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Noahidism Or B'nai Noah—Sons of Noah—Refers To, Arguably, a Family
Noahidism or B’nai Noah—sons of Noah—refers to, arguably, a family of watered–down versions of Orthodox Judaism. A majority of Orthodox Jews, and most members of the broad spectrum of Jewish movements overall, do not proselytize or, borrowing Christian terminology, “evangelize” or “witness.” In the U.S., an even larger number of Jews, as with this writer’s own family of orientation or origin, never affiliated with any Jewish movement. Noahidism may have given some groups of Orthodox Jews a method, arguably an excuse, to bypass the custom of nonconversion. Those Orthodox Jews are, in any event, simply breaking with convention, not with a scriptural ordinance. Although Noahidism is based ,MP3], Tạləmūḏ]תַּלְמּוד ,upon the Talmud (Hebrew “instruction”), not the Bible, the text itself does not explicitly call for a Noahidism per se. Numerous commandments supposedly mandated for the sons of Noah or heathen are considered within the context of a rabbinical conversation. Two only partially overlapping enumerations of seven “precepts” are provided. Furthermore, additional precepts, not incorporated into either list, are mentioned. The frequently referenced “seven laws of the sons of Noah” are, therefore, misleading and, indeed, arithmetically incorrect. By my count, precisely a dozen are specified. Although I, honestly, fail to understand why individuals would self–identify with a faith which labels them as “heathen,” that is their business, not mine. The translations will follow a series of quotations pertinent to this monotheistic and ,MP3], tạləmūḏiy]תַּלְמּודִ י ,talmudic (Hebrew “instructive”) new religious movement (NRM). Indeed, the first passage quoted below was excerpted from the translated source text for Noahidism: Our Rabbis taught: [Any man that curseth his God, shall bear his sin. -
In Search of the Amazon: Brazil, the United States, and the Nature of A
IN SEARCH OF THE AMAZON AMERICAN ENCOUNTERS/GLOBAL INTERACTIONS A series edited by Gilbert M. Joseph and Emily S. Rosenberg This series aims to stimulate critical perspectives and fresh interpretive frameworks for scholarship on the history of the imposing global pres- ence of the United States. Its primary concerns include the deployment and contestation of power, the construction and deconstruction of cul- tural and political borders, the fluid meanings of intercultural encoun- ters, and the complex interplay between the global and the local. American Encounters seeks to strengthen dialogue and collaboration between histo- rians of U.S. international relations and area studies specialists. The series encourages scholarship based on multiarchival historical research. At the same time, it supports a recognition of the represen- tational character of all stories about the past and promotes critical in- quiry into issues of subjectivity and narrative. In the process, American Encounters strives to understand the context in which meanings related to nations, cultures, and political economy are continually produced, chal- lenged, and reshaped. IN SEARCH OF THE AMAzon BRAZIL, THE UNITED STATES, AND THE NATURE OF A REGION SETH GARFIELD Duke University Press Durham and London 2013 © 2013 Duke University Press All rights reserved Printed in the United States of America on acid- free paper ♾ Designed by Heather Hensley Typeset in Scala by Tseng Information Systems, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in - Publication Data Garfield, Seth. In search of the Amazon : Brazil, the United States, and the nature of a region / Seth Garfield. pages cm—(American encounters/global interactions) Includes bibliographical references and index. -
Henry Wickham
SIR HENRY ALEXANDER WICKHAM 1846-1928 Ref. 24 Sir Henry was an explorer and adventurer Born into a middle class family, Henry was who travelled to Nicaragua, Latin America and the eldest son of a solicitor, also Henry, who many another wild lands. He was born on died four years after his birth in the London Friday 29 May 1846 at Haverstock Hill, Cholera epidemic of 1850, leaving Henry and Hampstead, North London, and is buried in his siblings to be raised by his mother, Harriet, Wickham, having held a life-long conviction who followed the millinery trade to support the that his family were the direct descendents of family. William of Wykeham. Henry was born into the age of the adventurer explorer, who considered himself “the instrument of his Maker”, and an atmosphere in which the goals of the British Empire were to civilise the World through the spread of Christianity and free trade. It was also the high point of the Industrial Revolution, where industry flourished by virtue of three basic commodities – steel to make machines, coal to raise the steam to power them, and rubber to provide seals and gaskets, hoses and belts and, in the fullness of time, tyres for the emerging motor car industry. continued ... 1 Henry was an outdoor, roaming sort of lad but no great scholar, so the life of an adventurer suited his temperament admirably. Inspired by contemporary accounts from adventurers and explorers, and in the hope of regaining some fortune for his family, in 1866, aged 20, he travelled to Nicaragua, arriving on 22nd October in the schooner “ Jonathan ”. -
Female Cartographers: Historical Obstacles and Successes
Western Kentucky University TopSCHOLAR® Honors College Capstone Experience/Thesis Projects Honors College at WKU 2020 Female Cartographers: Historical Obstacles and Successes Eva Llamas-Owens Western Kentucky University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/stu_hon_theses Part of the History Commons, Other Geography Commons, and the Women's Studies Commons Recommended Citation Llamas-Owens, Eva, "Female Cartographers: Historical Obstacles and Successes" (2020). Honors College Capstone Experience/Thesis Projects. Paper 877. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/stu_hon_theses/877 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by TopSCHOLAR®. It has been accepted for inclusion in Honors College Capstone Experience/Thesis Projects by an authorized administrator of TopSCHOLAR®. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FEMALE CARTOGRAPHERS: HISTORICAL OBSTACLES AND SUCCESSES A Capstone Experience/Thesis Project Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Bachelor of Science with Mahurin Honors College Graduate Distinction at Western Kentucky University By Eva Llamas-Owens May 2020 ***** CE/T Committee: Prof. Amy Nemon, Chair Dr. Leslie North Prof. Susann Davis Copyright by Eva R. Llamas-Owens 2020 ABSTRACT For much of history, women have lived in male-dominated societies, which has limited their participation in society. The field of cartography has been largely populated by men, but despite cultural obstacles, there are records of women significantly contributing over the past 1,000 years. Historically, women have faced coverture, stereotypes, lack of opportunities, and lack of recognition for their accomplishments. Their involvement in cartography is often a result of education or valuable experiences, availability of resources, a supportive community or mentor, hard work, and luck regardless of when and where they lived. -
Natural Rubber Systems and Climate Change Proceedings and Extended Abstracts from the Online Workshop, 23–25 June 2020
May 2021 FTA WORKING PAPER • 9 Natural rubber systems and climate change Proceedings and extended abstracts from the online workshop, 23–25 June 2020 Salvatore Pinizzotto, Datuk Dr Abdul Aziz b S A Kadir, Vincent Gitz, Jérôme Sainte-Beuve, Lekshmi Nair, Eric Gohet, Eric Penot, Alexandre Meybeck Natural rubber systems and climate change Proceedings and extended abstracts from the online workshop, 23–25 June 2020 The CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA) Working Paper 9 © 2021 The CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA) Content in this publication is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0), http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ DOI: 10.17528/cifor/008029 Pinizzotto S, Aziz A, Gitz V, Sainte-Beuve J, Nair L, Gohet E, Penot E and Meybeck A. 2021. Natural rubber systems and climate change: Proceedings and extended abstracts from the online workshop, 23–25 June 2020. Working Paper 9. Bogor, Indonesia: The CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA). CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry CIFOR Headquarters Jalan CIFOR Situ Gede, Sindang Barang Bogor Barat 16115 Indonesia T +62-251-8622-622 E [email protected] foreststreesagroforestry.org We would like to thank all funding partners who supported this research through their contributions to the CGIAR Fund. For a full list of the ‘CGIAR Fund’ funding partners please see: http://www.cgiar.org/our-funders/ Any views expressed in this publication are those of the authors. They do not necessarily represent the views of The CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (FTA), the editors, the authors’ institutions, the financial sponsors or the reviewers. -
Platform 008 ESSAYS the North of the South and the West of the East
Platform 008 ESSAYS The North of the South and the West of the East A Provocation to the Question Walter D. Mignolo I How to effectively map the historical and contemporary relationships that exist between North Africa, the Middle East and the 'Global South' is a question that cannot, in my view, be answered without references to the accumulation of cartographic meanings that have created the image of the planet since the sixteenth century. Cartography and international law were two powerful tools with which western civilization built its own image by creating, transforming and managing the image of the world. German legal philosopher, Carl Schmitt, labelled this 500-year history 'linear global thinking'.[1] Linear global thinking is the story of how Europe mapped the world for its own benefit and left a fiction that became an ontology: a division of the world into 'East' and 'West', 'South' and 'North', or 'First', 'Second', and 'Third'.[2] The overall assumption of my meditation is the following: the 'East/West' division was an invention of western Christianity in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth http://www.ibraaz.org/essays/108 October 2014 centuries – an invention that lasted until World War II. The division was used to legitimize the centrality of Europe and its civilizing mission. From World War II onwards, there was a shift to a 'North/South' division, but this time the division was needed to legitimize a mission of development and modernization. The first part of this history was led by Europe, the second by the United States. Now, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, the so-called rise – and return – of the 'East' is drastically altering 500 years' worth of global divisions produced by the western world to advance its imperial designs. -
BRAZIL's “BATTLE for RUBBER” of WORLD WAR II a Dissertation
TAPPING THE AMAZON FOR VICTORY: BRAZIL’S “BATTLE FOR RUBBER” OF WORLD WAR II A dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences Of Georgetown University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy In History By Xenia Vunovic Wilkinson, M.A. Washington D.C. December 2, 2009 Copyright 2009 by Xenia Vunovic Wilkinson All Rights Reserved ii TAPPING THE AMAZON FOR VICTORY: BRAZIL’S “BATTLE FOR RUBBER” OF WORLD WAR II Xenia Vunovic Wilkinson Dissertation Adviser: Erick D. Langer, PhD. ABSTRACT Japan’s occupation of Southeast Asia in early 1942 cut off more than 90 percent of the global rubber supply to the World War II Allies. Without an adequate supply of this strategic material to meet military-industrial requirements, it was impossible to win the war. The Roosevelt Administration concluded that the success of the Allied war effort could depend on increasing the productivity of rubber tappers who extracted latex from rubber trees dispersed throughout Amazonian rainforests. In response to Roosevelt’s appeal, Brazil’s President, Getúlio Vargas, organized a “Battle for Rubber” to increase rubber production in the Amazon. The authoritarian Brazilian government recruited around 30,000 “rubber soldiers,” mainly from the arid Northeast, and sent them to work on Amazonian rubber estates. This study explores the dynamics of global, national, and regional actors as they converged and interacted with Amazonian society in the Battle for Rubber. Migrant rubber tappers, Amazonian rubber elites, indigenous groups, North American technical advisers, Brazilian government agencies, and the Roosevelt Administration were linked in a wartime enterprise to increase rubber production. -
Part 3 Assyria and Judah Through the Eyes of Isaiah
OLD TESTAMENT SURVEY Lesson 46 – Part 3 Assyria and Judah Through the Eyes of Isaiah When we were in Madaba Jordan, we had a chance to spend time in the Church of Saint George. This Greek Orthodox church has the remains of a mosaic map in the floor of the apse. The map was created in the mid-500’s. The map is huge, 52 feet by 16 feet. Originally it was almost 70 by 23 feet! Over two million tiles were used to make the mosaic map. (See the copy of the map on the following page). The map is not set in the floor with North at the top, like we would expect a map that we see. Instead the map is set so that east on the map is truly set to the east, west to the west, etc. If you were to stand on the map at Madaba, and then point at the map to Bethlehem, you would truly be pointing in the direction of Bethlehem. While the map is oriented around Madaba, Madaba is not in the center of the map. Jerusalem is the map’s center. Jerusalem is also the most detailed portion of the map. It is as if the entire world portrayed in the map revolves or centers on Jerusalem. There are a number of famous maps that set Jerusalem in the center of the world, especially from medieval times. The most famous of these maps are called “T and O” maps, because they divide the world into three continental masses (with a “T”) surrounded by the oceans, which appear as an “O.” This T and O map is from a 12th This famous woodcut map with Jerusalem in century book, Etymologies by Isidore, the center dates from 1581. -
Ecopirate Or Saviour of the Amazon Rain Forest? Kenn Hodd
EcoPirate or Saviour of the Amazon Rain Forest? Kenn Hodd © 22.11.2011 EcoPirate or Saviour? Outline I. Early History of Natural Rubber Use & Time Line II. Biographical Details of Henry Wickham III. Sources of Rubber Latex & The Structure of Natural Rubber IV. The Amazon River, its Extent and Hazards V. Rubber Tree Seeds VI. The Production of and Market for Natural Rubber VII. Fordlandia VIII.A Defence of Henry Wickham EcoPirate or Saviour? Weeping Tree ¾Cao o’chu – Weeping Tree ¾Caoutchou (Fr.) & cauchu (Sp.) - Natural Rubber ¾Gummi (D.) ¾India Rubber (Eng.) ¾Best rubber was ‘Para Fine’ ¾Word ‘Latex’ derived from Leche (Sp. for Milk) EcoPirate or Saviour? Time Line ¾130 BCE – Olmecs use rubber ¾1531 - Rubber balls amuse Spanish court, later rubber balls used for real tennis in French court ¾1770-Joseph Priestley invented ‘India Rubber’ - eraser ¾1783- Montgolfier ‘Hot Air Balloon’ ¾1829-MacIntosh develops Waterproof Fabrics ¾1839-43 Sulphur Vulcanisation Patented (Goodyear and Hancock) EcoPirate or Saviour? Rubber Plants Plants producing latices bearing natural rubber EcoPirate or CH3 -CH2-C=CH-CH2- Saviour? n Repeating unit in 1,4-polyisoprene The Structure of o Poly(1,4-Isoprenes) Cis-form (natural rubber) Tm ~25 C o Trans-form (gutta percha; balata; eucommia ulmoide gum) Tm ~65 C EcoPirate or Saviour? Time Line-Continued ¾1850 Rubber gaskets patented Samuel Morton ¾1850-1920 Railway Expansion ¾1876 Wickham collects Hevea B. Seeds ¾1876 Dr Otto invents internal combustion engine ¾1888 Dunlop patents pneumatic cycle tyre ¾1905 Henry Ford starts to manufacture Model T EcoPirate or Saviour? Biographical Details-1 ¾1846 Henry Wickham born at Haverstock Hill, 4m from St. -
Maps with Feelings Connecting Us from Afar My First Map
Maps with feelings Connecting us from afar My first map. A reconstruction of my mother’s home town, destroyed by war in 1922. My home town with restored Catholic churches and mosques, pre- conversion to Orthodox churches. A map of Istanbul inspired by the places my father mentions in his writings about his childhood in the Polis. A partial reconstruction of the Jewish Neighbourhood of Chania, showing the destroyed Synagogue at the top of Kondilaki street. Our Haus Ohrbeck 2020 Map, made up of 36 objects send in by participants. Although they could be arranged in many different ways, this is one way of creating groups of objects. I could have used simply feelings like Love, Comfort, Gratitude, Prayer, Connection. The beauty of maps is that the KEY can be very much about what the designer wishes to portray. I made word clouds of all your text. And each object was hand drawn on the paper map. The Hereford A T and O map or O- Mappa Mundi T or T-O map (orbis dating from c. terrarum, orb or circle of 1300. It is the lands; with the letter displayed T inside an O), also at Hereford known as an Isidoran Cathedral in Heref map, is a type of early ord, England. It is world map that the largest represents the physical medieval map still world as first described known to exist. A by the 7th-century larger mappa scholar Isidore of mundi, the Ebstorf Seville in his De Natura map, was Rerum and later destroyed by his Etymologiae Allied bombing in 1943, though photographs of it survive. -
Breeding for Disease Resistance in Hevea Spp. - Status, Potential Threats, and Possible Strategies
GENERAL TECHNICAL REPORT PSW-GTR-240 Breeding for Disease Resistance in Hevea spp. - Status, Potential Threats, and Possible Strategies Chaendaekattu Narayanan1 and Kavitha K. Mydin1 Abstract Hevea brasiliensis (Willd. ex A. Juss.) Müll. Arg., a forest tree native to the tropical rain forests of Central and South America, has only been recently domesticated outside its natural range of distribution. Almost all of the commercially cultivated clones of H. brasiliensis represent a very narrow genetic base since they originated through hybridization or selection from a few seedlings of so called Wickham germplasm. Hence, the commercial rubber cultivation, due to their genetic vulnerability, is under a constant threat of attack by native as well as exotic diseases and insects. Climate change, which is clearly felt in the traditional rubber growing regions of India, may possibly alter the host-pathogen interactions leading to epidemics of otherwise minor diseases. Pathogenic fungal diseases including Phytophthora-caused abnormal leaf fall (ALF) and shoot rot, pink disease caused by Corticium salmonicolor, Corynespora-caused leaf disease, and powdery-mildew (Oidium sp.) are challenging diseases posing epidemic threats to rubber cultivation. South American leaf blight (SALB) is a devastating disease caused by Microcyclus ulei (=Dothidella ulei) which has prevented large-scale planting of rubber in Brazil due to epidemic outbreaks. The SALB is a looming threat to other rubber growing areas. Hence, it is essential that a global SALB resistance breeding program be implemented to tackle such future threats of epidemics. Hevea clones clearly exhibit variable levels of susceptibility to pathogenic diseases. Hevea clones have been tested for their capacity to produce phytoalexins; a strong correlation was observed between phytoalexin accumulation and clone resistance. -
Disposable Gloves
Disposable Latex D IS P Disposable Industrial Grade Latex Gloves OSABLE GLOVES • Standard grade • Ambidextrous • 100 gloves per dispenser box 2800W Lightly powdered, Sizes: XS~XL 2810W Powder-free, textured finish, Sizes: XS~XL S2810W Powder-free, single chlorinated, smooth finish, Sizes: S~XL 2810W Medical Examination Grade Latex Gloves Disposable Industrial Grade Blue Latex Gloves • Standard medical grade • 100 gloves per dispenser box • Standard grade • Ambidextrous • Ambidextrous • 100 gloves per dispenser box 2800ML Lightly powdered, Sizes: XS~XL • Gloves available in sizes: S~XL 2810ML Powder-free, textured finish, Sizes: XS~XL D2810ML Powder-free, double chlorinated, Sizes: S~XL 2806W Lightly powdered 2810ML MEDICAL 2806W GRADE Medical Examination Grade Blue High Risk Latex Gloves Disposable Industrial Grade Safety Latex Gloves • 14 mil thickness • 50 gloves per dispenser box • 10 mil thickness • 50 gloves per dispenser box • 12 “ length • Gloves available in sizes: S~2XL • 12” length • Gloves available in sizes: S~XL • Ambidextrous 2846HR Powder-free, textured finish 2830HR Powder-free, textured finish 2846HR MEDICAL 2830HR GRADE Latex is a common term for the milky sap that oozes from plants and trees. Rubber is a coagulated form of latex that is derived from neotropical plants. Commercial rubber is produced from latex of Hevea brasil- iensis, a rubber tree that originated in Brazil. As the only country to have this indigenous tree, Brazil once held a monopoly on the world’s rubber source. However, in 1853, a british agent named sir Henry Wickham smuggled 70,000 Hevea brasiliensis seeds to be planted in British colonies in Southeast Asia. Now, ap- proximately 90% of the world’s rubber comes from Southeast Asia.