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CAN UNCLASSIFIED Technology Scanning for Combat Service Support (CSS) Modernization: An Innvestigation Study for the Canadian Army Jordan Miller CALIAN Ltd. Prepared by: CALIAN Ltd. 770 Palladium Dr. 4th Floor Ottawa, On, K2V 1C8 Calian Report 6113-01-02 PSPC Contract Number: W7714-156105/001/SV Technical Authority: Dr. Yazan Qasrawi and Dr. Abdeslem Boukhtouta, Deffence Scientists Contractor's date of publication: November 2018 Defence Research and Development Canada Contract Report DRDC-RDDC-2018-C196 January 2019 CAN UNCLASSIFIED CAN UNCLASSIFIED IMPORTANT INFORMATIVE STATEMENTS This document was reviewed for Controlled Goods by Defence Research and Development Canada using the Schedule to the Defence Production Act. Disclaimer: This document is not published by the Editorial Office of Defence Research and Development Canada, an agency of the Department of National Defence of Canada but is to be catalogued in the Canadian Defence Information System (CANDIS), the national repository for Defence S&T documents. Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada (Department of National Defence) makes no representations or warranties, expressed or implied, of any kind whatsoever, and assumes no liability for the accuracy, reliability, completeness, currency or usefulness of any information, product, process or material included in this document. Nothing in this document should be interpreted as an endorsement for the specific use of any tool, technique or process examined in it. Any reliance on, or use of, any information, product, process or material included in this document is at the sole risk of the person so using it or relying on it. 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Template in use: EO Publishing App for CR-EL Eng 2018-09-28-v1.dotm © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada (Department of National Defence), 2018 © Sa Majesté la Reine en droit du Canada (Ministère de la Défense nationale), 2018 CAN UNCLASSIFIED TECHNOLOGY SCANNING FOR COMBAT SERVICE SUPPORT (CSS) MODERNIZATION: AN INVESTIGATION STUDY FOR THE CANADIAN ARMY ISR Report 6113-01-02 Version 6.0 27 November 2018 Presented to: Dr. Yazan Qasrawi (Scientific Authority) Defence Scientist, Canadian Army Land Warfare Centre Operational Research & Analysis (CALWC OR&A) [email protected] Dr. Abdeslem Boukhtouta Defence Scientist, Land Force Operational Research Team Defence R&D Canada – Centre for Operational Research and Analysis [email protected] Prepared by: Calian Ltd. 770 Palladium Dr. 4th Floor Technology Scanning for Combat Service Support (CSS) Modernization: An Investigation Study for the Canadian Army Calian Report 6113-01-02 QUALITY ASSURANCE AND VERSION TRACKING Authorization Technology Scanning for Combat Service Support Title (CSS) Modernization: An Investigation Study for the Canadian Army Report number 6113-01-02 Version 6.0 Signature Prepared by Jordan Miller Approval saved on file Reviewed by Malika Bongue Boma Approval saved on file Approved by Ian Becking Approval saved on file Approved for Mike McCall Approval saved on file Corporate Release by Version Tracking Ver. Action By Date 1.0 Draft released to Client McCall 20 Feb 18 2.0 Draft released to Client McCall 20 Mar 18 3.0 Draft Released to Client McCall 30 Mar 18 4.0 Develop sections 6 to 8, release to client McCall 30 May 18 5.0 Address client’s comments, release to McCall 6 July 18 client 6.0 Add missing image references. Update McCall 27 Nov 18 figures 12, 13, 20, 25, 40, and 48. Updated endnotes 20, 42, 57, 89, 191. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of National Defence, 2018 © Sa Majesté la Reine (en droit du Canada), telle que représentée par le ministre de la Défense nationale, 2018 i Technology Scanning for Combat Service Support (CSS) Modernization: An Investigation Study for the Canadian Army Calian Report 6113-01-02 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction ............................................................................................................ 6 1.1 Purpose ............................................................................................................ 6 1.2 Structure ........................................................................................................... 6 2. Army Logistics: Doctrine And Concepts For CSS ............................................... 7 2.1 Definitions of Logistics and Combat Service Support ........................................ 7 2.2 NATO Doctrine .................................................................................................. 7 2.3 Canadian Joint Doctrine .................................................................................... 8 2.4 Canadian Army Doctrine ................................................................................. 10 2.5 Observations ................................................................................................... 11 3. Current Defence Policy and Future Concepts for Army Logistics ................... 14 3.1 Strong, Secure, Engaged: Canada’s Defence Policy ....................................... 14 3.2 Designing Canada’s Army for Tomorrow (AoT - 2011) .................................... 16 3.3 Close Engagement (Draft 2017) ...................................................................... 17 3.4 Canada’s Future Army (2016) ......................................................................... 20 3.4.1 Volume 1: Methodology, Perspectives and Approaches ........................... 20 3.4.2 Volume 2: Force Employment Implications .............................................. 22 3.4.3 Volume 3: Alternate World and Implications ............................................. 24 3.5 Technology Development - Army of Tomorrow & Future Army ........................ 26 3.6 Canadian Concepts – Summary of Implications for CSS ................................. 32 3.7 International Perspectives ............................................................................... 33 3.7.1 Combat Service Support (CSS) in the Networked Urban Littoral (Australia) 33 3.7.2 US Marine Corps Hybrid Logistics ............................................................ 36 3.8 International Concepts – Summary of Implications for CSS ............................ 38 3.9 Summary of Concepts and Emerging Technologies ........................................ 39 3.9.1 Concepts .................................................................................................. 39 3.9.2 Technologies ............................................................................................ 40 4. Gaps in Current Technology ............................................................................... 41 4.1 Unmanned and Autonomous Systems ............................................................ 41 4.2 Visibility of Supply Chain ................................................................................. 42 4.3 Cyber Integrity ................................................................................................. 43 4.4 Energy-Intensity for Forward Operations ......................................................... 44 4.5 Maintenance for Complex Systems ................................................................. 45 4.6 Force Protection for Resupply ......................................................................... 46 5. Emerging Technologies ....................................................................................... 48 5.1 Containerization and Logistics Physical Internet ............................................. 48 5.2 Internet of Things ............................................................................................ 50 5.3 Mobile Asset Optimization ............................................................................... 52 5.4 Systems for Supply and Distribution ................................................................ 53 5.4.1 Airships .................................................................................................... 54 5.4.2 Large UAS for Bulk Distribution ................................................................ 57 ii Technology Scanning for Combat Service Support (CSS) Modernization: An Investigation Study for the Canadian Army Calian Report 6113-01-02 5.4.3 Small and Medium Autonomous helicopters............................................. 66 5.4.4 Small, Unmanned Fixed Wing Systems ................................................... 71 5.4.5 Last-Mile Logistics.................................................................................... 72 5.4.6 Unmanned Ground Systems for Distribution ............................................ 77 5.4.7 Automated and Autonomous Systems for Material Handling .................... 83 5.5 Digital Thread / Digital Twin ............................................................................ 85 5.6 Conditions Based Maintenance (CBM) / Health Usage and Monitoring Systems (HUMS) ..................................................................................................................... 86 5.7 Power and Energy Technology ....................................................................... 88 6. Emerging Technologies – Challenges and Future Applications ....................... 90 6.1 Information Technology: Systems and Management ....................................... 90 6.1.1 Internet of Things