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Assessment of Gully Erosion in the Upper Awash, Central

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Assessment of Gully Erosion in the Upper Awash, Central Geogr. Fis. Dinam. Quat. DOI 10.4461/GFDQ.2016.39.15 39 (2016). 161-170, 7 figg.; 2 tabb. JAN KROPÁčEK (*,**), CALOGERO SCHILLACI (**,***), RICCARDO SALVINI (****) & MICHAEL MÄRR KE (*****,******) ASSESSMENT OF GULLY EROSION IN THE UPPER AWASH, CENTRAL ETHIOPIAN HIGHLANDS BASED ON A COMPARISON OF ARCHIVED AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHS AND VERY HIGH RESOLUTION SATELLITE IMAGES ABSTRT AC : KROPÁčEK J., SCHILLACI C., SALVINI R. & MÄRR KE M., of visual interpretation. Elevation changes due to the gully incision were Assessment of gully erosion in the Upper Awash, Central Ethiopian High- analysed by calculating the difference between two digital elevation lands based on a comparison of archived aerial photographs and very high models for the years 1972 and 2006 generated by means of terrain recon- resolution satellite images. (IT ISSN 0391-9839, 2016) struction using the Structure from Motion approach (SfM) and satellite photogrammetry. In the study area the total gully length increased three Gully erosion is a burning problem in the Ethiopian Highlands lead- times in the period 1965-2013. The initial rapid gully headward extension ing to massive soil losses and sedimentation in reservoirs. In this study rate slowed down after 1972. Especially after 2006 effects of remediation gully erosion in the Upper Awash River basin in the central part of the activities led even to a decrease in total gully length. However, dendritic Ethiopian Highlands was studied using archived aerial photographs from gully complexes continue to propagate at an alarming rate. The identified 1965, 1971 and 1972 in combination with satellite images from Ikonos-2 trend of gully evolution in Upper Awash area over the studied period and Pleiades acquired in 2006 and 2013 respectively. Gully length, areal fits to the overall trend identified in northern Ethiopia. In future more extent and the accurate position of gully heads were mapped by means attention should be paid to quickly growing gully complexes in order to prevent increasing soil loss and sedimentation in the Koka Reservoir. The presented study proved that the approach based on a combination of (*) Katedra aplikované geoinformatiky a územního plánování, Fakulta archived aerial photos and data from the new satellite systems is effective životního prost edí, eská zem d lská univerzita v Praze, Kamýcká 129, ř Č ě ě to monitor gully erosion in semi-arid regions. Praha, Česká Republika. (**) Institut für Geographie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, KEY WORDS: Water erosion, Gully evolution, Process monitoring, Rümelinstr. 19-23, 72070 Tübingen, Germania. Digital elevation model (DEM), Aerial photographs, Structure from (***) Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie e Ambientali, Università degli motion (SfM), Very high resolution (VHR) Satellite imagery, Ethiopia, Studi di Milano-Bicocca, Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milano, Italia. Upper Awash. (****) Dipartimento Scienze fisiche, della Terra e dell’ambiente e Cen- tro di GeoTecnologia CGT, Università degli studi di Siena, Via Vetri Vecchi 34, 52027, San Giovanni Valdarno, Arezzo, Italia. INTRODUCTION (*****) Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Karlstr. 4, 6113 Heidelberg, Germania. Gully erosion especially in semi-arid areas is a burn- (******) Dipartimento Scienze della terra e dell`Ambiente, Università degli studi di Pavia, Via Ferrata 1, 27100 Pavia, Italia. ing problem as it leads to degradation of agricultural land (Daba & alii, 2003; Haregeweyn & alii, 2015; Märker & This study was carried out within the framework of the German alii, 2001; Poesen & alii, 2003; Valentin & alii, 2005; Zak- Science Foundation (DFG) project “Integrated assessment of geomorpho- erinejad & Märker 2014). Additionally, gullies tend to logical process dynamics on different spatio-temporal scales in the Ethio- pian Highlands using remote sensing and advanced modelling approaches” evolve head ward thus, increasing the drainage density (HO1840/11-1). The aerial photographs were provided by the Ethiopian and accelerate desertification processes in the semi-arid Mapping Agency. Pléiades data was obtained from ESA through the Third zones (Valentin & alii, 2005). It was also shown that gully Party Mission scheme (project code C1F13160). Ikonos-2 scenes were ac- erosion is often a major contributor in reservoirs sedimen- quired within the framework of the European Community Culture 2000 tation, which is a serious problem especially in semiarid project titled “From the past to the present in Ethiopian prehistory: an in- areas with pronounced seasonality in precipitation such as teractive museum for the archaeological park of the early Paleolithic site Ethiopia (Hamed & alii, 2002; Haregeweyn & alii, 2006; of Melka Kunture”. AIGeo Grant that supported the participation at the VI young geomorphologist day- 29 September 2015 Cagliari. We thank Dr. Tamene & alii, 2006). Usually, gully erosion is triggered or Luigi Lombardo for language proofing and useful comments. We are also accelerated by land use change and/or by extreme climatic grateful to two anonymous reviewers who largely contributed to an im- events (Valentin & alii, 2005). A better understanding of provement of the manuscript. gully evolution is necessary for the development of man- agement strategies to combat soil erosion. Therefore, nu- sitions of the Ethiopian territory by metric cameras started meric as well as stochastic modelling approaches have been in the 1950s. applied for gullying and concentrated flow processes such In this study, we analyse archive aerial photographs and as debris flows taking into account remotely sensed infor- very high resolution (VHR) satellite images to assess gully mation on different levels (e.g. Sidorchuk 1999; Sidorchuk erosion dynamics in the Upper Awash area on the Ethiopi- & alii, 2003, Lombardo & alii, 2016, Märker & alii, 2016, ). an Highlands in the last decades. We analyse the extent of Gully erosion in the Ethiopian Highlands was studied gullies in the 1960’s at the beginning of a modern intensi- by different authors. Billi & Dramis (2003) investigated fication of agriculture and in the last decade. Additionally, the role of shear stress along developing channels of 16 we demonstrate the usefulness of the archive aerial photo- gullies in two localities with different geo-environmental graphs for investigation of the landscape development. conditions in the Lakes Region in the Rift valley north of This study is focused both regionally and methodolog- Shashamene and in the area of Mekele in Tigray. They dis- ically. We aim at a regional assessment of gullying in the tinguished discontinuous gullies and stream gullies based Upper Awash area and methodologically on an evaluation on different behaviour of shear stress and morphological of the potential of archived aerial photographs for erosion properties of channels. Bewket & Sterk (2003) analysed processes investigations. Since the possibility to evaluate two catchments in the northwest of Ethiopia using field vertical changes based on the available aerial photographs surveying. Their results showed that in the studied catch- was limited due to their scale and level of detail, we empha- ments gullying contributes to the total sediment produc- size the regional implications of the results. tion by 70%. A photogrammetric approach was applied by Daba & alii, (2003) to analyse gully volume in eastern Ethiopia from aerial photographs taken in 1966 and 1996. STUDY AREA The authors estimated a high soil loss of 1.7 tons/m2 in the study catchment in Hararghe highlands in east Ethi- Our study area is located in the Upper Awash basin opia. Furthermore, they showed that wetness index alone on the Ethiopian Highlands close to western escarpment or a combination of the wetness index and the compound of the main Ethiopian rift (Fig. 1). The main settlement is topographic index can be efficiently used for predicting Melka Awash which is located on the Butijara Road approx- hill-slope areas susceptible to further gullying. Nyssen & imately 30 km south-west from Addis Ababa. An important alii, (2006) document the development of gullies on three Palaeolithic site Melka Kunture, known for numerous early representative localities in Tigray, Ethiopia, which was ini- hominid remains is located near the settlement (Chavail- tiated after 1965 and culminated between 1977 and 1990, lon & Berthelet 2004). Furthermore, Melka Kunture rep- with no further gully developed after 1995. Another study resents the earliest known example of obsidian utilization, in Northern Ethiopia indicated the presence of gullies in which originates from numerous outcrops around the site the late 19th century and a strong channel incision phase (Piperno & alii, 2009). The area is characterized by a typ- starting in the 1960s while since the year 2000 a decrease ical smooth relief of the plateau with slopes mainly up to in gully erosion rates were observed (Frankl & alii, (2011). 10°. The elevation range is 2000 to 2250 m a.s.l. The Awash The last evidence can be explained by an intensification of River drains the study area towards the east and southeast. soil conservation practices and increasing vegetation cover The river enters a gorge with a knickpoint south of Melka (Nyssen & alii, 2015). Frankl & alii, (2012) analysed gul- Awash caused by the propagation of headward erosion with ly head retreat rates in a catchment in north Ethiopia in a base level in the rift valley. The landscape development the rainy season in 2010. The linear retreat rate was 0.34 was driven by tectonic activity connected
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