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Home , Bargur, Denkanikottai, Denkanikottai taluk, Hosur, Krishnagiri, Krishnagiri district

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT DISTRICT

Aadhi Boomi Mining and Enviro Tech (P) Ltd., 3/216, K.S.V.Nagar, Narasothipatti, Salem-636 004. Phone (0427) 2444297, Cell: 09842729655 [email protected], [email protected]

DISTRICT SURVEY REPORT OF

INDRODUCTION

Krishnagiri is a municipal town and administrative headquarters of Krishnagiri District.It is located 90 Km from and 45 Km from and .The krishnagiri district has a prehistoric importance.Archeological sources confirm the presence of habitats of man kind during Paleolithic, Neolithic and Mesolithic Ages.Krishnagiri District was bifurcated from the erstwhile and Krishnagiri District came into existence from 9th February 2004, consisting of Hosur and Krishnagiri Divisions.

After the bifurcation of Krishnagiri District from Dharmapuri, the present Krishnagiri is located approximately between 11°12’N and 12°49’N of the north latitude and between 77°27’E and 78°38’E of east longitude. The total geographical area of the district is 5143 Sq. Km. This District is elevated from 300 m to 1400 m above the mean sea level. The total Geographical extent of Krishnagiri District is 5,14,326 hectares. It had 2, 02,409 hectares of forest land which constituted nearly 40 percent of the total geographical area of the district. Krishnagiri District has two Municipalities, 10 Panchayat Unions, seven Town Panchayats, 352 Village Panchayats and 636 Revenue Villages. , and Veppanapalli blocks have vast stretches of forest area with large tribal population.

2. ADMINISTRATION

A district collector heads the district administration. Krishnagiri district is divided into two divisions and five taluks for the purpose of revenue administration. Revenue Divisional Officer heads the divisions and Tahsildar is the head of taluk level administration. Development administration in this district is coordinated by the panchayats (also called as blocks) for the rural areas. There are about ten panchayat unions, seven town panchayats, 352 village Panchayats and 874 revenue villages in this district. Krishnagiri district comprises two revenue divisions Krishnagiri and Hosur. There are seven taluks: Krishnagiri, Hosur, Pochampalli, , Shoolagiri, and . There are 12 panchayat unions: Kelamangalam, Thalli, Anchetti, Krishnagiri, Shoolagiri, Vepanapalli, Hosur, Kaveripattinam, Pochampalli, Mathur and Uthangarai.

3. PHYSIOGRAPHY AND DRAINAGE

Krishnagiri district forms parts of Cauvery and East Coast Minor Rivers basins. Cauvery River forms the southwestern boundary of the district. Dodda Halla is the most important tributary of Cauvery draining the rugged terrain in the northwestern part of the district.Ponnaiyar is the major river draining the district and is ephemeral in nature. It originates from Nandhi hills in , enters west of Bagalur and flows almost in a southeasterly direction till it reaches Manjamedu from where it flows along the district boundary before entering the district, again near Hanuman Tirtham. After flowing for a short distance in an easterly direction, it again follows the district boundary before entering the neighboring Dharmapuri district. Pambar and Burgur Ar., are among the important tributaries of Ponnaiyar draining part of the district.

4. TRANSPORTATION

This district is connected by Prime Minister's Golden Rectangle Project executed by National Highways Authority of . This district has a network of National Highways converging.  NH-7 (-Kashmir)  NH-46 (-Bangalore)  NH-66 (Pondicherry-Bangalore)  NH-207 (Sarjapur-Bagalur-Hosur)  NH-219 (Krishnagiri-) Apart from this state highways and district highways are linking almost all the towns and villages of the district. Four National highways converge at the Head Quarters of this district is unique.

People of Krishnagiri District belong to various racial groups. People from Kashmir, Maharashtra, Karnataka and Andra have settled in this District. Hence it can be rightly called a Cosmopolitan society. Ancient Art & Culture is preserved and maintained by inhabitants. The major entertainment for rural folk form the 'Street Play' (theru koothu) and 'Sevai Attam'.

5. RAIN FALL

The district receives the rain under the influence of both southwest and northeast monsoons. The normal annual rainfall over the district varies from about 750 to about 900 mm. It is the minimum around Hosur (767.7 mm) and Rayakottai (768.0 mm) in the northern and central parts of the district. It gradually increases towards west and east and is the maximum around Denkanikotai (910.7 mm) in the western part.

6. CLIMATE

The climate of Krishnagiri district is comparatively more pleasant than that of the Surrounding districts due to general dryness of atmosphere and appreciable drop in Temperature in the monsoon season. The year may be divided into four season namely dry season from January to March, summer season April and May, southwest monsoon Season from June to Sept. and northeast monsoon season from October to December .

During summer season (April to May) the maximum temperature is about 37°C, and the mean daily minimum temperature of about 25°C in the plains. There is a gradual decrease of both day and night temperatures from June onwards till December, when the mean daily maximum temperature is about 30°C and the mean daily min. is about 19°C in plains.

The day temperature increases gradually from January onwards. The lowest temperature is reached in January when the mean daily minimum is about 19°C. However, in higher areas i.e., Hosur, Thally and Krishnagiri taluks day and night temperature is lower by about 2 to 3°C. In these areas weather is comparatively pleasant round the year.

7. GEOLOGY

Granite, Charnockite, Pegmatite, Gneissic Rocks are found largly found in KrishnaGiri area. Sedimentary rocks namely charnockite, Granitoid gneiss, feldspar gneiss, calcareous gritty (sand stone mixed clay), and quartz vein. Granitoid gneiss is a composition of primary lateritic capping, basement crystalline complex, and conglomerate, which are found along the middle part of the river valley. The younger alluvium formations are seen predominantly in the northern part of the area and are considered as highly permeable. The northwest and middleeast part of the area consist of fluvial–deltaic sediment deposits, which are laid on Granitoid gneiss and are considered as good zone for groundwater potential. However, the hard rock materials composed of crystalline charnockite, conglomerate, and quartzite vein present in the southern part of the area are not suitable for groundwater potential zones.

8. GEOMORPHOLOGY The prominent geomorphic units identified in the district through interpretation of satellite imagery are structural hills in the southwestern part of the district, denudational land forms like buried pediments in the plains and inselbergs and plateaus represented by conical hills aligned with major lineaments. Krishnagiri district forms part of the upland plateau region with many hill ranges and undulating plains. The western part of the district has hill ranges of Mysore plateau with a chain of undulating hills and deep valleys extending in NNE-SSW direction.

The plains of the district have an average elevation of 488 m amsl. The plateau region along the western boundary and the northwestern part of the district has an average elevation of 914 m amsl. The Guthrayan Durg with an elevation of 1395 m amsl is the highest peak in the district.

9. SOILS Different types of the soils such as black or mixed loamy, red and gravel are found in the district. The Black of rigor loam is very fertile due to its moisture absorbing character. Red soils are seen in Hosur, Shoolagiri, Thally and Kelamangalam. In general, the soil in the district is quite loose and fresh with its colour from red to dark brown. The soil has low nitrogen and phosphate content with marked variation between different taluks.

 Coarse textured red sandy loam (Typic Ustorthent) 80 %  Laterite 10 %  Black and other soil types 10 %

10. HYDROGEOLOGY Krishnagiri district is underlained by Archaean crystalline formations with recent alluvial deposits of limited areal extent and thickness along the courses of major rivers. The occurrence and movement of ground water are controlled by various factors such as physiography, climate, geology and structural features. Weathered and Fractured crystalline rocks constitute the important aquifer systems in the district.

Ground water generally occurs under phreatic conditions in the weathered mantle and Under semi-confined conditions in the fractured zones at deeper levels. The thickness of Weathered zones in the district ranges from less than a meter to more than 15 m. The Yield of large diameter dug wells in the district, tapping the weathered mantle of Crystalline rocks ranges from 100 to 500 lpm. These wells normally sustain pumping for 2 to 6 hours per day, depending upon the local topography and characteristics of the Weathered mantle.

11. GROUND WATER LEVEL:

The depth to water level (DTW) during pre monsoon (May 2006) ranged between 0.5 and 9.9 m bgl in the district. In major part of the district the DTW is more than 5 mbgl. Whereas it ranged between 2 and 9.9 m bgl (Plate-IV) during post monsoon, in the district and the DTW is in the range of 5 – 10 m bgl in the entire district except a few isolated pockets.

The yield of successful exploratory wells drilled in the district ranged from 0.78 lps to 26 lps. As per the studies the wells drilled in granitic gneiss have higher yields than the wells drilled in charnockites. The specific capacity of the wells ranged from 1.2 to 118.0 lpm/m/dd.The piezometric head of fracture zones varied between 0.50 and 18.45 m bgl.

Fig.no.1 showing Ground water level of the Krishnagiri district Flora and Fauna The major wild animals include Elephants, Sambar, Spotted Deer, , Wild boar, Panther etc. The forest area of forms the prime elephant habitat with lot of bamboos and this area constitutes the Cauvery elephant reserve, which is constituted over and area of about 450 Sq. Kms. The bird population is also attractive with beautiful bird like Paradise flycatcher. Big lakes in Anchetti and Hosur areas also attract large number of migratory birds like Painted storks, Teals etc. Apart from these birds and mammals, there are variety of butterflies, giant spiders etc. that are coming under endangered list. Kodakkarai shoal forest in Denkanikottai Taluk is known for large scale migratory butterflies during a particular season then one can observe thousands of migratory butterflies passing through this forest like a passing cloud.

12. SUSTAINABILITY: With a view to enhance the sustainability of the drinking water sources, recharge structures are being implemented by TWAD board under various state and central Government assistance. The Recharge Structures implemented so far is as under.

Table 1 Sustainability of Drinking Water Source Recharge Structures Check Percolation Recharge Recharge Others Ooranies Defunct Roof Hyddro Total Dam Pond pit trench Shaft Top Fracturing RWH 546 2 14 19 30 611

13. MINERAL RESOURCES: "Paradise" is the most popular multi coloured granite available in Krishnagiri. Black granite is available in Hosur and Denkanikottai. Granite processing units, which make slabs of granite, finished and decorated beautifully is located mainly in Hosur surroundings. The multi coloured paradise slabs are being exported to America, England, and some other European countries in large quantities. This industry is flourishing with the uninterrupted supply of electricity and availability of raw material and land at cheaper rates. A variety of quartz stones from Denkanikottai and White metal called Limestone from Uthangarai are mined.

14. CULTURE: The fragrance of industrial knowledge of belt with literary knowledge of Tiruchirapalli belt is smelt in the soil along with Sincere and hard work spreaded everywhere. People of all states of Nation and people of all districts of the State found placed in this district engaging in their industrial activity.

15. PLACES OF WORSHIPS

Arulmigu 'Penneswarar Moorthy' temple, ' Lakshminarayana' temple of Krishnagiri, 'Kundeeswarar' temple of Chinna Kothur, 'Angalamman' temple of Kaveripattinam, 'Balamurugan' temple of Jagadevi, 'Chandra choodeswarar' temple of Hosur, 'Bettaraya Swamy' Temple of Denkanikottai are few among the holy places of this Krishnagiri District. Stone inscription reveal that these temples were built during Chola and Vijaya Nagar periods. The Holy Dharga of Denkanikottai, The Sacred Heart Church of Krishnagiri are other popular sacred places in this district.

16. ECONOMY:

The national fruit of India and of the state of Tamil Nadu is mango. The major crop of Krishnagiri district with 300.17 km² area of cultivation is mango. The district produces 300,000 tones annually and in Tamil Nadu Krishnagiri District is the First Place in The Production of Mango. Almost 20% of the mango varieties like ‘Thothapuri’ and ‘Alphonso’ that are produced in this district are processed into pulp. In addition to mango pulp processing, tonnes of mangoes are processed into juice every year in this district. A large-scale mango export zone has been approved for the Krishnagiri district. This will allow growing as well as processing of mangoes thus yielding higher profits for the farmers.

Approximately 25 industries located in this district process mango. Much of the population in this district is employed through mango cultivation directly and other labour class benefit through employment in mango processing units. There are about 150 mango nurseries which produce mango saplings in and around ‘Santhur Village’. The district exports mango based products worth over ₹8 billion. Under the horticulture development program, government owned horticulture farms are functioning here. Through these units, about 300,000 fruit saplings are produced and distributed under different schemes. Apart from production and export, Krishnagiri also hosts Mango exhibition every year which is the unique in its kind in line with the annual exhibition held at New Delhi.

Krishnagiri is an Urbanized Town well connected between three States of South India (AP, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu) by AH7 (Asian Highway 7). Apart from Mango Cultivation; one can find way big choices of eateries like Creme & Donuts, McDonald's. Traditional sweet Arcot Makkan Peda is something one should taste before leaving the town. Cloth stores like Derby Jean and lots of Shopping malls are upcoming inside the town. Boat club and Park at the outskirts are good places to visit

17. EMPLOYMENT: This district offers day to day employment opportunities to the people at a radius of circumference of 80 Kmrs of which the major benefits are due to the weaker sections. Current employment generation of the district is 50,230 Nos and this employment generation is increasing sizably due to the development after the formation of the district.

18. AGRICULTURE: The important crops of Krishnagiri District are Paddy, Maize, Ragi, Banana, Sugarcane, Cotton, Tamarind, Coconut, Mango, Groundnut, Vegetables and Flowers. The district has an excellent scope for agri business. Regional Agricultural Research Center of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University is functioning efficiently at Paiyur in Kaveripattinam union since 1973 AD. This center is functioning in 18.5 hec of land. It helps the peasants to develop and adopt the modern technique of cultivation. It has developed hybrid seeds by research which yields more tonnage and good quality.

29. LAND USE PATTERN OF THE DISTRICT The land use pattern of the district shows that forest area occupied a maximum percentage, nearly 40 percent, while the net cropped area followed with 37 Percent. The other types of land uses occupy a minimum percentage as less than 10 Percent for each category. The land under non agricultural uses (8.2 percent) is causing a concern as the growth of these activities will reduce the agricultural growth in the district. The current fallow and barren lands occupying 8 percent of area can be reduced Considerably by encouraging mango garden plantations. Meanwhile, the productivity of the crops has to be increased so as to compensate the reduction in land under agriculture by adopting modern practices and high yielding hybrid varieties.

WILDLIFE SANCTUARY OF TAMILNADU

Fig.2 Wildlife sanctuary of Tamilnadu