Assessment of the Dietary Intake of Acrylamide in Portugal

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Assessment of the Dietary Intake of Acrylamide in Portugal CRISTINA MARIA DIAS SOARES Mestre em Química Analítica Ambiental Assessment of the dietary intake of acrylamide in Portugal. Development and evaluation of strategies for reduction of acrylamide formation in thermally processed foods. Tese do 3º ciclo de Estudos Conducente ao Grau de Doutoramento em Ciências Farmacéuticas, Especialidade de Nutrição e Química dos Alimentos apresentada à Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto Trabalho orientado por Professor Doutor José de Oliveira Fernandes Professor Doutor José Luís Fontes da Costa Lima Porto Fevereiro 2015 É AUTORIZADA A REPRODUÇÃO PARCIAL DESTA TESE APENAS PARA EFEITOS DE INVESTIGAÇÃO, MEDIANTE DECLARAÇÃO ESCRITA DO INTERESSADO, QUE A TAL SE COMPROMETE. General Introduction Agradecimentos Hora Sinto que hoje novamente embarco Para as grandes aventuras, Passam no ar palavras obscuras E o meu desejo canta --- por isso marco Nos meus sentidos a imagem desta hora. Sonoro e profundo Aquele mundo Que eu sonhara e perdera Espera O peso dos meus gestos. E dormem mil gestos nos meus dedos. Desligadas dos círculos funestos Das mentiras alheias, Finalmente solitárias, As minhas mãos estão cheias De expectativa e de segredos Como os negros arvoredos Que baloiçam na noite murmurando. Ao longe por mim oiço chamando A voz das coisas que eu sei amar. E de novo caminho para o mar. Sophia de Mello Breyner Andresen II General Introduction Citando a autora do poema “sinto que hoje novamente embarco para as grandes aventuras (…) e por isso marco nos meus sentidos a imagem desta hora” e não podia deixar de agradecer a todas as pessoas que de uma forma ou de outra contribuíram para a realização dos trabalhos apresentados nesta tese. Estou assim grata ao Professor Doutor José de Oliveira Fernandes por me ter admitido como sua aluna, pela utilidade das suas recomendações, a sua disponibilidade e a sua simpatia. Ao Professor Doutor José Luís da Costa Lima, agradeço o apoio científico e os conselhos, que contribuiram de forma imprescindível para a realização deste trabalho. À Faculdade de Farmácia da Universidade do Porto e, em especial ao Departamento de Ciências Químicas, Laboratório de Bromatologia e Hidrologia, pela admissão como aluna do curso de Doutoramento em Ciências Farmacéuticas. À Dra Susana Casal e à Dra Sara Cunha pela disponibilidade, pelas sugestões e críticas pertinentes a este trabalho que muito contribuíram para a sua finalização. A todos os meus colegas do laboratório de Bromatologia em particular à Olga, à Elsa, à Isabel, à Joana Santos, à Ivone, à Rita, à Anabela Costa e ao Armindo pela amizade, pelo apoio e pelas suas preciosas sugestões e ótimo ambiente de trabalho. À minha família, a quem dedico esta tese, muito especialmente aos meus pais, pelo seu apoio incondicional e por sempre me terem ensinado que ter tudo o que queremos depende de nós próprios. E por último não posso deixar de referir que a realização deste trabalho foi possível graças à concessão de uma Bolsa de Doutoramento (SFRH/BD/39360/2007) pela Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT), financiada pelo Programa Operacional Potencial Humano (POPH) – Quadro de Referência Estratégico Nacional (QREN) - Tipologia 4.1 - Formação Avançada, comparticipado pelo Fundo Social Europeu (FSE) e por fundos nacionais do Ministério da Ciência, Tecnologia e Ensino Superior (MCTES) e no âmbito do projecto POCI/AGR/61543/2004. Em associação à Bolsa de Doutoramento, a candidata contou ainda com subsídios para deslocamento a congressos internacionais. III General Introduction Resumo A presença de acrilamida em alimentos tem sido uma preocupação de saúde pública desde o anúncio de sua descoberta em alimentos em 2002. O principal objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a exposição da população Portuguesa à acrilamida e apresentar algumas estratégias possíveis de mitigação para reduzir a formação do composto em comida caseira. A fim de contextualizaros resultados experimentais apresentados neste trabalho, no primeiro capítulo desta tese apresenta-se uma revisão teórica sobre o actual estado da arte no que respeita àpresença de acrilamida nos alimentos, com destaque para a toxicidade, exposição, mecanismos de formação, estratégias de mitigação e metodologias analíticas. Para calcular os níveis de acrilamida presente em alimentos comerciais e preparados em casa, consumidos em Portugal, foram desenvolvidas e validadas duas novas metodologias baseadas no processo de Extracção da Matriz em Fase Sólida (MSPD) acoplado à cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massa (GC-MS).Estas metodologias foram aplicadas na análise de acrilamida em batatas fritas e assadas, produtos de cereais (pão, torradas, cereais de pequeno- almoço, bolos, biscoitos e bolachas), chocolates e alimentos para bebé (limite de detecção: 5,2 µg/kg; limite de quantificação: 15,7 µg/kg), e na análise de acrilamidaamostras de café e sucedâneos, uma matriz mais complexa, (limite de detecção: 5 µg/kg;limite de quantificação: 10 µg/kg). Para avaliar a influência da espécie de café, do grau de torra e do volume da bebida no conteúdo em acrilamida procedeu-se à análise de amostras de cafés espresso. A quantidade média de acrilamida em “expressos” de torra média (30 ml) foram de 1,16 ± 0,25 e 2,31 ± 0,43 µg para amostras de espécie Arábica e Robusta puros, respectivamente. Espressos preparados a partir de misturas comerciais apresentaram um nível médio de acrilamida de 1,26 ± 0,28 µg. Uma redução de 25% foi observada quando se compararam espressos preparados com café de torra média e de torra prolongada. Verificou-se que o grau de extracção de acrilamida em amostras padrão deespressos de 30 mL, foi de cerca de 80%, só sendo afectado pelo volume de bebida, com espressos longos (70mL) a apresentar praticamente toda a acrilamida do bolo de café (99%), quase o dobro do observado em expressos curtos (20 mL). Quando comparado com outras bebidas de café comum, a concentração de acrilamida em café espressofoi maior. No entanto, devido ao pequeno volume por copo, a contribuição para a ingestão de acrilamida é menor. A influência do processamento também foi avaliada em café natural produzido no Brasil onde o descasque de frutos imaturos é visto como um método promissor de minimizar o impacto negativo de grãos com defeito na qualidade e valor comercial de café. Verificou-se que o descasque de café verde permite uma redução nos níveis de asparagina, um precursor conhecido IV General Introduction de acrilamida, e uma consequente redução da formação de acrilamida durante a torrefação. Diferentes condições de torra também foram avaliadas mantendo a temperatura e o tempo de torrefacção constante e o fluxo de ar quente num torrador de leito fluidizado configurado para três velocidades diferentes. Os resultados obtidos mostraram claramente uma correlação positiva entre o teor de acrilamida no produto final e a velocidade do ar quente. Ainda no que respeita a estratégias de mitigação de acrilamida, duas abordagens diferentes para reduzir a formação de acrilamida na preparação caseira de alimentos foram testadas com sucesso em amostras de carne e batatas fritas. Para a carne, o efeito de marinadas com vinho branco, cerveja ou chá verde, isoladamente ou adicionadas com ervas e especiarias, foram estudados em carne grelhada, usando carne não marinada como controle. Os melhores resultados foram obtidos com marinada decerveja ou cerveja com ervas durante quatro horas, com uma redução de 72% e 59%, respectivamente. Em batatas, foi avaliada a importância da variedade de batata usada para fritar. Amostras de cinco diferentes cultivares disponíveis no mercado Português foram fritas sob condições de tempo e temperatura controladas, tendo os menores níveis de acrilamida sido obtidos com as variedades Agria e Marabel, o que pode ser justificado pela sua menor quantidade de açúcares redutores. Os resultados obtidos sugerem que a seleçãode variedades de batata adequadas para fritar juntamente com o procedimento de marinar a carne antes de a cozinhar pode contribuir significativamente para reduzir a ingestão de acrilamida a partir de comida caseira. Estimou-se a ingestão média de acrilamida na população adulta (n = 2.398; idades entre 18 e 92 anos de idade) da cidade do Porto, Portugal, com base no rastreio dos níveis de acrilamida em alimentos portugueses seleccionados, preparados em casa ou de origem industrial, e nos resultados de uminquérito dietético publicado no âmbito do projecto EpiPorto. O teor médio de acrilamida em alimentos variou entre 13 e 810 µg/kg, sendo os valores mais elevados presentes em batatas fritas e substitutos de café. A média de consumo diário estimado para adultosda população do Porto foi de 41,5 µg/dia, variando de 0,60-0,70 ug/kg de peso corporal para mulheres e homens, respectivamente. As principais fontes de exposição à acrilamida foram os produtos de batata (36%), carne (25%) e pão (12%), enquanto o café apresentou menor importância do que normalmente relatado em estudos semelhantes, devido aos baixos níveis de consumo reportados. Palavras-chave: Acrilamida, alimentos processados, asparagina, açúcares redutores, mitigação, exposição, avaliação V General Introduction Abstract Acrylamide presence in foods has been a health concern since the announcement of its finding in foods in 2002. The main purpose of this work was to assess the exposure of the Portuguese population to acrylamide and discuss some possible mitigation strategies to reduce the formation of the compound in home-made food. In order to support the experimental results reported in this work, the first chapter of this thesis intends to present a review about the state of the art regarding toxicity, exposure, mechanisms of formation, mitigation strategies and analytical methodologies regarding acrylamide in foods. In order to calculate the levels of acrylamide present in commercial and home –made- foods consumed in Portugal, some analytical methods were developed and validated. Methodologies based on an optimized Matrix Solid Phase Dispersion (MSPD) extraction procedure was developed for the analysis of acrylamide in a variety of food matrices: processed cereal products (bread, toasts, breakfast cereals, snacks, cookies and biscuits), chocolates and baby-foods.
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