JCBPS; Section D; November 2020 –January 2021, Vol. 11, No. 1; 051-061. E- ISSN: 2249 –1929 [DOI: 10.24214/jcbps.D.11.1.05161.]

Journal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences

An International Peer Review E-3 Journal of Sciences Available online atwww.jcbsc.org Section D: Environmental Sciences CODEN (USA): JCBPAT Research Article

Pre-monsoon Groundwater Trend Analyses in Mysuru Taluk of State, using Geospatial Technology

Manjunatha M.C1, Maruthi N.E2, Siddaraju M.S3 and Basavarajappa H.T3

1Department of Civil Engineering, Maharaja Institute of Technology, Thandavapura – 571 302, Mysuru, India 2Department of Geology, Yuvaraja’s College, University of , Mysuru, India 3Department of Studies in Earth Science, Centre for Advanced Studies in Earth Science, University of Mysore – 570 006, Mysuru, India

Received: 20 October 2020; revised: 03 November 2020; Accepted: 10 November 2020

Abstract: Water is the most critical, scarce, precious and replenishable natural resource which cannot be created in the earth’s ecosystem and majorly affected by global warming. Groundwater (GW) is the essential part of hydrological cycle and valuable natural resource providing the primary source of water for agriculture, domestic, and industrial uses in many countries. These factors are directly affecting the current availability and future sustainability of groundwater resources. Rise and fall in groundwater table depends on variability in topography, aquifers characteristics, vegetation dynamics as well as human activities which need thorough understanding, management and periodic monitoring. The present study aims to generate the primary data to map groundwater level trends during pre-monsoon seasons using geospatial approach. In order to discuss spatial and temporal variation in groundwater levels, 7 representative observation well points pre-monsoon data have acquired over a period of 16 years (2003 - 2019). Pre-monsoon GW level data had acquired to avoid the seasonal recharges due to rainfall in the present study. Groundwater levels are plotted on a base map with their respective amount of depths, and then the contours of equal values are drawn using Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) method in ArcGIS. Groundwater planning and development of a region will 51 JCBPS; Section D; November 2020 –January 2021, Vol. 11, No. 1; 051-061. DOI:10.24214/jcbps.D.11.1.05161.]

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be a great importance in the field of environmental and socio-economic management. The final results highlight the sustainable groundwater management and sustainability analysis for future needs in the study area, which is a suitable model for similar geological conditions. Keyword: Pre-monsoon, Groundwater level data, Mysuru, Geospatial technology.

1. INTRODUCTION

Groundwater is one of the most critical component of the nation’s water resources and largest available source of fresh water that are being threatened by human activities and the uncertain consequences of climate change [1]. Groundwater is the invisible and ultimate indicator of the atmospheric anomalies in the hydrological cycle controlled by the nature of rock formation, geological structure, geomorphological and hydro-meteorological conditions [2]. Aquifers have the capability to store giant volumes of water and are naturally buffered against seasonal changes in temperature and rainfall [3].

Over exploitation and large withdrawal of groundwater resources imposes stress on groundwater regime distorting the aquifer recharge-withdrawal equilibrium and majorly affecting the ecological imbalance [4]. The adequate water supply in terms of both quantity and quality rises as increase in population and over demands/ exploitations, leading to water scarcity issues in many parts of the country [5].

Groundwater units are invariably less accessible than surface water bodies and technically tough to derive the true image [6]. The occurrence of drought and heavy precipitation are the most important climatic extremes having both short and long-term impacts on the groundwater resources. These impacts on high evapo-transpiration from surface water bodies and vegetation which affects the water demand at many regions [2]. Good management practices demand adequate information on how this volume varies with time.

The amount of groundwater in storage is obtained by periodic measurements of the depth to water levels measured over time [7]. Chaudhary [8] explained the importance of groundwater depth data in overall planning and development and emphasized it as an integral component for resource planning. Geospatial technique has emerged as a powerful tool for better delineation of groundwater levels and its spatio-temporal variations in the study area [9].

2. METHODS AND MATERIALS

2.1.Study area: It is located in between 12007’05” to 12027’13” N latitudes and 76027’12” to 76050’10” E longitudes with the general elevation of 770 mts above MSL covering an area of 779.53 km2(Fig.1)[10]. The climate is dry tropical and therefore the average annual rain is 798mm with 55 rainy days (2014) [6]. The temperature ranges from 120 to 350 C and may rise up to 400C during extreme summer seasons [11]. Area under cultivation is about 69,170 ha, forest occupies about 3,216 ha mainly concentrated in the western and southwestern part of the taluk [6]. The major crops grown are cotton, ragi, vegetables and mango which need the application of fertilizers/ pesticides in large agricultural fields [11].

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Fig.1. SoI Topomap location of Mysuru taluk

2.2. Methodology: Survey of India (SoI) toposheets (1:50,000) is used as base maps in the present study and extracted the exact boundary of Mysuru taluk [12]. Seven representative observation well points data of groundwater level from the year 2003-2019 and other ancillary data in the form of published literature, reports and maps have been acquired [13](Fig.2). The observation point data had collected from District groundwater board, Mysuru, Govt. of Karnataka. The well observation data was plotted on to the map by using location (latitude & longitude) of each well and further processing of spatio-temporal analyses had carried out by spatial interpolation technique in ArcGIS Software [13,14].

Fig.2: Groundwater Observation Well Points map of Mysuru Taluk

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Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) is a method of interpolation that estimates cell values by averaging the values of sample data points in the neighborhood of each processing cell [13]. IDW tool was processed on groundwater level analyses (m bgl) for pre-monsoon season (Jan to May) on four year fluctuation (2003-2007, 2007-2011, 2011-2015 & 2015-2019) (Fig.4 & 5) and long term fluctuation (2003 - 2019) (Fig.6 & 7). The pre-monsoon data of groundwater levels had used in the analysis as this is the true representation without predominant influence of seasonal recharges due to rainfall [13].

2.3. Materials a. Topomaps: 57D/7, 57D/8, 57D/11; 57D/12, 57D/13, 57D/14, 57D/15, 57D/16 of 1:50,000 scale, Survey of India (SoI), Bengaluru. b. Groundwater table data (2003 to 2019 - 16 years), District Groundwater Board, Mysuru c. GIS Software’s: Erdas Imagine v2014 and ArcGIS v10.2. d. GPS analysis: Garmin 12 - Ground Truth Check to record exact locations of each GW well points.

2.4. Lineaments overlaid on Drainage map: The study area is endowed with perennial river Cauvery which traverses in northern parts representing dendritic to sub-dendritic type of drainage pattern [15]. River Cauvery is the primary sources of irrigation, domestic and industrial purposes in the study area [11]. The river system is controlled by fractures, joints & lineaments parallel to sub-parallel drainage pattern observed at few places [15]. The drainage pattern of the study area was digitized using LISS-III image of 23.5m resolution [16]. 23 major and 62 minor lakes and tanks have been extracted which acts as major water sources in the study area [10]. These are clearly observed on standard FCC in different shades of blackish blue to light blue color depending on the depth of water bodies [12]. Lineaments and fractures controls the movement and storage of groundwater in hard rock terrain through fractures, faults, fissures, joints, streams/ lakes, a igneous intrusions (dykes) and shear zones, are extracted by Visual Image Interpretation Techniques (VIIT) on IRS-1D, PAN+LISS-III satellite images through PCI-Geomatica v10 [15]. Lineaments overlaid on land use/ land cover categories may reveal the possible threats/ locations to groundwater quality and quantity through catchment, seepage, recharge, fracture zones [16]. The study area is traversed by 3 sets of joints-trending in N-S, NW-SE and NNW-SSE directions [15].

Fig.3. (a) Lineaments extracted from Sentinel-2A (b) Extracted Lineaments overlaid on Drainage map

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Drainage and lineaments form the basic geological structures which are easily identifiable in the satellite imagery and helps in understanding the nature of lithology, demarcating the groundwater potential zones and its recharge/ seepage areas [17]. Most of the lineaments observed on major perennial rivers in Northern and Southern parts (Fig.3) acts as natural recharge structures, infiltration & seepage areas that fills groundwater table through gentle slope [18].

3. RESULTS AND ANALYSIS

3.1Groundwater Trend Analysis: Groundwater acts as primary source of fresh water and being consuming faster than it’s naturally replenished causing decline in water table unremittingly [19]. Groundwater recharge and discharge conditions reflects the precipitation regime, climatic variables, landscape characteristics and human impacts such as agricultural, drainage and flow regulation [20, 21]. In India, groundwater resources have historically been assessed at the native scale through direct groundwater level measurements [22, 23]. Exploitation or over withdrawal of groundwater resources imposes stress on groundwater regime distorting the aquifer recharge-withdrawal equilibrium and as a result, an eternal decline in groundwater level causing much adverse effect on economical imbalance in future [4,22]. An accurate estimation of spatial and temporal variation in groundwater table is of prime importance in the management of subsurface water resources [24]. 7 representative bore wells have considered as observation points to analyze the groundwater table fluctuation from January to May (pre-monsoon season) over a period of 16 years (2003-2019) (Table 1). The minimum water level observed is 1.66 m at Siddalingapur observation well and the maximum is 33.93 m at Jayapura observation well measured below ground level (bgl) [18]. Groundwater level fluctuation methodology provides a point value of recharge, computed from the water level rise in a well and increased by precise yield of geological formation [25]. Declining trends of groundwater levels are noticed from Northeastern parts to Southwestern region (2015) and confined to central region (2019). Heavy withdrawal of surface water through pumping wells is noticed in Southwestern parts contributing to groundwater declining levels. Line graphs of groundwater table data revealed the groundwater trend analyses over a period of 16 years (2003-19) (Fig.5 & Table.2).

Table.1: Average Pre-monsoon wise Groundwater level data in meters

Sl No Station Name Latitude Longitude 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 1. Bhogadi 12.305 76.5964 17.35 17.45 14.29 20.31 26.50 2. Devalapura 12.2246 76.7002 9.04 6.03 6.55 11.79 8.96 3. Elwala 12.3437 79.5834 11.13 9.95 5.39 7.36 10.31 4. Jayapura 12.2044 76.5538 24.24 26.11 30.64 33.93 19.91 5. 12.1933 76.6653 12.37 9.79 6.44 6.76 6.24 6. Keelanapura 12.253 76.8186 16.43 14.80 6.44 8.88 12.04 7. Siddalingapura 12.3653 76.6613 5.47 4.97 3.90 1.66 2.52

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Fig.4. Depth of Groundwater levels map for the years 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015 and 2019

Occurrence and yield of groundwater are noticed to be more controlled by geomorphology, lithology and structural set-up of the study area [26]. The low-lying areas show least; whereas the drainage dividing areas show most fluctuation in groundwater levels [18]. The excellent ground water recharge zones are noticed on either side of the major lineaments on river Cauvery flowing areas [12]. Many types of fractures, minor shears, linear dykes, fault-aligned valleys, series of fault & fold-aligned hills are encountered along NNW & SSE parts help in natural recharge of groundwater along various streams, rivers and ponds [18].

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Fig.5. Average GW Depths in various well points for years 2003, 2007, 2011, 2015 and 2019

Table 2: Area under Different Groundwater Depth Zones in various years

Sl. Depth of Groundwater 2003 2007 2011 2015 2019 No Level (m, bgl) 1. 0 – 5 0.01 0.39 20.14 29.10 22.57 2. 5 – 10 68.26 181.67 457.82 214.16 139.74 3. 10 – 20 639.21 513.68 202.68 404.42 575.49 4. 20 - 35 71.48 83.49 98.44 131.57 41.31

Table3: Area under Different Groundwater Depth Fluctuation in various years

Fluctuation in Depth to Area (km2) Trend of Water level (m, bgl) 2003-07 2007-11 2011-15 2015-19 Fluctuation < 1.5 16.76 83.54 361.24 248.05 Declination -1.51 – 0.0 113.87 50.83 319.54 183.48 0.01 – 1.50 416.65 150.34 55.75 118.03 1.51 -3.0 231.48 256.56 42.53 81.91 Inclination >3.0 0.44 237.85 Nil 147.61

Table.4: Area under Long-term fluctuation from 2003 to 2019

Fluctuation in Depth to Water level (m, bgl) 2003 to 2019 Trend in Fluctuation < 1.5 24.33 Declination -1.51 – 0.0 41.17 0.01 – 1.50 108.86 1.51 -3.0 423.91 Inclination >3.0 180.82

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Fig.6. Groundwater level fluctuation map for various years

Fig.7. Long-term Pre-monsoon Groundwater level Fluctuation in Mysuru taluk

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Long-term fluctuation map of 2003 - 2019 indicates an area of 713.59 km2 shows inclination trends in water depth and only 23.19% falls in the range of 3-14 m levels (Table 3). Rising trend in average depth in the study area is noticed due to flash floods and heavy rainfall occurred during August 2018 in Kodagu district. An area of 91.54% of the taluk comprising of central, NW and western parts shows incline trend over the study period of 2003-19 (Table 4). More water intensive crops such as paddy, cotton, sugarcane and others could be avoided in critical and over-exploited areas [11]. Artificial Recharge Structures (ARS) and Roof top Rain Water Harvesting (RRWH) structures are the best techniques to recharge aquifers within Mysuru city limits for reducing the load on urban water supply systems [11].

4. CONCLUSION

Digitized groundwater level maps provide valuable and meaningful information in GIS environment. The present studies portray positive overall inclining trend of groundwater depth. The water table has a wide variation between 1.66 m (Siddalingapura) to 33.93 m (Jayapura) due to undulating topography in the study area. Approximately 9% of total area was covered in the shallow levels ranges from 5 to 10 m (2003) has inclined to nearly 18% in 2019. The result of this study can help the farmers to take necessary steps in their cultivation of crops in the coming years those who depend only on shallow groundwater levels. Groundwater based study is a much necessary task in major cities of Karnataka due to many uprising issues such as rapid increase of population, water supply & demand in various fields (major industries, factories, mining areas). This needs a periodic monitoring and proper way of management for its future use and sustainability through advent high-tech tools approach. Conflict of Interest: There is no conflict of interest between authors.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The authors are indepthly acknowledged to Prof. Y.T. Krishne Gowda, Principal, Maharaja Institute of Technology, Thandavapura, Mysuru; Prof. P. Madesh, Chairman, Department of Studies in Earth Science, Centre for Advanced Studies in Precambrian Geology, University of Mysore, Mysore; Bhuvan, NRSC, Hyderabad; CGWB., Bengaluru and UGC, New Delhi and CAS programme.

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Corresponding author: Dr. M.C. Manjunatha Department of Civil Engineering, Maharaja Institute of Technology, Thandavapura, Mysuru-571 302, India Online publication Date: 10.11.2020

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