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Informe Final PROCODES 201 DIAGNÓSTICO FLORÍSTICO DE LAS ISLAS DE LA BAHÍA NAVACHISTE Elaborado por: M.C. JOSÉ SATURNINO DÍAZ Comunidad Beneficiada: Ejido el Huitussi, Guasave, Sinaloa PROCODES 2013 CULIACÁN DE ROSALES, SINALOA; A NOVIEMBRE DE 2013 DIAGNÓSTICO FLORÍSTICO DE LAS ISLAS DE LA BAHÍA NAVACHISTE Introducción En la porción noroeste de México, entre los límites establecidos por la Península de Baja California y la zona costera de los estados de Sonora, Sinaloa y Nayarit, se encuentra el Mar de Cortés en el cual se distribuyen un amplio número de islas e islotes de diferentes dimensiones y características ecológicas. En las costas de Sinaloa de acuerdo con Flores-Campaña et. al. (2003) y el Programa de Manejo Islas del Golfo de California (Anónimo, 1999) están contemplados 423 cuerpos insulares, entre islas, islotes, rocas, cayos, farallones y arrecifes cuya importancia es de una relevancia considerable tomando en cuenta que son refugio de numerosas especies de flora y fauna, además de que funcionan, dentro de los corredores de migración de las especies, como un vínculo que permite el descanso, la alimentación y la reproducción de aves, mamíferos, y peces, mientras que en la dinámica de dispersión de las plantas aportan el sustrato que permite que éstas aumente su rango de distribución. MARCO JURÍDICO Las islas de las lagunas costeras Navachiste y Macapule -decretadas como sitio Ramsar 108 en febrero del año 2008- se encuentran distribuidas en el Mar de Cortés, mismas que están incluidas bajo régimen jurídico de Área Natural Protegida (ANP) y cuyo decreto como tal se estableció en el Diario Oficial de la Federación del 2 de agosto de 1978. Así mismo, son parte de la “Reserva de la Biosfera Islas del Golfo de California” reconocida por la UNESCO en 1995; también han sido decretadas como “Zona de Reserva y Refugio de Aves Migratorias y de la Fauna Silvestre-Islas del Golfo de California” misma que, a partir del 7 de junio de 2000, según publicación en el Diario Oficial de la Federación, se le modificó su categoría a la de Área de Protección de Flora y Fauna (APFF) “Islas del Golfo de California” y la UNESCO, en el año 2005, las decretó como Patrimonio Mundial de la Humanidad. ANTECEDENTES A nivel regional son escasos los registros que se tienen acerca de estudios realizados en las islas de la entidad, así como en las del estado de Sonora con las cuales se les puede relacionar al menos por la cercanía. Entre estos estudios destacan los de Flores-Campaña et al. (1994) realizados en la Isla de Venados, Mazatlán, Sinaloa, así como los de Vega et al. (2001) en las Islas Lobo y Pájaros de la Bahía de Mazatlán, Sinaloa; los de Felger y Lowe (1976) sobre las islas de las costas del estado de Sonora, así como una serie de estudios realizados por Ramírez-García y Lot (1994) sobre los manglares y pastos marinos de la zona costera del Mar de Cortés. Son importantes también los estudios de Nabhan (2000) sobre la dispersión cultural de plantas y reptiles en algunas islas del mar de Cortés, así como los trabajos de Reyes- Olivas (2000) sobre la distribución de cactáceas y la composición florística de la Isla Mazocahui en Topolobampo, Sinaloa, y Flores-Campaña et al. (2003) en las Islas Tachichiltle y Altamura situadas en el municipio de Angostura, Sinaloa. Entre los antecedentes más relevantes sobre estudios relacionados con la vegetación en el área destacan el de Hernández Cornejo et al. (2005), donde se menciona que en el interior del complejo lagunar San Ignacio-Navachiste-Macapule predomina una vegetación de manglar tanto en la zona litoral, así como en los márgenes de las islas, particularmente en aquellas cuya constitución edáfica es de arcilla y arena, y menciona también que su cobertura para el año 2000 osciló en alrededor de 11, 330 Has con predominancia de Rhizophora mangle, Laguncularia racemosa y Avicennia germinans. Además, el estudio sobre la estructura de la vegetación y flora de dichas islas llevado a cabo por Díaz et al (2008) y el de Carrasquilla-Henao (2011) sobre cobertura del bosque de manglar y su correlación con la pesque ribereña en la Laguna Navachiste, Guasave, Sinaloa. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivos identificar y describir la flora y las comunidades vegetales en las islas de las lagunas Navachiste y Macapule del norte de Sinaloa. ÁREA DE ESTUDIO La laguna Navachiste se sitúa en el norte de Sinaloa entre los 25° 22´ y 25° 35´ de latitud Norte y los 108° 42´ y 108° 56´ de longitud oeste con una cobertura de 140 km2. De acuerdo con De la Lanza-Espino (1991) se ubica en la provincia III (Golfo Interior) que se localiza entre la Isla Tiburón y una línea imaginaria que une a Mazatlán y Cabo San Lucas. Se encuentra semicerrada por la isla de San Ignacio y se comunica al este con la isla San Ignacio, al noroeste con la Laguna San Ignacio y al este con el Golfo de California y la laguna de Macapule. Esta última se ubica entre los 25° 21´ y 25° 24´ de latitud Norte y los 108° 30´ 108° 45´ de longitud oeste con las mismas características generales que la anterior y con una área de 38 km2 (Magaña-Álvarez, 2004; Poot- Delgado, 2006). Los suelos más característicos de la zona, y en orden de importancia por su cobertura son el regosol eútrico, el arenosol y el solonchak. El clima, según la Clasificación de Köppen modificada por García (1973), es del tipo BW (h´) hw (e), que se caracteriza por ser muy seco o desértico, muy cálido, con régimen de lluvias de verano, con una temperatura media anual de 24.8° C y una precipitación media anual de 305.5 mm (Plan de Desarrollo Guasave, 2002). De acuerdo a las divisiones del desierto sonorense propuestas por Shreve (1951), el área de estudio se ubica dentro de la zona llamada foothills of Sonora que se caracteriza por la presencia de colinas escabrosas de baja altura. En cuanto a sus coordenadas geográficas y considerando la frontera sur del desierto sonorense propuestos por Turner et al. (2005) el área cae justo dentro de los límites de dicha provincia. Bajo el esquema de las divisiones florísticas de México propuesto por Rzedowski (1978), la zona de estudio se ubica dentro del Reino Neotropical, en la Región Xerofítica Mexicana y en la Provincia Planicie Costera del Noroeste. COORDENADAS Y ÁREA APROXIMADA DE LAS 18 ISLAS DEL SISTEMA LAGUNAR NAVACHISTE-MACAPULE. ISLA COORDENADAS ÁREA EN HAS SAN IGNACIO 108° 48' y 109° 03' O 3700 25° 22' y 25° 27' N MACAPULE 108° 32' y 108° 46’ O 2700 25° 19' y 25° 23’ N TESOBIARE 108° 51' y 108° 54' O 510 25° 29' y 25° 31' N NISCOCO 108° 49' y 108° 54’ O 531 25° 29' y 25° 31' N VINORAMAS 108° 44' y 108° 48' O 870 25° 21' y 25° 25' N GUASAYEYE 108° 50.2’ y 108° 52.6’ O 54 25° 28.8’ y 25° 29.3’ N LA HUITUSSERA 108° 47.4’ y 108° 47.9’ O 26 25° 30.1’ y 25° 30.5’ N LA VENTANA 108° 48.1’ y 108° 48.2’ O 4 25° 29.6’ y 25° 29.8’ N METATES 108° 52.22’ y 108° 52.6’ O 53 25° 29.1’ y 25° 29.5’ N PAJAROS 108° 41.9’ y 108° 42.4’ O 50 25° 22.5’ y 25° 22.9’ N SAN LUCAS 108° 47.8’ y 108° 48.4’ O 44 25° 28.2’ y 25° 28.6’ N LAS CHIVAS 108° 52.2’ y 108° 52.8’ O 65 25° 31.2’ y 25° 31.8’ N EL ALHUATE 108° 52.5’ y 108° 52.3’ O 53 25° 32’ y 25° 32.2’ N PAJAROS II 108° 43.2’ y 108° 43.48’ O 66 25° 22.5’ y 25° 23.02’ N LA MAPACHERA 108° 48.6’ y 108° 48.97’ O 23 25° 31.5’ y 25° 31.8’ N BLEDOS 108° 52.98’ y 108° 52.83’ O 1 25° 31.8’ y 25° 32.4’ N MOLCAJETE 108° 51.9’ y 108° 52’ O 2 25° 28.7’ y 25° 28.81’ N CERRITOS 108° 52’ y 108° 52.01’ O 1 BLANCOS 25° 28.4’ y 25° 28.5’ N OBJETIVOS GENERAL Determinar el estado actual de la flora de las islas del sistema lagunar Navachiste- Macapule del norte de Sinaloa. ESPECÍFICOS ♦ Identificar y describir la flora de las islas del sistema lagunar Navachiste- Macapule. ♦ Identificar y describir los tipos de vegetación presentes en las islas del sistema lagunar Navachiste-Macapule. ♦ Describir la Fenología de cada una de las especies de plantas presentes en la Isla. ♦ Determinar las especies de plantas invasoras y las amenazas que éstas representan para la biodiversidad de las islas. ♦ Proponer estrategias de erradicación o eliminación de aquellas especies invasoras que amenacen la biodiversidad de las islas. METODOLOGÍA Para llevar a cabo el estudio florístico, así como para identificar las comunidades vegetales se realizarán muestreos y toma de fotos a partir de julio de 2013 hasta noviembre del mismo año. En cada muestreo se realizará la identificación in situ y adicionalmente se tomarán fotografías que serán cotejadas con las colecciones de los herbarios más importantes de la localidad, así como también con literatura especializada para tal efecto como floras locales, regionales y nacionales, y se emplearon una serie de monografías de familias y géneros característicos de las zonas áridas y semiáridas del norte de Sinaloa y sur de Sonora. Para la descripción de las especies se incluirá nombre científico, autor, familia, así como una serie de características como la forma de vida, tamaño, fenología de la floración y fructificación por estación den año, origen, distribución y abundancia.
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