Executive Summary Book Krishnagiri.Pmd
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KRISHNAGIRI DISTRICT EXECUTIVE SUMMARY DISTRICT HUMAN DEVELOPMENT REPORT KRISHNAGIRI DISTRICT Introduction ‘Krishna’ refers to ‘black’ and ‘giri’ refers to ‘hill’. This district is gifted with black granite hillocks and named as “Krishnagiri”. Krishnagiri district has prehistoric importance. Archeological sources confirm the presence of habitats of mankind during Paleolithic, Neolithic and Mesolithic Ages. Various rock paintings and rock carvings of Indus Valley civilization and Iron Age seen in this district support the historical significance of this district. The heart of ‘Krishnagiri’, ‘Hosur’ and ‘Uthangarai’ were known as ‘Eyil Nadu’, ‘Murasu Nadu’ and ‘Kowoor Nadu’ respectively. Krishnagiri District was bifurcated from the erstwhile Dharmapuri District and Krishnagiri District came into existence from 9th February 2004, consisting of Hosur & Krishnagiri Divisions. Krishnagiri is one of the districts of Tamil Nadu which with natural resources has 2,040 Sq. Kms of forest cover and it is its unique feature. The hill ranges of this district are called by the name ‘Melagiri’. 1 The major types of forest seen here are tropical, deciduous forests, thorny shrubs and bamboo forest. Dense forest cover is there in Denkanikottai region. The other region contains shrubs, hills and hillocks with bushes. Krishnagiri District has 2 Municipalities, 10 Panchayat Unions, 7 Town Panchayats, 352 Village Panchayats and 636 Revenue Villages. Geography Krishnagiri district is located approximately between 11’12N and 12’49N of the North Latitude and between 77’27E and 78’38E of east longitude. The total geographical area of the district is 5143 Sq. Km. Krishnagiri district is elevated from 300m to 1400m above the mean sea level. The district is surrounded by Vellore and Tiruvannamalai districts in the East, Karnataka in the West, Andhra Pradesh in the North, Dharmapuri district in the South. Topography Krishnagiri district forms part of the upland plateau region with many hill ranges and undulating plains. The western part of the district has hill ranges of Mysore plateau with a chain of undulating hills and deep valleys extending in NNE-SSW direction. 2 The plains of the district have an average elevation of 488 m MSL. The plateau region along the western boundary and the northwestern part of the district has an average elevation of 914 m MSL. The Guthrayan Durg with an elevation of 1395 m MSL is the highest peak in the district. Soil Condition Different types of the soil such as black or mixed loamy red ferocious and gravel are found in the district. The Black of rigor loam is very fertile due to its moisture absorbing character. Red soils are seen in Hosur, Shoolagiri, Thally and Kelamangalam. In general, the soil in the district is quite loose and fresh with its colors from red to dark brown. The soil has low nitrogen and phosphate content with marked variation between different taluks. Climate The climate condition of the district is hot and dry in summer i.e. from March to May. In winter it is very cold and misty i.e. from November to February. The normal rainfall of the district is 850.7 mm. The actual rainfall of the district was 695.1 mm during the year 2012-13. 3 Status of Human Development Human Development Index was calculated for 10 blocks in Krishnagiri district. The top three blocks in HDI in Krishnagiri district are Krishnagiri (0.873) Hosur (0.795) and Bargur (0.592). The bottom three blocks in HDI are Veppanapalli (0.404), Thally (0.435) and Shoolagiri (0.442). In Krishnagiri block, which is at the top, the standard of living index value is 0.90; access to toilet facilities is 100 percent and access to pucca houses is 100 percent. The IMR is 10.2, which is lower than the district value (17.6) and U5MR is 13.7, whereas the U5MR rate for the district is 20.8. The literacy rate in Krishnagiri block is 77.73. These are the factors which helped the block to achieve the top rank in the district. Veppanapalli is at the bottom with HDI value of 0.404 because of poor basic facilities in education and health and lack employment. The Gender Inequality Index (GII) is a negative index. A value of zero represents no inequality and a value of one represents the highest level of inequality in the society. The three dimensions used for measuring GII are 1. Reproductive Health 2. Empowerment and 3. Labour Market. The GII constructed for all the 10 blocks vary from 0.043 to 0.101. The top three blocks where there is less GII value are Hosur (0.043). Uthangarai (0.043) and Kaveripattinam (0.046). 4 Bargur (0.101) Mathur (0.084) and Veppanapalli (0.083) are the bottom three blocks with higher GII value. Hosur block has secured the first rank with best performance in reducing gender inequality. Its MMR is 39, its institutional deliveries are 99.20 percent. Its share of female child is 48.73 percent and its female work participation rate is 67.74 percent. All these indicators have helped Hosur block to have very low gender inequality. The top three blocks in CDI value in the district are Krishnagiri (0.802), Hosur (0.666) and Bargur (0.635). The bottom three blocks in CDI value in the district are Kelamangalam (0.227), Veppanapalli (0.245) and Thalli (0.288). In general, blocks in urban development areas have performed well in child development because of the access of the children to proper healthcare and schools. Blocks with rural features have not done well in child development because of the poor access to healthcare facilities and school. Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) is calculated on the basis of the dimensions of health, education, and standard of living. The top three blocks in the district with low MPI value are Hosur (0.249), Krishnagiri (0.309) and Bargur (0.530). The bottom three blocks with high MPI value are Mathur (0.697), Uthangarai (0.674) and Veppanapalli (0.649). 5 With very low MPI value (0.249), Hosur block gets first rank with very low multidimensional poverty in the block. Access to toilet facilities is 72.88 percent. Access to pucca houses is 100 percent. The IMR is 15 and it is lower than the district average (17.6) and U5MR in the block is 15 against the district rate of 20.8. Employment, Income and Poverty The share of total workers in the district decreased from 48.22 percent in 2001 46.70 percent in 2011. In the category of main workers, Krishnagiri district has recorded an increase of 17.79 percent over the period 2001 to 2011. There is increase in the number of main, workers in almost all the blocks except two blocks, viz., Bargur and Mathur, where there is marginal decrease during 2001 and 2011. The female work participation rate in the district during 2011 was 34.38. There is need for enhancing the skill base of human resources to match the industrial needs of the district, especially in Hosur where a number of industries are located. The sectoral composition of workers includes cultivators, agricultural labourers, household industry workers, ‘other workers’ and marginal workers. The persons engaged in agricultural activities (both cultivators and agricultural labourers) 6 constituted 56.89 percent in 2011 and house hold industrial workers and marginal workers constituted 40.61 percent in the district. Uthangarai block has the largest number of agricultural labourers and Hosur block had the lowest number of agricultural labourers in 2011. Hosur block had the largest number of household industry workers and Thally block had the lowest number of industrial workers in 2011. In 2011, 4.48 lakh persons registered with the Employment Exchange office but only 1129 persons got the placement. The Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) aims at guaranteeing the right to work and ensure livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of guaranteed wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work. During 2013-14, 3.39 lakh job cards were issued and 111.10 lakh mandays were created. Child labour was found in the district and those children (702) were placed in 24 schools across the district. All these children are provided education in three different stages. At present, out of 702 children, (400 boys and 302 girls), 337 children have been mainstreamed to take up regular mode of education. 7 The per capita income of the district steadily grew from Rs. 46497 in 2008-09 to Rs. 69318 in 2011-12 at constant prices (2004-05). Some of the important reasons for the increase in per capita income of the district over the years are it is highly endowed with agricultural and allied activities like horticulture and floriculture, localization of ancillary industries for well – known automotive companies and mango pulp industry. Thousands of farmers are engaged in the cultivation of rose flowers, which is the main source of livelihood – especially for those who live in Shoolagiri block, Rose flowers are exported to Europe, United States, Australia. During 2013, 32.44 percent of the families in the district were living below the poverty line. Among the blocks, the highest number of BPL households (51.74 percent) is in Uthangarai, followed by Bargur block with 51.17 BPL households. There is need for providing appropriate schemes programmers in Uttangarai and Bargur blocks, where more than half of the households come under BPL category. The Public Distribution System (PDS) in Tamil Nadu aims at providing food security by supplying essential commodities like rice, wheat, sugar and oil at highly subsidized prices, especially to the poor.