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Analysis of the Herbicide Glyphosate and Related Organophosphonates in Seawater − Overcoming Salt-Matrix-Induced Limitations

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Analysis of the Herbicide Glyphosate and Related Organophosphonates in Seawater − Overcoming Salt-Matrix-Induced Limitations Analysis of the Herbicide Glyphosate and related Organophosphonates in Seawater − Overcoming Salt-Matrix-Induced Limitations Kumulative Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades doctor rerum naturalium (Dr. rer. nat.) der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Universität Rostock vorgelegt von Marisa Andrea Wirth geb. am 01. August 1992 in Hamburg Rostock, November 2020 https://doi.org/10.18453/rosdok_id00003030 This thesis was produced between November 2017 and November 2020 under supervision from Prof. Dr. Detlef E. Schulz-Bull in the working group ―Organic Trace Substances‖ at the Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde and within the scope of the Leibniz ScienceCampus Phosphorus Research Rostock. Gutachter: 1. Gutachter Prof. Dr. Detlef E. Schulz-Bull Leibniz-Institut für Ostseeforschung Warnemünde 2. Gutachter Prof. Dr. Ellery D. Ingall Georgia Institute of Technology, USA 3. Gutachter Prof. Dr. Arne Körtzinger GEOMAR Helmholtz-Zentrum für Ozeanforschung Kiel Datum der Einreichung: 09. November 2020 Datum der Verteidigung: 20. April 2021 II Table of Contents Table of Contents Contributions to the Manuscripts ...................................................................................V Zusammenfassung ....................................................................................................... VIII Abstract ........................................................................................................................... IX Acknowledgement .............................................................................................................X List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................... XII List of Figures .............................................................................................................. XIII List of Tables ................................................................................................................ XIV 1 Motivation and Aims ................................................................................................ 1 2 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 4 2.1 The Herbicide Glyphosate ................................................................................... 4 2.1.1 General Information...................................................................................... 4 2.1.2 Environmental Transport, Degradation and Occurrence .............................. 4 2.1.3 Toxicity ......................................................................................................... 6 2.2 Analysis Methods for Glyphosate and AMPA in Environmental Water ............. 7 2.2.1 Derivatization and Instrumental Analysis .................................................... 7 2.2.2 SPE Techniques for Preconcentration and Matrix Cleanup ......................... 8 2.3 Salt Matrix Sensitivity during Glyphosate and AMPA Analysis ...................... 10 2.4 Electrodialysis .................................................................................................... 12 3 Methodological Approach ...................................................................................... 14 3.1 Sample Processing with Electrodialysis ............................................................ 14 3.2 Analysis of Glyphosate and AMPA ................................................................... 15 4 Results and Discussion ........................................................................................... 17 4.1 Recovery of Target Compounds during Electrodialysis (Publication 1) ........... 17 4.2 Overcoming Salt Matrix Effects during Seawater Analysis .............................. 20 4.2.1 Co-Concentration of Matrix Components (Publication 1) ......................... 20 4.2.2 Competition for Binding Sites on SPE Materials (Publication 2 and 3) .... 23 III Table of Contents 4.2.3 Alteration of Chromatographic Behavior (Publication 2) .......................... 26 4.2.4 Signal Enhancement or Suppression (Publication 1, 2 and 3) .................... 26 4.3 Suitability of Electrodialysis for Coupling to Target Analysis in View of Methodic and Economic Aspects (Publication 1, 2 and 3) ........................................... 29 4.4 Analysis of Glyphosate and AMPA in Environmental Seawater ...................... 32 4.4.1 Method Development and Validation (Publication 2) ................................ 32 4.4.2 Method Application in the Baltic Sea (Publication 2) ................................ 33 4.5 Environmental Transport, Degradation and Effects of Glyphosate and AMPA (Publication 4 and 5) ..................................................................................................... 35 5 Summary and Outlook ........................................................................................... 39 References ........................................................................................................................ 41 Appendix .......................................................................................................................... 49 IV Contributions to the Manuscripts Contributions to the Manuscripts Publication 1: Title: Electrodialysis as a sample processing tool for bulk organic matter and target pollutant analysis of seawater Authors: Wirth, Marisa A.; Sievers, Moritz; Habedank, Friederike; Kragl, Udo; Schulz-Bull, Detlef E.; Kanwischer, Marion Journal: Marine Chemistry, 217, 103719 Year: 2019 Marisa A. Wirth conceptualized the manuscript. Experimental work and data analysis were performed by Marisa A. Wirth, together with Moritz Sievers and Friederike Habedank. The manuscript was written by Marisa A. Wirth and reviewed by all authors. The overall contribution of Marisa A. Wirth to this manuscript was approximately 85 %. Publication 2: Title: The challenge of detecting the herbicide glyphosate and its metabolite AMPA in seawater – Method development and application in the Baltic Sea Authors: Wirth, Marisa A.; Schulz-Bull, Detlef E.; Kanwischer, Marion Journal: Chemosphere, 262, 128327 Year: 2021 Marisa A. Wirth conceptualized the manuscript, conducted the experimental work and analyzed the data. The manuscript was written by Marisa A. Wirth and reviewed by all authors. The overall contribution of Marisa A. Wirth to this manuscript was approximately 95 %. V Contributions to the Manuscripts Publication 3: Title: Methodological aspects of methylphosphonic acid analysis: Determination in river and coastal water samples Authors: Lohrer, Constantin; Cwierz, Paul P.; Wirth, Marisa A.; Schulz-Bull, Detlef E.; Kanwischer, Marion Journal: Talanta, 211, 120724 Year: 2020 Marisa A. Wirth performed the electrodialysis experiments together with Paul P. Cwierz and contributed to data analysis as well as writing and reviewing of the manuscript. The overall contribution of Marisa A. Wirth to this manuscript was approximately 10 %. Publication 4: Title: Leaching and degradation of (13)C2-(15)N-glyphosate in field lysimeters Authors: Gros, Peter; Meissner, Ralf; Wirth, Marisa A.; Kanwischer, Marion; Rupp, Holger; Schulz-Bull, Detlef E.; Leinweber, Peter Journal: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 192(2), 127 Year: 2020 Marisa A. Wirth performed the analysis of glyphosate and AMPA in leachates and soil extracts, which required the development of specialized methods. Furthermore, Marisa A. Wirth contributed to data analysis as well as writing and reviewing of the manuscript. The overall contribution of Marisa A. Wirth to this manuscript was approximately 15 %. VI Contributions to the Manuscripts Publication 5: Title: A Glyphosate Pulse to Brackish Long-Term Microcosms Has a Greater Impact on the Microbial Diversity and Abundance of Planktonic Than of Biofilm Assemblages Authors: Janßen, René; Skeff, Wael; Werner, Johannes; Wirth, Marisa A.; Kreikemeyer, Bernd; Schulz-Bull, Detlef E.; Labrenz, Matthias Journal: Frontiers in Marine Sciences, 6(758) Year: 2019 Marisa A. Wirth performed the analysis of glyphosate, AMPA and sarcosine, which required the development of specialized methods. Furthermore, Marisa A. Wirth contributed to data analysis as well as writing and reviewing of the manuscript. The overall contribution of Marisa A. Wirth to this manuscript was approximately 5 %. VII Zusammenfassung Zusammenfassung Die Bestimmung polarer Organophosphonate wie dem weltweit genutzten Herbizid Glyphosat, dessen Metabolit Aminomethylphosphonsäure (AMPA) oder der natürlich vorkommenden Methylphosphonsäure (MPn) in Meerwasser ist nötig, um ihre Bedeutung als marine Schadstoffe bzw. in biogeochemischen Prozessen verstehen zu können. Die Anreicherung und Detektion dieser organischen Spurenstoffe in Meerwasser kann allerdings erheblich durch Salzmatrixeffekte gestört oder sogar verhindert werden. In der vorliegenden Dissertation wurden Salzmatrixeffekte bei der Analyse von Glyphosat, AMPA und MPn untersucht und Verfahren entwickelt, diese zu minimieren. Speziell wurde Meerwasserentsalzung mittels Elektrodialyse (ED) zur Reduktion von Matrixeffekten getestet. Mit ED konnte die Trennung von organischen Analyten und Salzionen in Meerwasser erreicht werden. Somit stellt ED ein geeignetes Verfahren zur Isolierung von Zielsubstanzen und gelöstem organischen Material aus Meerwasser dar. Darüber hinaus ermöglicht Entsalzung mit ED die anschließende Festphasenextraktion (SPE) von Organophosphonaten mit Ionenaustauscherharzen.
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