Women and the Environment: an Indicative Study on Tamborine Mountain, Queensland
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ResearchOnline@JCU This file is part of the following reference: Sewell, Sandra (2014) Women and the environment: an indicative study on Tamborine Mountain, Queensland. PhD thesis, James Cook University. Access to this file is available from: http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/35058/ The author has certified to JCU that they have made a reasonable effort to gain permission and acknowledge the owner of any third party copyright material included in this document. If you believe that this is not the case, please contact [email protected] and quote http://researchonline.jcu.edu.au/35058/ Women and the Environment: An Indicative Study on Tamborine Mountain, Queensland Thesis submitted by Sandra Sewell BA (Sydney), BSW (University of Queensland), MWS (James Cook University) March 10th, 2014 for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Discipline of Women’s Studies School of Arts and Social Sciences James Cook University Table of Contents Table of Appendices iv List of Plates v Statement of Access viii Statement of Sources ix Statement regarding Contribution of Others x Acknowledgements xi Abstract xiii Note on Style xv Preface xvi Chapter 1. Research Aims, Theoretical Framework and Context Research aims 2 Theoretical framework 2 Global to local contexts and concerns 4 Research location 12 The nature of the research 15 Three research stages 17 Key research terms and perspectives 18 Women’s liberation 18 Feminism 19 Ecofeminism 20 Indigenous women’s business 21 Care 21 Community 23 Locality 23 Community development 23 Developmental work 25 Place, environment, nature 25 Thesis map 26 Chapter 2. Research Literature Aim of chapter 29 Significance of literature 30 Women’s locality practice 31 Australia 32 England 35 America 36 Feminist locality practice 37 Feminist locality practice and the environment 42 Men’s care for the environment 47 The contribution of Ecofeminism 50 i Liberal Ecofeminism 53 Cultural Ecofeminism 55 Spiritual / Christian Ecofeminism 56 Socialist Ecofeminism 57 Women and ‘difference’, ‘country’ and place 58 Indigenous Australian women: “women do things differently” 59 Luce Irigaray: women and ‘irreducible alterity’ 68 Val Plumwood: critical ecological feminism – continuity and 77 difference Tamborine Mountain literature 84 Conclusion: relevance of literature 85 Chapter 3. Research Methodology and Methods Choice of methodology 88 Towards a qualitative research methodology 89 Participatory research and feminist participatory research 90 Research stages and sequence – Stages 1-3 94 Local history research (Stage 1) 95 Interviews (Stage 2) 95 Visual research (Stage 3 – photovoice) 96 Research Methods 98 Local history research (Stage 1) 98 Interviews (Stage 2) 99 Visual research (Stage 3 – photovoice) 104 Origins of Photovoice 106 Participants and settings 106 Steps and stages in the photovoice process 107 Outcomes 108 Attrition 109 Beyond the frame 109 Raising expectations 110 Photovoice projects with women 110 Photovoice projects with the environment 111 Data analysis and interpretation 112 Ethics 114 Conclusion: constraints and opportunities 116 Chapter 4. Precursors and Precedents: Staying Put (Findings Stage 1) Purpose and nature of Stage 1 research 120 “Other languages and other champions” 120 Hilda Geissmann (Curtis) 121 Judith Wright McKinney 126 Joy Guyatt 131 Discussion: Staying put 133 Chapter 5. Caring for Country: Connected (Findings Stage 2(a)) Being connected to place 142 “Belonging to Country” workshop 143 Conversations and reflections 147 Deep learning 147 The custodial ethic 149 ii Caring for my place 151 Indigenous care for country 154 Change 157 Women’s business, men’s business, community business 158 Climate change 163 Reflecting on deep learning 167 Discussion: Being connected 170 Chapter 6. Caring for Place: Committed (Findings Stage 2(b)) Six conversations 181 Thematic summary 182 Doing the work ‘properly’ 182 Emotional /spiritual connections to places 185 Local / global connections 188 A sense of vocation 189 Role of government and volunteers 190 The importance of human community, and the benefits of 191 working in a group Men and women work differently 192 Discussion: Commitment 196 - to place 196 - to practice 198 - to the Mountain 199 Committed practice and organisational continuity 201 Chapter 7. Images and Texts: Reciprocity (Findings Stage 3) Images and texts 206 Commitment 209 Attention to detail 210 Taking time to pause and reflect 212 Balance and harmony 213 Connections 214 Knowledge 215 Wonder 216 Paradoxes and dilemmas (outside the frame) 217 Permeability of nature and culture 218 Discussion: Reciprocity 219 Chapter 8. Summary, Reflections and Implications Summary 223 Reflections 228 Implications for practice, education and research 230 Developmental locality practice 234 Education 235 Research 236 References 238 Appendices 289 iii List of Appendices Appendix 1: Human Research Ethics (HRE) Approval Stage 1 (H3990) 289 Appendix 2: Information Sheet Stage 1 291 Appendix 3: Informed Consent Form Stage 1 292 Appendix 4: HRE Approval Stage 2 (H4263) 293 Appendix 5: Invitation to Participate in Research Stage 2 (A) 294 Appendix 6: Information Sheet Stage 2 (A) 295 Appendix 7: Workshop Program “Belonging to Country” 2011 296 Appendix 8: Interview Questions Stage 2 (A) 297 Appendix 9: Informed Consent Form Stage 2 (A) 298 Appendix 10: HRE Approval (H4176) Stage 3 299 Appendix 11: Information Sheet Stage 2 (B) - interviews 301 Appendix 12: Informed Consent Stage 2 (B) - interviews 302 Appendix 13: Interview Questions Stage 2 (B) 303 Appendix 14: Information Sheet Stage 3 - photovoice 304 Appendix 15: Informed Consent Stage 3 – photovoice 305 Appendix 16: Bioregional Quiz 306 iv List of Plates Plate 1: Chapter 1 Title Page: The Road to Tamborine Mountain. 1 Sandra Sewell, 2013. Plate 2: The Green Network. 14 Tamborine Mountain Development Control Plan No. 1 – 1997. Beaudesert Shire Council. Plate 3: Clearing Timber on a Block, Mount Tamborine, c. 1912. 16 John Oxley Collection, State Library of Queensland picqld-citrix04--2009-04-08-15-57 Plate 4: Edmund Curtis jnr. and friend stop for smoko, c. 1921. 16 Eve Curtis, 1988. Plate 5: Chapter 2 Title Page: Women authors. 28 Wendy Weeks: Sourced http://www.aifs.gov.au/acssa/pubs/newsletter/n5pdf/acssa_news5_w endy.pdf. Accessed 11 January, 2014 Deborah Bird Rose: Sourced http://www.ecologicalhumanities.org/rose.html. Accessed 10 November, 2013 Luce Irigaray: Sourced http://exchanges.warwick.ac.uk/index.php/exchanges/article/view/17. Accessed 10 November, 2013 Freya Mathews: Sourced http://andrewjbrown.blogspot.com.au/2012/02/time-scissored-work- meaning-ful.html. Accessed 10 November, 2013 Vandana Shiva: Sourced http://www.rightlivelihood.org/v- shiva.html. Accessed 10 November, 2013 Val Plumwood: Sourced http://www.ecologicalhumanities.org/plumwood.html. Accessed 10 November, 2013 Carolyn Merchant: Sourced https://www.acls.org/research/fellow.aspx?cid=78041cef-eea4-db11- 8d10-000c2903e717. Accessed 10 November, 2013 (recoloured) v Plate 6: How to Have a Youth Consultation. 31 Ken Butler in I can Laugh Now, but…. Welfare Humour in Queensland. Ken Butler, Sandra Sewell and Anthony Kelly (eds.), 1988. Plate 7: Chapter 3 Title Page: Pittosporum revolutum. 87 Sandra Sewell, 2013. Plate 8 International Women’s Day Display, Tamborine Mountain Library. 99 Sandra Sewell, 2013. Plate 9 International Women’s Day Display, Tamborine Mountain Library. 100 Sandra Sewell, 2013. Plate 10: Chapter 4 Title Page: Women of the Mountain. 119 Photos sourced as described. Plate 11: Science Newsletter, August 28, 1937 125 Cover photograph and inside article in Science News by Hilda Curtis. Sourced: http://www.sciencenews.org/view/generic/id/8864/description/From _the_August_28_1937_issue. Accessed: 3rd October, 2013. Plate 12: Macleay Laurel. 132 Original watercolour by Elizabeth Russell. Plates 13 - 15 Orchids of the Mountain. 140 Original photographs by Hilda Curtis, reproduced with permission. Plate 16: Chapter 5 Title Page: Woman moving around in her country. 141 A ‘burning’ by Lilla Watson (undated), reproduced with permission. Plate 17: Yugambeh Language Map. 144 Plate 18: Beaudesert Times, 26th October 2011. 179 Beaudesert Times report of interview with Lilla Watson and Mary Graham for the “Belonging to Country” Workshop, 26th October, 2011. Plates 19 - 21: Chapter 6 Title Page: Images from the Photovoice Project. 180 Plate 22: Rainforest. 204 Susanne Duncan, 2013. Reproduced with permission. Plate 23: Chapter 7 Title Page: Photovoice Images. 205 Plate 24: Commitment: Sally 209 Plate 25: Attention to detail: Maggie 210 Plate 26: Attention to detail: Lyn 211 Plate 27: Taking time to pause and reflect: Judy 212 vi Plate 28: Balance and harmony: Lyn 213 Plate 29: Connections: Sally 214 Plate 30: Knowledge: Lee 215 Plate 31: Wonder: Naomi 216 Plate 32: Paradoxes and dilemmas (‘outside the frame’): Joan 217 Plate 33 Permeability of nature and culture: Sally 218 Plate 34 Librarian (right) with some of the women who participated in the 221 photovoice project, celebrating the launch of their work (seen in the background in the library window) at the Tamborine Mountain Library. Tamborine Mountain News, Vol. 1335, p. 17, September 4th, 2012. Plate 35 Chapter 8 Title Page: Old Mountain Road, Tamborine Mountain. 222 Sabine Bannard, 2013. Plate 36 The Road to Tamborine Mountain. 237 Sandra Sewell, 2013. vii STATEMENT OF ACCESS I, the undersigned, author of this work, understand that James Cook University will make this thesis available for use within the University