly half a century apart, see Bagehot (1880), Russell (1934) and Scazzeri (1988). 2. Many books have been devoted to Ricardo, including Blaug (1958); Caravale (1985a), reviewed by Kregel (1987) and Peach (1986b); Caravale and Tosato (1980); Gootzeit (1975), reviewed by Blaug (1976); Henderson (1997), reviewed by Blaug (1999); Hollander 1979; St. Clair (1957, reviewed by Dobb (1957); and Peach (1988, 1993). Reprinted articles on Ricardo can be found in Blaug (1991), Peach (2003a, four volumes) and Wood (1985, four volumes; 1994, three volumes). Essays and encyclopaedia entries include Blaug (1985), De Vivo (1987), Gonner (1913), Kurz (2006, 2008a, 2008c) and Peach (2008).

2 Ricardo’s Vision

1. See also Depoortère (2002, 2008); Gonner (1923); Grampp (1976); Hutchison (1998); Ramana (1957). 2. See also Cremaschi and Dascal (1996, 2002); Depoortère (2002, 2008); Gehrke (2000); Hamouda (1984); Hartwell (1971); Kurz (2008b); Kurz and Gehrke (2006); Ramana (1957). 3. On the Works and Correspondence, see Checkland (1952a, 1952b, 1954, 1956); De Vivo (1996); Gehrke (2005, 2010); Gehrke and Kurz (2002); Hutchison (1953); Marget (1952); Pollitt (1988); Porta (1986a, 1992, 1995, 1996, 2001); Robinson (1951); Rosselli (2001); Sayers (1952); St. Clair (1953); Stigler (1953).

3 Value and Distribution

1. See also Bharadwaj (1983b); Cannan (1893); Caravale (1985b); Costa (1985); Davis (1989); Dobb (1975); Dooley (2005); Gehrke (2003); Gehrke and Kurz (2001); Gordon (1959); J. Hollander (1911c); Hutchison (1994a); Kaldor (1950); Levine (1977); MacDonald (1912); Meek (1974); Moore (1966); Pasinetti (1982); Seligman (1911); Sinha (2010); Young (1978). 2. On Ricardo’s theory of profit, see Buchanan (1929); Davis (1993); Dimand (1990); Eatwell (1975); Edelberg (1933); Gillman (1956); Groenewegen (1972); J. Hollander (1904); S. Hollander (1973, 1975, 1986); Howard (1981); Kaldor (1956); Kregel (1977); Kurz (2011); Nag (1967); Peach (1984, 1986a, 2001); Prendergast (1986a, 1986b); Rakshit (1958); Samuelson (1977); Subramanian (1977); Tucker (1954). 3. On Ricardo’s theory of rent see Anderson (1967); Barkai (1966); Barnes (1984); Bird (1975); Brewer (1988); Buchanan (1929); Camp (1918); Cawley (1983); Davidson (1959); Fine (1983); Johnson (1948); Mishra (1977); Offer (1980); Ohlin (1935); Shammugasundaram (1977); Subbarayadu (1977).

213 214 Notes

4. On the labour theory of value before Ricardo, see Aspromourgos (2006); Burgstaller (1987); Carlson (1994); Cassels (1935); Dobb (1973, 1975); Dooley (2005); Fine (1983); Gehrke and Kurz (2001); D.F. Gordon (1959); Groenewegen (1972); Hamouda (1984); Hollander (1904); Johnson (1984); Kausghil (1971); Konüs 1970; Kurz and Salvadori (1993, 2003); Macdonald (1912); Meek (1956, 1974); Moore (1966); Pasinetti (1981); Rankin (1980); Sinha (2010); Stigler (1958); Wilson and Pate (1968); Wolff, Callari and Roberts (1984). 5. Readers interested in tracing the evolution of Ricardo’s thinking on value in the four years between the publication of the first and third editions should consult the Fragments on Torrens of 1818 (IV, 303– 18), the Notes on Malthus’s Principles of Political Economy of 1820 (II, pp. 1– 451) and the much shorter 1823 manuscript on Malthus that was unaccountably omitted from the Collected Works and published later under the editorship of Pier Luigi Porta (1992). Some of the relevant letters are those to Malthus in June 1818 (VII, pp. 250– 1) and October 1820 (VIII, p. 279); to Trower in September 1818 (VII, p. 297) and July 1821 (IX, pp. 1– 4); to James Mill in December 1818 (VII, p. 377); to McCulloch in December 1819 (VIII, p. 142), May 1820 (VIII, p. 180) and June 1820 (VIII, p. 194); and to Say in January 1820 (VIII, p. 149).

5 Ricardo’s Macroeconomics

1. On the ‘new view’ of Ricardo’s theory of wages, see Casarosa (1974, 1978, 1982, 1985); Hicks (1972); Hicks and Hollander (1977); Hollander (1979, 1983a, 1983b, 1984); Levy (1976); Peach (1986c); Rankin (1984); Rosselli (1985); Stirati (1995). 2. On Ricardo’s views of growth prospects for the English economy, see also Akhtar (1973); Barkai (1959, 1965); Brems (1960, 1970); Burgstaller (1986); Caravale (1985b); Caravale and Tosato (1980); Casarosa (1974, 1978); Corry (1962); Davis (2005); Eltis (1984; 2007); Gehrke, Kurz and Salvadori (2003); Gordon (1983); Green (1992); Hicks (1969, 1979); Hicks and Hollander (1977); Hollander (1980a; 1990a); Kaldor (1956); Kurz (2010b); Laidler (1993); Letiche (1960); Maneschi and Thweatt (1983); Murphy (2009); Peach (1990, 1995); Robbins (1978); Rosselli (2008); Roychowdhury (1975); Sahay (1978); Samuelson (1978); Tucker (1954, 1960). 3. On Say’s Law, see also Akhtar (1975); Bonar (1929); Davis (2001); Dorfman (1989); Hagemann (1998); H.G. Johnson (1949); Kates (1998); Kurz (1998); Mclachlan (1999); Peach (1990); Sowell (1963, 1972, 1974). 4. On money and banking, see also Ahiakpor (1982, 1985); Akhtar (1975); Andrews (2000); Arnon (1987, 1989; 2011); Blaug (1996); Bonar (1896); Carr and Ahiakpor (1982); Davis (2001); Deleplace (2001); Erdös (1972); Feavearyear (1931); Fetter (1965); Glasner (1985); J. Hollander (1911a); S. Hollander (1979); Humphrey (1990); Kojima (1951); Laidler (1987); Marcuzzo and Rosselli (1991, 1994); Mason (1957); Milberg (1994); O’Brien (2012); Peake (1978, 1982); Rosselli (2008); Sayers (1953); Schwartz (1987); Takenaga (2011); Viner (1933). 5. On machinery, see also Barkai (1986); Barton (1817); Beach (1971); Berg (1980); Claeys and Kerr (1981); Davis (1989); Eltis (1985); Femminis and Notes 215

Salanti (1995); Ferguson (1973); Hagemann (2000); Hansson (1983); Hicks (1971); Hollander (1971); Jonung (1981); Kurz (1984, 1998, 2010a); Meacci (1985); Negishi (1990); Samuelson (1988, 1989); Sotiroff (1953); Uchiyama (2000); Wicksell (1981 [1923]).

6 Ricardo on Economic Policy

1. On policy issues, see also Barkai (1986); Barton (1817); Beach (1971); Berg (1980); Claeys and Kerr (1981); Davis (1989); Eltis (1985); Femminis and Salanti (1995); Ferguson (1973); Hagemann (2009); Hansson (1983); Hicks (1971); Hollander (1971); Jonung (1981); Kurz (1984, 1998, 2010a); Meacci (1985); Negishi (1990); Samuelson (1988, 1989); Sotiroff (1953); Uchiyama (2000); Wicksell (1923). 2. On fiscal policy, see Abel (1987); Akerlof (2007); Anderson and Tollison (1986); Akerlof 2007; Barro (1974, 1976); Bordo and White (1991); Carr and Ahiakpor (1982); Churchman (1995, 1999, 2001); Dome (2003); Dooley (1989); Eagly (1983); Feldstein (1976); Fetter (1980); Gottlieb (1953); Mair and Damania (1988); P.K. O’Brien (1988); Ricciuti (2003); and Tullio (1989). 3. On Ricardian equivalence, see the survey article by Ricciuti (2003). 4. On monetary policy, see Arnon (1998; 2011); Bonar (1896, 1923); Capie (2002); Deleplace and Sigot (2012); Duffy (1982); Fearvearyear (1931); Fetter (1965); Maital and Haswell (1977); Perlman (1986); Schwartz (1987); and Silberling (1924).

7 Editors and Critics

1. See also Arrow (1991); Blaug (1958); Camp (1918); De Marchi (1970); Fetter (1969); Gilbert (1996); J.H. Hollander (1904); S. Hollander (1977b); Hutchison (1952, 1994b); Johnson (1993); Maneschi (1990); Maneschi and Thweatt (1983); Peach (1993); Robertson (1957); Rutherford (1986); Scazzeri (1988); West (1982). 2. See also Bailey (1825); Berg (1975); Checkland (1949); Cochrane (1970); De Marchi (1970); De Vivo (1984, 1985); Fetter (1969); Gehrke (2000); Hansson (1983); J. Hollander (1910, 1911b); S. Hollander (1980b); Hunt (1979); Johnson, Haney and Taylor (1911); Knight (1935); Kriesler (1984); Kurz (1995); Kurz and Salvadori (2002); Mitchell (1929); O’Brien (1970); Ohlin (1935); Pashkoff (2005); Patten (1893); Reich (1980); Scazzeri (1987); Skourtos (1986); Tucker (1961); Turner (1912); Viner (1933); Whewell (1831); Wicksell (1923). 3. See also Ashley (1891); Bonar (1911); Collet (1936); Dmitriev (1974); Dunbar (1887); Gonner (1890); Hayek (1942, 1969); Hollander (1910, 1911b); Johnson, Haney and Taylor (1911); Knight (1935); Kurz (1995); MacDonald (1912); Mitchell (1929); Patten (1893); Seligman (1911); Skourtos (1986); Zamagni (1987, 1994). 4. See also Brander and Taylor (1998); Devi (1977); Grabowski and Shields (1989); Harinarayana (1977); Mishra (1977); Naimuddin (1977); Prasad (1977); Ranadive (1977); Roy (1977); Roychowdhury (1977); and Shammugasundaram (1977). 216 Notes

8 The Three Ricardos

1. See also Baumol (2001); Bell (1907); De Brunhoff (1973); De Vivo (1982, 1984); Garegnani (1984); Gordon (1983); Henry (1982– 3); Hollander (2000); Hunt (1977); King (1979); Kurz (1998); Kurz and Mongiovi (2002); Napoleoni (1975); Oakley (1985); Pasinetti (1982); Pilling (1972); Reich (1980); Steedman (1982); Tucker (1961); and Wolff, Callari and Roberts (1984). 2. See also Bell (1907); Berg (1981); Casarosa (1974, 1978, 1982, 1985); Forget (1990); Forget and Peart (2001); Garegnani (1982, 1983a, 1983b); Gibbard (1994); Gordon (1983); Grampp (1981); Groenewegen (1995); Hicks and Hollander (1977); Hollander (1982a, 1982b, 1982c, 1982d, 1983b, 1990b, 1995, 1998, 2000 2007); Kurz and Salvadori (1992, 1998a); Lapidus and Sigot (2001); Maneschi (1992b); Mongiovi (1994); Morishima (1989); Moss (1979, 1982); O’Brien (1981, 1982); Peach (1981, 1986a, 1988, 1990, 2001); Porta (1985); Roncaglia (1982a, 1982b); Samuelson (1980); Stigler (1981, 1990); Thweatt (1980); Tosato (1985); Witztum (1990); Young (1982– 3). 3. See also Bharadwaj (1983a, 1983b, 1988, 1989); Bidard (2011); Blaug (2002); Ciccone, Gehrke and Mongiovi (2011); De Vivo (1996); Dmitriev (1974); Eatwell (1975); Faccarello (1982); Findlay (1974); Forget (1990); Garegnani (1982, 1983a, 1983b, 2007a, 2007b); Gehrke and Kurz (2006); Hicks (1985); Hollander (2011b); Howard (1981); Kurz (1994); Kurz and Salvadori (1995, 1998b, 2003, 2010a, 2010b); Langer (1982); Mongiovi (1994, 2002); Ong (1983); Parinello (2010); Peach (1988, 1998); Porta (1998, 2001); Prasad (1977); Ramana (1957); Roychowdhury (1977); Shammugasundaram (1977); Steedman and Metcalfe (1985); Stigler (1953); Tosato (1985); Whitaker (1989). 4. For a selection of Ricardian trade models in a Sraffian vein, see Burgstaller (1985, 1986, 1987); Kurz and Salvadori (2010a); Maneschi (1998); Parinello (2010); Steedman and Metcalfe (1985). Bibliography

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Aldrich, John 85–6, 94 Carlyle, Thomas 10 Akhtar, M.A. 109 Casarosa, Carlo 184 Andrews, David 181 Cassel, Gustav 173 Anne, Princess 6 Cayley, Edward Stillingfleet 163 Arnon, Arie 148–9 Cherbuliez, Antoine 189 Ashley, William James 170, 171 Chandos, Duke of 22 Aspland, Robert 31 Checkland, S.G. 11, 167 Attwood, Thomas 149 Chipman, John 85, 93–4 Clark, John Bates 173, 198, 211 Bagehot, Walter 37 Clutterbuck, Thomas (son-in-law of Bailey, Samuel 162, 168, 169 David Ricardo) 12 Baiman, Ron 106 Cobbett, William 9, 14, 22, 26, 46–7, Barro, Robert J. 139 163, 164 Barton, John 126 Cobden, Richard 93 Bastiat, Frédéric 166 Colquhoun, Patrick 19 Bayle, Pierre 33 Courtauld, Samuel 6 Beaufort, Duke of 42 Bell, Spurgeon 175 Danielson, N.F. 187 Belsham, Thomas 31, 42 Darwin, Erasmus 31 Bentham, Jeremy 32–3, 44, 51, Davis, Timothy 6, 107, 108, 114–15, 121–2, 160, 175 118–19, 148, 149, 150 Berkeley, George 33 Delvalle, Abigail (mother of David Black, John 12 Ricardo) 2–3 Blake, William 143 De Brunhoff, Suzanne 192–3 Blaug, Mark 37, 108, 152, 163, 166, De Quincey, Thomas 168 167–8 De Vivo, Giancarlo 193, 207 Bloomfield, Arthur 95–6 De Viti Di Marco, Antonio 139 Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von 173, Descartes, René 34 176, 195 Diamond, Jared 184 Bonar, James 170 Diehl, Karl 175 Bordo, Michael 133–4, 144 Dietzel, Heinrich 175 Bortkiewicz, Ladislaus von 195, 205 Dixon, William 44 Bosanquet, Charles 40 Dmitriev, V.K. 205 Boyer, George 152 Dobb, Maurice 53, 56, 61, Bray, John Francis 164 73–4, 77, 162, 166–7, 169–70, Brougham, Henry 36 192, 205 Buchanan, James 95, 139 Duffield, John 106 Burke, Edmund 20 Buxton, F. 35 Edmonds, Thomas Rowe 164 Edgeworth, Francis Ysidro 141 Cannan, Edwin 200 Edgeworth, Maria 4, 10, 33 Carey, Henry 163, 166, 197 Eltis, Walter 72, 109, 119, 128 Carlile, Mary Ann 32 Emmanuel, Arghiri 82, 104

248 Name Index 249

Essex, Lord 8 Hobhouse, John Cam 46 Evans, David 95, 96, 102, 104 Hodgkin, Thomas 164, 165 Holland, Lord 8 Falvey, Rod 94 Hollander, Jacob 121, 170, 175, 200 Fellner, William W.J. 38, 130, 177–8 Hollander, Samuel 50–1, 99, 184, Fetter, Frank W. 10 199, 201, 202, 206, 208 Feuerbach, Ludwig 186 Horner, Francis 122, 143 Finch, Francis 92, 157 Horton, Wilmot 155 Fogarty, Michael P. 178 Howard, Michael C. 204–5, 209 Folbre, Nancy 48, 103 Hume, David 33, 120, 123, 140, Foster, Thomas 31 160, 183 Fourier, Charles 186 Hume, Joseph 12 Fox, Henry 22 Humphrey, Thomas 148 Foxwell, Herbert 174, 198 Huskisson, William 12, 50, 143 Franklin, Benjamin 31 Hutcheson, Alexander 140 Hutchison, Terence W. 38, 39, 43, Galileo Galilei 34 71, 158, 168, 172–3, 180, 186, Garegnani, Pierangelo 113, 114, 200 187, 198, 200, 208 Gehrke, Christian 183 George, Henry 138, 163, 173–4 Ingham, John Kells 173 Ghosh, R.N. 183 Goldsmith, Oliver 152 Jevons, William Stanley 170, 172, Gomes, Leonard 96, 100, 147–8, 150 173, 195 Gonner, E.C.K. 38, 52, 54–5, 170, Johnson, Harry G. 94 171–2, 173 Jones, Richard 167, 168, 169, 189 Gray, John 164 Joplin, Thomas 128 Green, Roy 119, 123–4, 124–5 Gregory, T.E. 53 Kaldor, Nicholas 1, 65–6, 176, Greville, William 50 182, 212 Groenewegen, Peter D. 204 Kates, Steven 112 Gudeman, Steven 34 Kennedy, Charles G. 130 Guillebaud, Claud W. 1, 198 Kent, Duke of 48 Keynes, John Maynard 1, 2, 53, 97, Halévy, Elie 42 120–1, 141, 167, 176, 179, 180–1, Hall, Charles 164 186, 195 Hall, Peter A. 105 Keynes, John Neville 41 Hancké, Bob 105 King, Lord 143 Harris, Ron 20–1 Kolb, E.R. 108 Hartwell, Max 40, 54–5, 178–9 Kolthammer, F.W. 38, 170, 171–2 Haswell, Patricia 127 Krugman, Paul 94, 104–5, 131 Hayek, Friedrich A. von 141, 176 Kunatt, Stanislaw 11, 161 Hayter, Theresa 103 Kurz, Heinz D. 36, 40–1, 175, Heertje, Arnold 34, 54 183, 203 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich 108, 186 Laidler, David 125, 150 Held, Adolf 173 Lassalle, Ferdinand 164 Henry, John F. 200 Lauderdale, Earl of 76 Hicks, J.R. 66, 130, 184 Leacock, Stephen 130 Hilton, Boyd 92–3 Lederer, Emil 129 250 Name Index

Levine, David 40, 113 Marx, Karl 1, 6, 25, 50, 97, 104, 108, Lewis, W. Arthur 185 119, 122, 125, 129, 158, 163, 170, Lindsay, James 31 175, 179, 185, 186–94, 196, 202, List, Friedrich 175, 182 205, 211, 212 Liverpool, Lord 121 Massie, Joseph 19 Lloyd, William Forster 162, 168 McCulloch, J.R. 36, 54, 61, 100, 109, Locke, John 32, 33, 121, 164 111, 117, 128, 140, 145, 157, Longfield, Samuel Mountifort 162, 161–2, 165, 167, 168, 170, 174, 163, 166, 168, 169 187, 200, 201 Meek, Ronald L. 113, 165–6, 192, 212 Macleod, Henry Dunning 195 Menger, Anton 173 Mainwaring, Lynn 96 Menger, Carl 173, 195 Maital, Shlomo 127 Meoqui, Jorge Morales 96, 106 Mallet, John Lewis 5, 9, 168 Milberg, William 97 Mallet, Louis 173 Milgate, Murray 42–3, 158 Malthus, Thomas Robert Mill, James 10, 12, 32, 33, 35, 39, on agriculture 89–90 42, 43, 44, 45, 48, 53, 61, 73, 80, on the contradictions of 85, 86, 109, 112, 116, 121, 165, capitalism 113 168, 187 criticized by Ricardo 35, 52, 53, Mill, John Stuart 85, 98, 112, 117, 57, 59, 79 128, 129, 140, 166, 168, 169, 172, and environmental economics 184 174, 179, 194, 200 on ‘general gluts’ 114–15, 116–17, Mitchell, Wesley C. 37, 175, 184 119, 120, 162 Mokyr, Joel 23, 24, 25, 26, 88–9, influence on Ricardo 50 151, 152, 157 and Keynes 114–15, 180–1 Montesqieu, Baron Charles de on machinery 128 Secondat 44 money, theory of 143 Morishima, Michio 130, 186, methodology of 35 199–200 on the Poor Laws 153 Motley, B. 139 on population 163 on the rate of profit 110 Negishi, Takashi 98, 100, 130 rent, theory of 61, 71 Ricardian Socialists, hostility O’Brien, Denis P. 1–2, 39, 50, 74, 77, of 165 78, 125, 128–9, 130, 167, 168, 169 on Say’s Law 114–15, 116–17, 119, O’Brien, Patrick K. 24–5 120, 162 O’Driscoll, Gerald 139 value, theory of 79 Owen, Robert 6, 32, 48–9, 111, 156 other references 6, 8, 46, 58, 60, 67, 68, 69, 122, 140, 144, 154, Pareto, Vilfredo 173 155, 169, 171, 176, 187, 206, 209 Pasinetti, Luigi L. 67, 206 Maneschi, Andrea 94–5, 96, 100, 105 Peach, Terry 43–4, 74, 115, 119–20, Mann, Michael 13–14, 18–19, 20, 166, 206, 208 25–6, 26–8 Peake, Charles 120–1 Marcuzzo, Cristina 124, 150 Peel, Robert 93 Marshall, Alfred 1, 36–7, 171, Pennington, James 98 173, 185, 186, 193, 194–8, 199, Perceval, Spencer 146 203, 211 Pigou, A.C. 141 Marshall, Mary Paley 198 Pilling, Geoffrey 192 Name Index 251

Pitt, William the Elder 23 on circulating capital 74, 75–6 Place, Francis 47, 111, 154, 155 as a classical liberal 157–9 Plant, Arnold 86 club memberships of 8–9 Portarlington, Lord 7 Cobbett and 9, 26, 46–7, 73, 163–4 Porter, George 163 on colonies 48, 101 Priestley, Joseph 31 on the Combination Acts 157 Pullen, John 86 on comparative advantage 94, 96–7, 106 Ramsay, Sir George 189 on the Corn Laws 81, 88–93, 108 Ranelagh, Earl of 22 on contraception 154 Ravenstone, Piercy 164 corn model of 54, 73, 178, 210 Read, Samuel 162, 163, 166 correspondence of 53–4 Reich, Michael 163 on counter-cyclical government Riazanov, David 170 spending 140 Ricardo, Abraham (father of on counter-cyclical monetary David) 2–5, 12, 17 policy 142 Ricardo, Daniel (brother of David) 5 on credit money 124–5 Ricardo, David critics of 162–70, 172–6, 180–2 Absolute Value and Exchangeable death of 11–12 Value (1823) 53, 79, 191 and development economics 184–5 abstract theory in 34–41, 51, 108, on diminishing returns in 161–2 agriculture 58, 210 on accumulation of capital 62, 97, distribution theory of 35, 52, 110, 134 56–69, 80, 181, 209 on the Adding-Up Theory of value on the durability of capital 74, 76 of Adam Smith 77–8, 80 on economic crises 118–20 on agricultural on economic growth 57–8, 70, improvements 68–9, 88–90, 197 108–12 on agriculture 57, 58, 59–69 on economic policy 132–59 Ashley on 171 education of 4, 32 Austrian economists on 175–6 on emigration 155 Bagehot on 61 Essay on Profits (1815) 51, 61, 69, on the Bank of England 9, 40, 77, 89, 110, 177, 206, 208, 212 127, 144–50 on the falling rate of profit 58, on banking 124–5 59, 110 and the bullion controversy 127, family of 2–3, 4–5 143–4 Fellner on 177–8 business activities of 5–6 on fiscal policy 133–42, 184 on the business cycle 118–20 on fixed capital 74, 76 on capital and value 63, 74 Fogarty on 178 on capital accumulation 62–3, on free trade 34–5, 40, 58, 68, 72, 110, 134 81, 90–3 on the capital levy 36, 133, 139, on full employment of labour 118 140–1 Funding System (1820) 135 on central bank on the gains from trade 98 independence 142, 146–9, 211 on general gluts 112–20 character of 19–21 Germany, reaction to in 174, on charity 155 175, 183 children of 7 on gold, value of 78–9, 122–3 252 Name Index

Ricardo, David – continued on the national debt 40 Gonner on 38, 52, 54–5, 170, and neoclassical economics 172–3, 171, 175 194–201 Grand Tour of 1822 11 and the neutrality of money 122, 125 on the gross product 129 ‘new view’ of Ricardo’s Hartwell on 40, 54–5, 178–9 macroeconomics 107 Henry on 200 ‘new view’ of Ricardo’s The High Price of Bullion 121 politics 42–4 on hoarding 124 ‘new view’ of Ricardo on Hollander, Samuel on 199, 201 wages 108–9, 208 on the incidence of taxation Notes on Bentham (1810–11) 121–2 136–7, 138 obituaries 24 on India 48 old age of 21–2 on inflation 40, 122, 145 on Old Corruption 135 influences on political economy optimism of 109–10, 199 of 49–50 output, theory of 113–14 ingot plan 144 pamphlets of 51–3 invariable measure of value 78, Papers on the Currency Question 170 80, 205 on the ‘paradox of value’ 75 on Ireland 48, 128 in Parliament 7–8, 42, 44–5, 48–9, Jewish heritage of 2, 30, 34, 36–7 53, 91–2 Kaldor on 1, 65–6, 176, 182, 212 personality of 9–10 Kolthammer on 38, 170, 171–2 pessimism of 71, 108–9, 111–12 and labour theory of value 74–80, and philosophy 33–4 94, 200 political career of 7–8 land ownership of 6 on political economy as a on land-saving technical science 34–5 progress 68–9 on political reform 43–8 on landlords 67–9, 112 political views of 42–9 on laissez-faire 157–9 politics of trade, neglect of 100–4 liberalism of 42, 157–9 on the Poor Laws 44, 47, 110, on luxury goods 87, 192, 204 151–5, 158 on machinery 92, 99, 126–31, on population growth 50, 71, 153–4 156 on poverty 151–7 macroeconomics of 107–31, 184 as a ‘practical economist’ 40, 210 and Malthus 35, 50, 52, 59, 79, on price and value 73 180–1 Principles of Economics 51–5, 56, and marginalism 172–4 61, 70, 72–3, 87, 89, 91, 97, 100– marriage of 4, 13 1, 107, 109–10, 115, 121, 126–7, Marshall on 36–7, 194–8 134–5, 146, 149, 154, 160–2, Marx on 186–94 170–2, 177–8, 183–4, 189, 191, McCulloch on 161–2, 165 197, 200, 207, 212 method of 30, 34–41, 108 on profits 35, 52, 56, 58, 58–69, Mitchell on 37, 184 162–3, 192, 193, 201 on monetary policy 58, 142–50 Proposals for an Economical and on money 78–9, 107, 113, 115, Secure Currency (1816) 144 120–5 Protection to Agriculture (1822) 91–2 Mongiovi on 208–9 on the quantity theory of Morishima on 199–200 money 122, 125, 147–8 Name Index 253 on the rate of profit 58–69, 83, 97, Unitarian beliefs of 31 120, 187, 190 on unproductive on the rate of interest 110, 120, consumption 171 123–4 on the usury laws 157 religious beliefs of 30–2 on value theory 56, 72–80, 83, 94, on rent 35, 38, 52, 56, 58–69, 78, 162, 177, 178–9, 195, 205, 211–12 163, 192, 197, 205 vision of 29–34 and ‘Ricardian equivalence’ on wage-fixing by magistrates 156 138–40, 211 on wages 35, 52, 60, 62, 69–72, Roncaglia on 200–1 108–9, 156–7, 191, 197, 199, rural life of 15–16 20, 208 on Say’s Law 49, 112–20, 123, on war finance 137 132, 210 wealth of 6–7 Schumpeter on 39, 41, 63, 172, Winch on 179–80 186–7 on women 48 scientific interests of 17–18, 53–4 Works of 49–55, 79, 177, 180 Second Letter on the Bullion Report Ricardo, David Jr (son of David) 7 (1810) 123 Ricardo, Henrietta (daughter of on the Silk Manufacture Bill David) 12 (1823) 156 Ricardo, Jacob Israel (grandfather of Sinking Fund (1820) 134, 135 David) 2 on slavery 48 Ricardo, Mortimer (son of David) 7 Smith, influence of 49–50 Ricardo, Moses (brother of on social policy 151–7 David) 3–11, 30 on socialism 48–9, 111 Ricardo, Osman (son of David) 7 Sraffa on 177, 200, 201–9 Ricardo, Priscilla (née Wilkinson; wife on the stationary state 108–12, 181 of David) 4, 6, 11 style of 34–41, 52, 196–7 Ricardo, Raphael or Ralph (brother of and supply and demand 75–6, David) 3, 5 171, 196, 199, 201, 209 Ricardo, Samson (brother of and surplus approach to David) 146 economics 201 Richardson, J.R. 86–7 on surplus product 60, 62, 63, 67, Robbins, Lionel 41, 158–9, 160–1 70, 127, 185 Robinson, Joan 87, 102, 112, 181 on taxation 52, 70, 72, 133–42 Rodbertus, Johann Karl 174, 175, 193 on technical progress 68–9 Roncaglia, Alessandro 109, 200–1, theory of distribution 35, 52, 202–3 56–69, 80 Roscher, Wilhelm 163, 175 theory of value 72–80 Rosselli, Annalisa 124, 150 Three Letters on the Bullion Report Rothschild, Nathan Mayer 6 (1810) 144 Ruskin, John 10 on tithes 91, 137 Russell, Lord John 44 on trade theory 81–8, 93–100, 171 on trade unions 157 Saint-Simon, Claude Henri 186 on truck system 156 Samuelson, Paul A. 67, 130 United States, reaction to in 174–5 Say, J.B. 49, 54, 73, 76, 112, 115, Utilitarianism and 5, 33 116, 123, 137, 138, 146 on utility and value 73, 75, 80, 211 Sayers, Richard S. 40, 123, 124, 147, on unemployment 118, 126–31 149–50 254 Name Index

Schäffle, Albert 174 Thornton, Henry 120, 121, 143, Schmoller, Gustav 175 144, 150 Schumpeter, Joseph Alois 29, 39, 41, Thünen, Johann Heinrich von 203 172, 174–5,186–7, 211 Thweatt, William 85, 108 Scrope, George Poulett 162, 163, Tierney, George 145 166, 169 Tooke, Thomas 125 Seligman, E.R.A. 175 Torrens, Robert 60, 84–5, 86, 87, Senior, Nassau 162, 168, 169, 178 128, 162, 165, 203, 207 Shaikh, Anwar 106 Tozer, John 67 Shoup, Carl 134, 138, 158 Trower, Hutches 35, 42, 45, 46–7, Sideri, S. 103 54, 59, 135, 154, 155 Sieber, N.I. 170, 187 Tucker, G.L.S. 58–9, 193 Silberling, Norman J. 9 Turgot, Jacques 49 Sinclair, Sir John 139 Sismondi, J.C.L. Simonde de 49, 52, Uchiyama, Takashi 130–1 112, 117, 138 Smith, Adam Viner, Jacob 96 on colonies 101–2 criticized by Ricardo 52, 60, 78, Wagner, Adolf 174, 175, 187, 198 80, 84 Walpole, Robert 22, 23 on free trade 90, 99 Walras, Léon 41, 170, 173, 195, influence of 49–50, 168, 170 199, 211 money, theory of 121, 143 Walsh, Vivian C. 88 on the rate of interest 120 Watson, Richard (Bishop of on the ‘paradox of value’ 73 Llandaff) 140 religious beliefs of 4 Watt, James 31 rent, theory of 60, 69, 84 Weatherall, David 10 on taxation 72, 134, 136, 137 Wedgwood, Josiah 31 trade, theory of 94–5, 105 West, Edward G. 60, 61, 171 on wages 70, 197 Weizsäcker, Carl Christian von 130 value, theory of 60, 73, 75, 76, 78, Whately, Richard 162, 166 80, 192, 204 Wheatley, John 121, 143 other references 1, 160, 164, 169, Whewell, William 67 171, 179, 183, 186, 187, 201, 211 White, Eugene 133–4, 144 Smith, Matthew 114, 125 Wicksell, Knut 41, 129–30, 173 Smith, Thomas 115 Wicksteed, Philip 172 Solly, Edward 91 Wieser, Friedrich von 173, 195 Soskice, David 105 Wilberforce, William 23 Sraffa, Piero 2, 5, 31, 32, 36, 46, Wilkinson, Priscilla Ann (wife of 53–4, 58, 60, 61, 70, 85, 113, 160, David Ricardo) see Ricardo, 177, 179, 185, 186, 193, 198, 200, Priscilla 201–9, 211 Williams, John 94, 97–8 Steuart, Sir James 49, 121 Winch, Donald 169, 179–80 Stigler, George J. 54, 77, 109, 200 Wright, Robert E. 183 Stimson, Shannon 42–3, 158 Wrigley, E.A. 153

Taussig, Frank 175 Yoon, Y.J. 95 Thompson, Thomas Perronet 163 Thompson, William 164–5 Ziber, N.I. 170, 187 Subject Index

Absolute Value and Exchangeable capital, organic composition of 129, Value, by David Ricardo 53, 191–2 79, 191 capital, theory of 190 absolute advantage 96–7 capital levy 36, 133, 138, 140–1 abstraction, Ricardo’s use of 34–41, capital-using technical change 131 51, 108, 161–2, 189 capitalism, English 13, 29–30 acceleration principle 176 central banks, independence of 142, accumulation of capital 62–3, 97, 146–9, 211 110, 134 Chambers Encyclopaedia 65 Act of Resumption (1819) 149 charity, Ricardo on 155 Adding-Up Theory of value, of Adam Chartists 164 Smith 77–8, 80, 192 China 103 agriculture 15, 17–18, 29–30, 57–69 circulating capital 74, 76 88–9, 92–3, 184 class conflict 174, 187 agriculture, improvements in 68–9, class structure, English 13, 17–18, 89–90, 110, 197 25–6, 29–30 Anti-Corn Law League 72, 167 classical dichotomy 124 anti-Ricardians 163, 165–6 classical liberalism 157–9 anti-Semitism 47 classical political economy 1–2, 39, aristocracy, English 17, 19 49–50, 158–9, 160–1, 186, 189, 203 armaments, production of 194 colonies, Ricardo on 48 Austrian economists on colonial trade 101 Ricardo 175–6 Combination Acts (1799, 1800) 157, 165 Bank Charter Act (1844) 150 Commons, House of 19–20, 42 Bank of England 9, 26, 40, 127, 133, comparative advantage 94, 96–7, 142, 144–50 106, 175 banking, central 144–50 Commerce Defended by James Mill 85 banking, commercial 124–5 Communist Manifesto, by Karl Marx ‘Banking School’ 150 and Friedrich Engels 25 Brooks’ Club 18 conflict, social 174, 187 bullion controversy 127, 142–3 contraception 154 ‘Bullionists’ 125 contradictions of capitalism 113 business cycle, theory of 118–20, convertibility of banknotes 143, 176, 190 144, 149 Coordinated Market Economies Capital, by Karl Marx 1, 18, 179, 105–6 188, 212 Corn Laws 59, 72, 81, 88–93, 108, capital, accumulation of 62, 97, 163, 167–8, 182 110, 134 corn model 73, 178, 203–4, 206, 210 capital, circulating 74, 75–6, 129 counter-cyclical government capital, durability of 74, 76 spending 140 capital, fixed 74, 76, 129 credit money 124–5

255 256 Subject Index crises, economic 118–20 politics in 19–28 Critical Dissertation on Value, A, population of 12–13, 14, 29 by S. Bailey 162 social structure of 16–19, 25–6 Critique of Political Economy, state, economic role of 20–2, 23–4 by Karl Marx 188, 190–2 taxation, incidence of 24–5, 133 crowding-out hypothesis 140 trade of 15 ‘Currency School’ 150 urbanization of 13 wages, real 15–16, 108 debt, government 133, 141–2 war finance in 133–4 debt, international 100–4, 106 wealth, distribution of 16 deceleration principle 176 Enlightenment liberalism 25, 27, ‘deduction theory’ of profits 42, 50 (Adam Smith) 60 environmental economics 179, 184 demand, role of in value theory Essay on the External Corn Trade by 195–6, 201 Robert Torrens 89, 207 dependence, international 100–4, 106 Essay on Profits (1815), by David Der isolierte Staat, by J.H. von Ricardo 51, 61, 69, 77, 89, 110, Thünen 203 177, 206, 208, 212 development economics 184–5 Essays in Biography, by J.M. diminishing returns in Keynes 180 agriculture 58, 166, 178, 182, Evangelicals 22, 50 185, 210 exploitation 165 distribution, theory of 56–69, 80, exploitation, international 103 173, 209 export subsidies 89 durability of capital 74, 76 extensive margin of cultivation 60, 69

Eclectic Review 85 falling rate of profit 58–9, 110, Économie Politique, Traité de, 187, 190 by J.-B. Say 115 fictitious capital 212 economic crises 118–20, 164 fiscal policy 133–42, 184 economic growth 57–8, 100 fixed capital 74, 76 economic nationalism 163 food riots 71–2, 151 Elements of Political Economy, France 133–4 by James Mill 85 free trade 58, 68, 90–3, 102–3, 108, enclosures 17–18, 30, 158 167, 175, 182, 183 emigration 155 French Revolution 22, 27, 133–4, 157 empiricism 192 full employment 97, 118 England Funding System, by David Ricardo agriculture in 15, 17–18, 29–30, 53, 135 89–90 aristocracy in 17, 19 gains from trade 98, 100–1 class structure of 13, 17–18, 25–6, see also unequal exchange 29–30 Gatcomb(e) Park 6 economy of 12–16, 118–19, General Theory of Employment, Interest 209–10 and Money by J.M. Keynes 1, hours of work in 16 112, 180, 186, 212 industrialization of 13, 15 general equilibrium 199 inflation in 23–4 general gluts 112–20, 167 land, ownership of 16–18 Geological Society of London 8 Subject Index 257

Germany, attitudes to Ricardo in Japan, study of Ricardo in 9 174–5, 183 Jevonian revolution 162 globalization 106 Jews in England 2–3, 30 Glorious Revolution of (1688) 19, 22 Jewish heritage of Ricardo 2, 30, gold, value of 78–9, 122–3 34, 36–7 Gold Standard 118, 149 joint production 295 gross product 62 Journal of a Tour, by David growth, economic 57–8, 100, 108–12 Ricardo 11 Grundrisse, by Karl Marx 188 Just Wage, The, by M.P. Fogarty 178 harmony of interests 166 Keynesian revolution 112, High Price of Bullion, by David 180–2, 184 Ricardo 51 ‘King of Clubs’ 8 Historical School 175 History of Economic Analysis, by Joseph labour commanded 76 Schumpeter 29, 172 labour embodied 76 hoarding 124 labour market, regulation of 155–7 hours of work 16 labour theory of value 74–80, 94, House of Commons 19–20, 42 165, 169–70, 179, 191–2, 200, House of Lords 19 202, 204, 205, 206 labour-saving technical change 68 imperialism 102 laissez-faire 25–6, 157–9, 172 incidence of taxation 136–7, 138 see also liberalism independent central banks 142, land, ownership of in 146–9, 211 England 16–18 India 48, 103 land-saving technical change 68 Industrial Revolution 15 landlords, Ricardo on 67–9, 112 industrialization, of England 13, 15 Laws of Interchange between Nations, Inquiry into the Principles of On the by J.S. Mill 85 Wealth Most Conducive to Lectures on Political Economy, Human Happiness, by William by K. Wicksell 173 Thompson 164–5 lender of last resort 148, 150 inflation 143, 145, 147 Liberal Market Economies 105–6 ingot plan 144 liberalism 25–6, 42, 157–9 Inquiry Into Rent, by Robert London 14 Malthus 60 London Institution 8 institutional economics 175 long-period positions 202 intellectual property 212 Lords, House of 19 intensive margin of cultivation 60, 69 Luddites 127 interest, rate of 60, 89, 101, 120, luxury goods 87, 192, 204 123–4 international capital machinery, effects of 126–31, 156 movements 97–8 machinery, export of 99 Interpreting Ricardo, by Terry Macmillan Committee 97 Peach 208 marginal productivity theory of invariable measure of value 78, distribution 173 80, 208 marginalist revolution 172–4 investment 113–14 Marxism 186–94, 200, 202 Ireland 48, 128 mathematical economics 67, 199 258 Subject Index mercantilism 95, 103 optimism, Ricardo’s 109–10, 199 Methodenstreit 174 organic composition of capital 129, Methuen Treaty (1703) 103 191–2, 202 monetary policy 58, 121, 142–50 output, theory of 113–14 money, theory of 107, 120–5, 184 over-production see general gluts; monopoly price 76 Say’s Law Mont Pèlerin Society 152 Owenites 165

Napoleonic Wars 23–4, 89, 90, Parliament, Ricardo in 42, 44–5, 133, 178 48–9, 53, 91–2 national debt 133, 141–2 Paper Credit, by Henry Thornton 121 nationalism, economic 163 Papers on the Currency Question, by ‘natural’ and ‘market’ price 75, 80 David Ricardo 170 natural laws 33–4 paradox of value 75 natural rate of interest 124 patronage, political 21–2 Navigation Acts 88 period of production 74 neoclassical economics 172–4, 192, pessimism, Ricardo’s 71, 108–9, 112 194–201, 202, 204, 211 Peterloo massacre 47 neoliberalism 183 petite bourgeoisie 18–19, 27 net product 62 philosophy, Ricardo and 33–4 neutrality of money 113, 120, 122, ‘physicalism’ in economic 125, 148 theory 114, 204 New Classical economics 133 Plan for the Establishment of a New International Division of National Bank, A, by David labour 106 Ricardo 53, 146–50 New Poor Law (1834) 227 political economy see classical ‘New Trade Theory’ 95, 96, 104–5 political economy ‘new view’ of Ricardo’s Political Economy Club 8, 165, 180 macroeconomics 107 political reform, Ricardo on 43–8 ‘new view’ of Ricardo’s politics, English 19–28 politics 68–70 Poor Laws 26, 44, 47, 151–5, 158 ‘new view’ of Ricardo’s theory of population growth 12–13, 14, 29, wages 108–9, 208 50, 70–1, 108, 153–4 Notes on Bentham, by David Portugal 83–4, 87, 98 Ricardo 121–2 poverty, Ricardo on 151–7 Notes on Malthus, by David power relations, in international Ricardo 121–2 trade 103–6 numerical examples, Ricardo’s use of ‘practical economist’, Ricardo as 65 52–3, 61–5, 77 price of labour see wages Principles of Economics, by Alfred Observations on the Conditions of Marshall 1, 194–8 the Labouring Classes, by John Principles of Economics, by David Barton 126 Ricardo 1, 2, 51–5, 61, 70, 72–3, Old Corruption 21–2, 29, 42, 47, 87, 89, 91, 97, 100–1, 115, 121, 88–9, 135, 164, 210 126–7, 146, 149, 154, 160–1, Old Poor Law 152–4 161–2, 170–2, 177–80, 183–5, ‘old regime’ 18, 26 189, 191, 197, 200 On Protection to Agriculture, by David Principles of Economics, by Robert Ricardo 53 Malthus 5, 117 Subject Index 259

Principles of Economics, by J.S. slavery 48 Mill 128, 166, 194 social policy, Ricardo on 151–7 Production of Commodities by Means social structure, English 16–19, 25–6 of Commodities, by Piero socialism 48–9, 111, 163, 164–5, 173–4 Sraffa 201, 203–5 specialization, degree of Proposals for an Economical and Secure international 99–100 Currency, by David Ricardo 53 Speenhamland system 151 profit, Ricardo on 56, 58–69, Sraffian interpretation of 162–3, 201 Ricardo 201–9 profit, rate of 58–69, 110, 120 123, standard commodity, Sraffian 204 187, 190, 205–6, 207 state, economic role of 20–2, 23–4 profit, share of 65–6, 182 static and dynamic trade theory 97, 105 Quantity Theory of Money 107, 113, stationary state 67, 105–12, 166, 122, 125, 147–8 181, 182 supply and demand 75–6, 80, 166, radicalism 25–7 170, 192, 194, 196, 199, rate of interest 60, 89, 101, 120, 201, 209 123–4 surplus approach to economics 60, rate of profit 58–69, 83, 87, 120, 201 187, 190, 205–6, 207 surplus labour 245 284 ‘real bills’ doctrine 143 surplus product 60, 62, 63, 67, 70, Reform Act of 1832 19 127, 185 rent, theory of 56, 58–9, 163, 192, surplus value 188, 190 197, 205 rent, share of 6, 65–6 tariffs, British 88–9 Reply to Bosanquet, by David taxation 24–5, 72, 133–42 Ricardo 40 technical change in agriculture 68–9 ‘Ricardo effect’ 176 ‘technological gap’ theory of ‘Ricardian Equivalence’ 138–40, trade 97 184, 211 terms of trade 98, 185 Ricardian Socialists 164–5, 174 Theories of Surplus Value, by Karl Marx ‘Ricardian Vice’ 39 188 Ricardo Society (Japan) 2 Three Letters on the Bullion Report, Right to the Whole Produce of Labour, by David Ricardo 144 by Anton Menger 174 tithes 91, 137 trade, English 15, 93 saving 113–14 trade, theory of 81–8, 93–100, 171, Say’s Law 49, 112–20, 123, 125, 132, 183, 204 167, 180–1, 190, 210 trade theory, static and dynamic 97 Scottish Enlightenment 50 trade unions 72, 157, 162 Second Letter on the Bullion Report, by transformation problem 192, 205 David Ricardo 123 truck system 156 Sephardic Jews 2–3, 8, 30 Silk Manufacture Bill (1823) 35, 156 underconsumption 117, 164, 167, 174 Sinking Fund 40, 134, 135 unemployment 118, 126–31 Sinking Fund by David Ricardo unequal exchange 104, 106 135, 141 Unitarians 5, 31 Six Acts of 1819 47 United States 104, 174–5, 177, 183 260 Subject Index unproductive consumption 171 wage-fixing, Ricardo on 156 urbanization 13 wages, international differences Utilitarianism 31, 33 in 104 utility and the theory of value 73, wages, theory of 69–72, 110, 137, 75, 80, 197, 206, 211 191, 197, 199, 201 wages, ‘natural’ and ‘market’ 70 value, theory of 56, 72–80, 83, 94, wages, share of 65–6, 182 168, 173, 177, 178–9, 195, 205, war finance 133–4, 142 211–12 wealth, distribution of 16 ‘value in exchange’ 75 Wealth of Nations, by Adam Smith ‘value in use’ 75 1, 50, 70, 73, 179, 212 varieties of capitalism 105–6 ‘welfare dependency’ 158 vulgar economy 163, 170 women, Ricardo on 48–9 Works of David Ricardo 53–4, ‘wages fund’ doctrine 71 79, 180 wage goods 137