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A Forgotten Shade of Blue: Support for the Union and the Constitutional Republic in Southeastern Kentucky During the Civil War Era

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A Forgotten Shade of Blue: Support for the Union and the Constitutional Republic in Southeastern Kentucky During the Civil War Era University of Louisville ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository Electronic Theses and Dissertations 5-2020 A forgotten shade of blue: support for the union and the constitutional republic in southeastern Kentucky during the civil war era. Howard Muncy University of Louisville Follow this and additional works at: https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd Part of the Appalachian Studies Commons, Military History Commons, Political History Commons, and the United States History Commons Recommended Citation Muncy, Howard, "A forgotten shade of blue: support for the union and the constitutional republic in southeastern Kentucky during the civil war era." (2020). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. Paper 3456. Retrieved from https://ir.library.louisville.edu/etd/3456 This Master's Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of ThinkIR: The University of Louisville's Institutional Repository. This title appears here courtesy of the author, who has retained all other copyrights. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A FORGOTTEN SHADE OF BLUE: SUPPORT FOR THE UNION AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL REPUBLIC IN SOUTHEASTERN KENTUCKY DURING THE CIVIL WAR ERA By Howard Muncy B.A., Eastern Kentucky University, 2002 M.A., Eastern Kentucky University, 2003 A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences of the University of Louisville in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in History Department of History University of Louisville Louisville, Kentucky May 2020 Copyright 2020 by Howard Lucas Muncy All rights reserved. A FORGOTTEN SHADE OF BLUE: SUPPORT FOR THE UNION AND A CONSTITUTIONAL REPUBLIC IN SOUTHEASTERN KENTUCKY DURING THE CIVIL WAR ERA By Howard Lucas Muncy B.A., Eastern Kentucky University, 2002 M.A., Eastern Kentucky University, 2003 A Thesis Approved on February 13, 2020 by the following Thesis Committee: _________________________________________________ Thesis Advisor Dr. Thomas C. Mackey _________________________________________________ Dr. Daniel Krebs _________________________________________________ Dr. Gary Gregg ii DEDICATION I dedicate this thesis in memory of the Union veterans from Kentucky. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to thank my advisor Dr. Thomas Mackey and the entire thesis committee. Dr. Mackey’s knowledge of the Civil War era and his patient direction were vital in the completion of this thesis. I also want to express gratitude to the James Madison Memorial Foundation for their 2016 Kentucky Senior Fellowship award. The Madison fellowship afforded me the opportunity to pursue this degree. Coursework with the history department at the University of Louisville and with the scholars at the summer institute at Georgetown University improved my writing and research skills during the completion of this master’s program. The staffs from the Clay County Historical Society and the Jackson County Public Library’s Kentucky History Room offered helpful service in locating documents for this work. I would also like to thank James McPherson for invitation to his Princeton office where on separate occasions we discussed ideas about the Civil War. I want to acknowledge several groups, including the Gilder-Lehrman Institute of American History, the National Endowment of the Humanities, Liberty Fund, the Robert H. Smith Center for the Constitution at Montpelier, We the People, the Witherspoon Institute, and the McConnell Center. These institutions invested resources for my continuing education and connected me with scholars such as Richard Carwardine, James Klotter, Gordon Wood, Lucas Morel, and many others who were models of inspiration. I must also express special appreciation to my family, friends, and colleagues who encouraged my work. Specifically, I want to thank my wife Kelly for her unwavering iv support every step of the way as I researched this important topic. My son Kaden took it all in stride. Finally, I want to honor my parents, William and Diane Muncy—their loving care and moral example have been a positive influence throughout my entire life. v ABSTRACT A FORGOTTEN SHADE OF BLUE: SUPPORT FOR THE UNION AND A CONSTITUTIONAL REPUBLIC IN SOUTHEASTERN KENTUCKY DURING THE CIVIL WAR ERA Howard L. Muncy May 2020 This thesis analyzes Southeastern Kentucky’s political and military support for the Union during the Civil War era. In the decades prior to the 1860 election, Kentucky developed deep social and economic ties with all sections of the country. After the secession winter that followed Abraham Lincoln’s presidential election, the statewide population divided and pockets of significant Confederate sympathies emerged. Kentucky’s southeastern counties aligned with the Union at the outbreak of the Civil War because of a strong national identity and the absence of a large slave population. As the war unfolded, Southeastern Kentuckians played an important role in the disruption of repeated Confederate invasions. Kentucky split again in the emancipationist phase of the war when guerilla warfare engulfed the slave state, but southeastern Kentuckians continued to support federal efforts with votes, enlistments, and service. In the final months of the conflict, and the years that followed, a core of Kentucky’s southeastern counties did not drift toward the Confederacy’s “lost cause,” nor to the Democratic Party, as did much of the state. Instead, citizens from Southeastern Kentucky offered robust support for Union veterans and other Republican candidates who ran for both state and federal offices. This thesis illuminates the political activity and military service of citizens from Southeastern vi Kentucky during those turbulent years with attention to national events and other local populations proximate to the region of study. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE DEDICATION ……………………………………………………………………… iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………...………………. iv ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………...……………. vi INTRODUCTION “These Honored Dead”………………………………………………….…………… 1 CHAPTER ONE “Gentlemen, I Too am a Kentuckian”: Southeastern Kentucky in 1860……………... 6 CHAPTER TWO “The Union Sentiment Among the People Largely Predominates”: Southeastern Kentucky in 1861 …………………….……………….………………. 34 CHAPTER THREE “They are Having a Stampede in Kentucky, Look to It”: Civil War and Southeastern Kentucky 1862……………………….…….…….…….. 59 CHAPTER FOUR “As Soldiers Suffer to Anything, Even unto Death”: Kentucky in the Second Half of the Civil War …...…………………………..…...… 94 CHAPTER FIVE “The Mystic Chords of Memory” Voting Patterns, War Memory, and Attacks on the Mountaineer Image …………….125 CHAPTER SIX “The Fiery Trial”: A Civil War Histography .…..…………..……………………...…132 REFERENCES .…………………...…….……...…………………….…….…………159 CURRICULUM VITAE….…………………...……………….………….…………..170 viii INTRODUCTION “THESE HONORED DEAD” When the full history of the war is written we shall realize more than we do our debt to the loyal people of the South. There [was] a larger proportion of descendants of revolution soldiery in Kentucky than any other state [who could] overflow their mountains and reinforce the nation. – Theodore Roosevelt, 1897.1 This master’s thesis analyzes Union support from the Southeastern Kentucky population during the Civil War era. In 1861, when citizens across the South debated secession, Kentucky legislators rejected Governor Beriah Magoffin’s Confederate maneuvering and pursued the impossible path of neutrality before eventually siding with the Union. As Kentucky Unionists and the state’s General Assembly sought to preserve Kentucky’s place in the nation—Confederate sympathies endangered the state’s loyal position from within. Political and military leaders from the newly formed confederacy added to the internal threat of disunion and tried to reverse Kentucky’s chosen course with a series of invasions and raids throughout the duration of the war. Historians have long sought to explain Kentucky’s motives and loyalty during the period. To complicate Kentucky’s Civil War legacy, the rise of a Confederate identity in the postwar period has done much to distort the state’s important contributions to the Union victory. However, 1 From Theodore Roosevelt’s 1897 speech at Boston’s Trinity Church as quoted in Anne Marshall’s Creating a Confederate Kentucky: The Lost Cause and Civil War Memory in a Border State (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2010), 120. 1 modern Civil War scholars have started to devote more historical attention to the significance of the Border States, including Kentucky. Much of the early historiography on the Appalachian regions of the United States identified a strong Union sentiment, but some modern works have pushed back against those conclusions with new claims that the unionism was overestimated. New studies that focus on smaller segments of the American population during the secession crisis, within smaller defined areas, advance a more complex understanding of the war. This thesis seeks to add to that secondary literature with focus on residents and soldiers in the southeastern region of Kentucky. Evidence suggests that the southeastern population of Kentucky formed a deep loyalty to the Union that, unlike many other areas in the state, increased as the war progressed. Events and records reveal a pattern of social, military, and political support from the area that
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