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The Pondaung Mammal Fauna: an Analysis of a Terrestrial Mammal Fauna in the Latest Middle Eocene of Central Myanmar (Southeast Asia)

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The Pondaung Mammal Fauna: an Analysis of a Terrestrial Mammal Fauna in the Latest Middle Eocene of Central Myanmar (Southeast Asia) The Pondaung mammal fauna: an analysis of a terrestrial mammal fauna in the latest middle Eocene of central Myanmar (Southeast Asia) by Takehisa Tsubamoto Doctoral dissertation in the Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Japan December 15th, 2000 Submitted December 15th, 2000; accepted January 17th, 2001. Unpublished Doctoral dissertation. Copyright ©2001 by Takehisa Tsubamoto. 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The Pondaung mammal fauna: an analysis of a terrestrial mammal fauna in the latest middle Eocene of central Myanmar (Southeast Asia) by Takehisa Tsubamoto Doctoral dissertation in the Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Japan December 15th, 2000 Abstract The mammal fauna from the Eocene Pondaung Formation in central Myanmar (the Pondaung mammal fauna) is reconstructed. The fission-track age of the Pondaung Formation calibrated from zircon grains is 37.2 ± 1.3 Ma, corresponding to the latest middle Eocene. The result is consistent with the geologic age, middle to late Eocene, suggested by previous studies. The Pondaung fauna consists of six orders of mammals, including 16 families and 21 genera: Primates (four genera), Creodonta (two genera), Rodentia (one genus), Artiodactyla (four genera), Perissodactyla (nine genera), and order indeterminated (Ungulata) (one genus). Among these 21 genera, there are only two carnivorous (hyaenodontid creodonts) and two small (phiomyid rodent and eosimiid primate) mammals. All primates are considered to be primitive anthropoids. Both artiodactyls and perissodactyls are abundant in the Pondaung fauna, and the former is less diversified in familial and generic levels but more dominant in collection size than the latter. In particular, anthracotheriid artiodactyls are the highest in specimen number, indicating its prosperity in the Pondaung fauna. The anthracotheres of the Pondaung fauna, which had been confusedly classified into many species among the three genera was reviewed, referring to one genus (Anthracotherium) and four species (A. pangan, A. rubricum, A. birmanicus, and A. tenuis). Compared with other Anthracotherium species discovered from localities of Asia and Europe, the Pondaung species are oldest in age and primitive in morphology, and show high degree of morphological variation, suggesting that the genus might have originated in Southeast Asia as early as the middle Eocene. The paleoenvironment of the Pondaung fauna is estimated as subtropical/tropical forest with relatively large livers, located near the sea shore based on the following evidences: (1) there are many herbivorous mammals with brachyodont molars (e.g. brontotheres) but few species with hypsodont teeth, suggesting the existence of soft­ leaves eaters rather than hard-grasses ones; (2) there are several primitive anthropoid primates, which are considered to be arboreal and frugivorous animals, indicating forest environment; (3) there are several species of anthracotheres and a metamynodontine amynodont which are considered to have lived in the riverside; (4) the lower part of the Pondaung Formation is dominated by marine deposits, and the formations below and above the Pondaung Formation are marine deposits; and (5) the result of the cenogram analysis suggested the similarity of the Pondaung fauna to Recent faunas in the tropical forested setting. The Paleogene terrestrial mammal biostratigraphy was analyzed quantitatively by using the appearance event ordination (AEO) method. The results of the AEO analysis support that the Pondaung fauna is comparable to the Sharamurunian East Asian Land Mammal Age (EALMA), as was suggested by the previous researchers. In the later Eocene, the faunas of the southern East Asia including the Pondaung fauna are characterized by the dominance of artiodactyls compared with perissodactyls, while, in contrast, in the northern East Asian faunas perissodactyls are still more dominant than artiodactyls both in the taxonomic and populational respects. Although the Pondaung fauna is relatively endemic, it is similar to some contemporaneous southern East Asian mammal faunas: particularly, it shares five genera and four species with the middle/late Eocene Naduo fauna, Yunnan Province, southern China, suggesting a close chronologica1/zoogeographical relationship between them. The Pondaung fauna also shares a few genera, such as Deperetella(Perissodactyla), with the contemporaneous faunas of northern East Asia, such as the Shara Murun fauna of Inner Mongolia, northern China.
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