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Neue Formen Der Wissenschaftskommunikation : Eine

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Neue Formen Der Wissenschaftskommunikation : Eine ür das System der Wissenschaftskommunikation werden seit einiger GÖTTINGER SCHRIFTEN ZUR INTERNETFORSCHUNG FZeit vor dem Hintergrund der so genannten „Zeitschriftenkrise“ massive Änderungsanforderungen vor allem von Bibliotheken und wei teren Hg.: S. Hagenhoff, D. Hogrefe, E. Mittler, öffentlichen Einrichtungen formuliert. Große Potenziale für Modifi kationen M. Schumann, G. Spindler, V. Wittke werden den Informations- und Kommunikationstechno logien zugeschrieben, die geeignet dazu scheinen, die Distribution wissenschaftlicher Ergebnisse kostengünstiger und schneller zu erlau ben, als dies mit dem seit Ende des 17. Jahrhunderts etabliertem Kom munikationsweg der papierbasierten Journale möglich ist. Die aktuelle Diskussion um die Veränderungen konzentriert sich insbesondere auf das Schlagwort „Open Access“ mit den zwei grundlegenden Ausgestaltungsvarianten „Green Road“, der parallelen freien Onlinepublikation zu kostenpfl ichtigen Medien, und der „Golden Road“, Neue Formen der dem primären Publizieren in Open-Access-Medien. In der Praxis existieren allerdings zahlreiche, sehr differenzierte Geschäftsmodelle für neue Formen Wissenschaftskommunikation originärer Publikationsdienstleistungen sowie auch ergänzende Angebote. Einige dieser neuen Formen der Wissenschaftskommunikation werden Eine Fallstudienuntersuchung bereits in der Literatur beschrieben, dieses allerdings in Form von Einzelfall- dokumentationen. Hilfreich darüber hinaus wäre ein Untersuchungsraster, welches eine strukturierte Deskription verschiedener Formen der Wissen- schaftskommunikation erlaubt. Eine solche Typologie zu erarbeiten ist ein Ziel Svenja Hagenhoff / Lutz Seidenfaden / des vorliegenden Buches. Die Typologie wird dann genutzt, um ausgewählte Björn Ortelbach / Matthias Schumann neue Dienstleistungen zu beschrieben und anschließend miteinander zu vergleichen. Ein weiteres Ziel des Buches besteht damit darin, einen Beitrag zur systematischen Beschreibung der Realität zu leisten und hierdurch eine Grundlage für fundierte Forschungsaktivitäten zu schaffen. Neue Formen der Wissenschaftskommunikation der Formen Neue Hagenhoff/Seidenfaden/Ortelbach/Schumann ISSN 1863-0944 ISBN-13 978-3-938616-75-8 Universitätsverlag Göttingen Universitätsverlag Göttingen Svenja Hagenhoff / Lutz Seidenfaden / Björn Ortelbach / Matthias Schumann Neue Formen der Wissenschaftskommunikation Except where otherwise noted, this work is licensed under a Creative Commons License erschienen als Band 4 in der Reihe „Göttinger Schriften zur Internetforschung“ im Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2007 Svenja Hagenhoff Lutz Seidenfaden Björn Ortelbach Matthias Schumann Neue Formen der Wissenschaftskommunikation Eine Fallstudienuntersuchung Göttinger Schriften zur Internetforschung, Band 4 Universitätsverlag Göttingen 2007 Bibliographische Information der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek Die Deutsche Nationalbibliothek verzeichnet diese Publikation in der Deutschen Nationalbibliographie; detaillierte bibliographische Daten sind im Internet über <http://dnb.ddb.de> abrufbar Reihe Band 4 der Reihe „Göttinger Schriften zur Internetforschung“ in der qualitätsgeprüften Sparte des Universitätsverlags Göttingen. Herausgeber der Reihe: Svenja Hagenhoff, Dieter Hogrefe, Elmar Mittler, Matthias Schumann, Gerald Spindler und Volker Wittke. Mitwirkung Entstanden im Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts „Mediaconomy“ der Georg-August- Universität Göttingen. Im Rahmen des Schwerpunktprogramms „Internetökonomie“ durch das BMBF gefördert. Sprecher: Prof. Dr. Matthias Schumann Dieses Buch ist auch als freie Onlineversion über die Homepage des Verlags sowie über den OPAC der Niedersächsischen Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek (http://www.sub.uni-goettingen.de) erreichbar und darf gelesen, heruntergeladen sowie als Privatkopie ausgedruckt werden. Es ist nicht gestattet, Kopien oder gedruckte Fassungen der freien Onlineversion zu veräußern. © 2007 Universitätsverlag Göttingen http://univerlag.uni-goettingen.de Umschlaggestaltung: Martin Kaspar und Margo Bargheer ISSN: 1863-0944 ISBN: 978-3-938616-75-8 Vorwort Das System der Wissenschaftskommunikation erfährt mit fortschreitender Digitalisierung wissenschaftlicher Inhalte seit Ende der 1990er Jahre die größten Veränderungen seit Jahrhunderten. Stellte das Aufkommen der ersten wissenschaftlichen Zeitschriften als Ablösung des individuellen Briefwechsels zwischen Wissenschaftlern Mitte des 17. Jahrhun- derts eine erste radikale Innovation dar, so besteht – je nach Sichtweise – das Potenzial oder die Gefahr, dass das heute bekannte System erneut massiv transformiert wird und zukünftig nach gänzlich anderen als den bisher bekannten Spielregeln funktionieren wird. Anlass zu dieser – vielleicht übertriebenen – These bietet die Beobachtung, dass in der jüngeren Vergangenheit, insbesondere seit Ende der 1990er Jahre, zahlreiche Aktivitäten gestartet wurden, die als alternative Angebote zu den Dienstleistungen bisher etablierter Gestalter der Wertschöpfung zwischen Wissensproduzent und Wissensrezipient – dieses sind insbesondere Verlage und Bibliotheken – betrachtet werden können. Einen besonderen Schub haben die Aktivitäten aus der seit dem Jahr 2000 verstärkten Kontroverse im Rahmen der so genannten Zeitschriftenkrise und der damit verbundenen Open-Access-Diskussion erhalten. Auffällig ist es, dass auch die öffentlichen Beiträge dieser Kontroverse häufig Behauptungen enthalten, die jedoch bislang kaum systematisch überprüft wurden, ihnen somit eher eine populistische denn eine (er)klärende Funktion beikommt. Vor diesem Hintergrund ist es uns ein Anliegen, mit dem vorliegenden Buch einen Beitrag zur sachlich-wissenschaftlichen Diskussion um das Thema „Veränderung des Systems der Wissenschaftskommunikation“ zu leisten. Diesem Ziel ist unter anderem eine strukturierte Beschreibung des Beobachtbaren dienlich. Wir hoffen, dass die exemplarisch zusammenge- tragenen Fallstudien sowie deren Typologisierung und das Darstellen der daraus erkennba- ren Entwicklungen diesem Zweck auch aus Sicht der Leserinnen und Leser gerecht werden. Die Autoren Göttingen, im Dezember 2006 Inhaltsverzeichnis VII Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis .........................................................................................................XI Abkürzungsverzeichnis ...................................................................................................... XV 1 Einleitung ...........................................................................................................................1 1.1 Problemstellung .......................................................................................................1 1.2 Zielsetzung...............................................................................................................2 1.3 Forschungsmethodik................................................................................................2 1.4 Gang der Untersuchung...........................................................................................3 2 Wissenschaftskommunikation und ihre Funktionen .....................................................4 2.1 Definition und Präzisierung des Betrachtungsgegenstandes „Wissenschaftskommunikation“ ...............................................................................4 2.2 Funktionen der Wissenschaftskommunikation.........................................................8 2.3 Interaktion der Akteure im traditionellen System der Wissenschaftskommunikation..................................................................................9 3 Treiber der Veränderungen im System der Wissenschaftskommunikation ..............10 3.1 Die Zeitschriftenkrise..............................................................................................10 3.2 Elektronisches Publizieren.....................................................................................13 3.3 Open Access..........................................................................................................16 3.4 Globalisierung der Wissenschaft und der wissenschaftlichen Kommunikation ......................................................................................................18 3.5 Konsequenzen .......................................................................................................21 4 Neue Formen der Wissenschaftskommunikation: Entwurf einer Typisierung..........22 5 Fallstudien........................................................................................................................28 5.1 Publikationsformen.................................................................................................29 5.1.1 arXiv ...........................................................................................................29 5.1.1.1 Entwicklungsgeschichte ...............................................................29 VIII Inhaltsverzeichnis 5.1.1.2 Nutzung ........................................................................................33 5.1.1.3 Daten und Fakten .........................................................................35 5.1.1.4 Potenziale und Grenzen ...............................................................38 5.1.1.5 Analyse und Typisierung ..............................................................40 5.1.2 Public Library of Science............................................................................41 5.1.2.1 Entwicklungsgeschichte ...............................................................42 5.1.2.2 Nutzung ........................................................................................45
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