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Gis and Remote Sensing Based Analysis of Population and Environmental Change: the Case of Jarmet Wetland and Its Surruonding Environments in Western Ethiopa

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Gis and Remote Sensing Based Analysis of Population and Environmental Change: the Case of Jarmet Wetland and Its Surruonding Environments in Western Ethiopa ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTEMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES GIS AND REMOTE SENSING BASED ANALYSIS OF POPULATION AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE: THE CASE OF JARMET WETLAND AND ITS SURRUONDING ENVIRONMENTS IN WESTERN ETHIOPA BY AMANUEL KUMSA ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY JUNE, 2015 1 ADDIS ABABA UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF GRADUATE STUDIES DEPARTEMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES GIS AND REMOTE SENSING BASED ANALYSIS OF POPULATIN AND ENVIRONMENTAL CHANGE: THE CASE OF JARMET WETLAND AND ITS SURROUNDING ENVIRONMENTS IN WESTERN ETHIOPIA By: Amanuel Kumsa Thesis submitted to school of Graduate Studies of Addis Ababa University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in Geography and Environmental Studies Approval by Board of Examiners External Examiner: Dr. Ephrame G/Mariam Signature_________________ Internal Examiner: Dr. Muluneh W/ Tsadike Signature_________________ Advisor: Dr. Asmamaw Legass Signature_________________ Chairman, Department Head Addis Ababa University June, 2015 I DECELARATION This is to certify that the research work presented in the thesis entitled “GIS and remote sensing based analysis of population and environmental change: The case of Jarmet wetland and its surrounding environments in western Ethiopia”. I declare that the work recorded in this thesis in my own, and no part of the work here has been submitted for any other degree or qualification in any university. Amanuel Kumsa School of Graduate Studies June, 2015 II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Special thanks to the Almighty God for his guidance and grace that allowed me to stay until this time and my work come to be successful. To the highest God be glory great things he has done for me and his shepherd is protect me from everything. I wish to express my deepest gratitude and appreciation to my advisor Dr. Asmamaw Legass head of department of Geography and environmental studies for his direction and support to complete this research. I thanks him for his patience to read my numerous drafts and point out every little mistakes. His encouragement and support played an important role throughout the preparation of this work. Also, his constant support and evaluation have always been there behind the achievement of my research. I am also grateful and I would like to thanks Prof. Sileshi Nemomissa Department of Plant Biology and Biodiversity management for his kind help. My sincere gratitude go to Mr. Dessalegn Gurmessa the expert of GIS and remote sensing for his support by spending his time, money and brilliant knowledge starts from the first to the final thesis writing, organizing and editing. His graciousness, generosity, patience and deep support will always be gratefully and humbly acknowledged. I am thankful to Ethiopian Mapping Agency, Ethiopian Geological Survey, National Meteorological Service Agency, Central Statistical Agency and Alibo Bureau of Agriculture for their support in providing data required for this study. I am highly indebted to all of my family and my friends who have supported me throughout my studies in their very individual ways. Especially I would like thanks to Mrs. Elizabeth Kumsa, Naol sileshi and Iyasu Kumsa they encouraging me to undertake to study MA education, great strength, support, and love in the time of need. They being with me in support all the time and for their dedication they did steering me in life. Last but not least, I would like to extend to my appreciation to Webanchi Fikadu and Mekdes Taye the workers of Ethiopian geological survey for their support by providing data in terms of geology of my study area and they help me as brotherly. III TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGES DECLARATION..................................................................................................................................... VII ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ………………………………………………………………………….VIIII LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………………………………………...VII LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………………………..VII LIST OF PLATES……………………………………………………………………………………....VII LIST OF ACRONYMS………………………………………………………………………………...VIII ABSTRACT……………………………………………………………………………………………….X CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background of the Study................................................................................................................. 1 1.2 Statement of the Problem and Justification ..................................................................................... 4 1.3 Objectives of the Study ……………………………………………………………………………6 1.3.1 General objective……………………………………………………………………………....6 1.3.2 Specific objectives……………………………………………………………………………6 1.4 Research Questions ......................................................................................................................... 7 1.5 Significance of the Study ................................................................................................................ 7 1.6 Limitation of the Study ................................................................................................................... 8 1.7 Approaches used in the Study ......................................................................................................... 8 1.8 Thesis Organization ........................................................................................................................ 9 CHAPTER TWO ........................................................................................................................................ 10 LITERATURE REVIEW ....................................................................................................................... 10 2.1 Values and Functions of Wetlands ................................................................................................ 10 2.2 Threats of Wetland and Environments .......................................................................................... 13 2.3 Policy Action for Conservation and Use of Wetland and Environments ...................................... 15 2.4 Classification and types of Ethiopian wetlands ............................................................................ 20 2.5 Population Growth Drives Wetland and Environmental Changes ................................................ 22 2.6 Application of Remote sensing and GIS for wetland and environmental change analysis………23 2.6.1 Application of Remote sensing for wetland and environmental change analysis…………….24 2.6.2 Application of GIS for wetland and environmental change analysis…………………………25 CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................... 28 DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA. ............................................................................................. 28 IV 3.1 Climate .......................................................................................................................................... 30 3.1.1 Rainfall………………………………………………………………………………………..30 3.1.2 Temperature…………………………………………………………………………………..32 3.2 Geology of the Study Area ............................................................................................................ 32 3.2.1 Paleozoic Sand stone………………………………………………………………...................33 3.2.2 Mesozoic Sand stone…………………………………………………………………………..33 3.2.3 Quaternary Soils……………………………………………………………………………….33 3.3 Soil, Vegetation and Wildlifes ...................................................................................................... 34 3.4 Elevation Data ............................................................................................................................... 35 3.5 Population ..................................................................................................................................... 36 3.6 Socio Economic Activity .............................................................................................................. 37 3.6.1 Agriculture……………………………………………………………………………………38 3.6.1.1 Crop production…………………………………………………………………………...38 3.6.1.2 Animal husbandry…………………………………………………………………………38 CHAPTER FOUR ....................................................................................................................................... 40 RESEARCH METHODS AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUES .............................................................. 40 4.1 Research Methods ......................................................................................................................... 40 4.2 Conceptual Frameworks ............................................................................................................... 41 4.3 Reconnaissance survey ................................................................................................................. 42 4.4 Sampling Techniques .................................................................................................................... 43 4.5 Data Type and Sources ................................................................................................................. 43 4.5.1 Primary data sources………………………………………………………………………….43 4.5.2 Secondary data sources………………………………………………………………………47 4.6 Data Analyses ..............................................................................................................................
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