IMPACT OF POLLUTION ON THE HEALTH OF RIVER GANGA IN UPPER HIMALAYAN FOOTHILLS

D. M. Tripathi*1 and Kamini Lakhera2

1Associate Professor, Post Graduate Department of Zoology, Pt. L.M.S. Govt. Autonomous Post Graduate College Rishikesh Sri Dev Suman Uttarakhand University Rishikesh Campus, Uttarakhand, India 2Junior Research Fellow, Department of Zoology, Sri Guru Ram Rai University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India * Correspondence: [email protected]

ABSTRACT This research article reviews, critically analyzes and finally identifies the pollution crisis looming large over the most magnificent, historical, revered, benevolent, faithful, lifeline for billions globally and highly valuable river Ganga- the cultural and rich heritage of our country, playing pivotal and indispensible roles in human life and civilization. Further, several reasons of pollution and related water quality deterioration in Ganga on biotic and abiotic components of the environment have been given based on literature review. Study reveals that pollution scenario in Ganga river reflects a dark picture and alarms to mitigate it urgently by devising meaningful and effective strategies.

Keywords : River Ganga, Historical perspectives, Water pollution, Upper Himalayan regions, Public health, Metal toxicity, Biotic and Abiotic communities.

INTRODUCTION drains about one fourth area of Indian subcontinent. Ganga Water is the most important resource needed for growth, river water is used routinely for drinking and outdoor bathing development and sustenance of life on earth. It is evident from by millions of people who take a holy dip at least once a year the fact that nearly 79% of earth is occupied only by water. throughout the course of the river, from Gangotri to Ganga Similarly, 79% water is found in our body. So is the importance Sagar, owing to its socio-religious significance (Rehana 1996). of water for us and the associated communities. Ganga- the most important river in India, is the illuminating source for human HISTORY, ORIGIN AND IMPORTANCE OF civilization and millions depend on this great river for physical GANGA and spiritual sustenance. People have immense faith in the Himalaya is the origin source and home of major Indian rivers healing and rejuvenation powers of Ganga. It is unarguably the including Ganga and Brahmaputra. Bhagirathi is the source most sacred river in India and is deeply revered by the people stream of Ganga. It emanates from the Gangotri glacier at of this country and beyond. Due to the ample availability of Gaumukh situated at 3,892m from mean sea level. This river water throughout the year, accounting for 25% of Indian water occupies an unique position in the cultural ethos of India. resources, Ganga has played a significant role in the growth of Legend says that the river has descended from heaven on earth Indian civilization and economy (Paul et al., 2013). Ganga is the as a result of the long and arduous prayers of king Bhagirath 30th longest river in the world, covering a basin area of 861,404 for the deliverance of soul to eternity of his sixty thousand km2 (Rahaman 2009). Ganga basin is among the most heavily ancestors burnt to ashes by the curse of Kapil Muni. From times populated areas in the world with an average density of 520 immemorial, Ganga has been India’s river of faith, devotion persons/km2 (Das et al., 2012). The basin houses and supports and worship. Millions of Hindus consider its water as the most the lives of more than 400 million people in India, Nepal, and sacred. (Gopal 2000) and has very rich heritage, cultural and religious values. The people carry treasured Ganga water all over India and abroad because it is “holy” water and known for its “curative” Considering the water discharge into the sea, this river occupies properties (Paul 2017) besides, destroying the sins committed the third largest river status across the globe. The river system in life and beyond and deliverance of soul form the pains of

80 ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology birth and death. However, the river is not only a legend but fertilizers and pesticides etc. Water borne diseases, mainly also a life support system for the people of India. Alaknanda, diarrhea, become more panic and severe when water bodies Dhauliganga, Pindar, Mandakini and Bhilangana find their get densely contaminated and polluted. It was stated in the ultimate home in Ganga and are considered as the sisters of year 2012, during the meeting of Ganga Basin Authority that Ganga. At Devprayag confluence, Alaknanda joins Bhagirathi every day 29,000 trillion litres of wastes, dirty and polluted and thus it becomes Ganga. It travels about 2525km on her water and effluents are drained in the river Ganga. Moreover, journey destination to the sea. Ganga basin is a part of the domestic household wastes and municipal sewage sludge wastes composite Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna basin draining containing nearly all types of pathogenic coliform bacteria are 1,086,000km² in China, Nepal, India and Bangladesh. Nearly considered as the biggest cause of about 85% pollution of river 79% area of Ganga basin is in India. It is the largest river basin Ganga. Ganga water at Rishikesh has shown the presence of all in the country, constituting 26% of the country’s land mass and types of pathogenic coliform bacteria, many times more than the supporting about half of Indian population. Ganga drains a recommended permissible limits. Rishikesh is situated on the basin of extraordinary variety in altitude, climate, land use, flora bank of holy river Ganga but around 20% of population does and fauna, social and cultural life. not have sewer lines and hence dirty domestic waste water is drained in Ganga amounting to around 85% of pollution Besides, Ganga commences its journey on the way to sea- the specially the bacterial pollution. In Rishikesh, from Tapovan ultimate destination, along with the main larger rivers like to Shyampur, around 18 drains directly discharge in to Ganga. Yamuna, Ramganga, Gomti, Ghaghara, Gandak, Kosi and Kali- Triveni Ghat- the heart of Rishikesh, witnesses the merger East and sub tributaries such as Chambal, Sindh, Betwa, Ken, of the biggest drain of the city (earlier known as Saraswati Tons (beyond Five States), Sone and Kasia-Haldi. The surface Stream), containing dirty household domestic and municipal water resources of Ganga (its long term mean annual flow sewage sludge wastes in the river Ganga. Due to all these ill volume upon entering the ocean) have been estimated as 525 impacts, there is an alarming increase in the number of patients billion cubic meters (BCM). Noteworthy is to mention that the of diarrheal diseases, mainly bacterial diarrhea, in and around average population density in Ganga basin is 520 persons per Rishikesh city. square km as compared to 312 for the entire country. Further, Ganga has immense values for Indian people in terms of densely Similarly, in Haridwar district, 42 million litres of wastewater/ populated basin (inhabited by 37% of Indian population). sewage is drained in Ganga every day and nearly 30 million Effective draining of about half of the states of north India, litres of wastewater/ sewage is drained in Ganga every day from irrigating 47 % of the total cultivable land in India, being the hilly districts of Garhwal Himalayan regions like Uttarkashi, major source of navigation and communication since ancient Tehri, Chamoli, Rudraprayag and Pauri. The seventeen towns in times etc., are furthering its importance. Chamoli district alone drain in Ganga every day approximately 11.00 million litres of wastewater/sewage. In report of 2011-12, POLLUTION SCENARIO OF GANGA IN INDIA: CAG declared the water of Yamuna, Ganga and Hindan as the CAUSES, SEVERITY AND CRISIS home of diseases in Uttar Pradesh. It is noteworthy to mention Recently, pollution increase is being noticed in the least that every day 860 million litres of sewage/ domestic waste is inhabited stretches like Upper Himalayan regions as a result being drained in river Ganga water in Himalayan region is given of rapid industrialization, urbanization, use of chemicals, in Table 1.

Table 1. Showing the details of domestic/household wastewater discharge in river Ganga from Garhwal Himalayan region Districts City/ Towns Sewer/ domestic waste discharge (million litres daily- MLD) Uttarkashi 41 13.76 Rudraprayag 2 0.36 Tehri 5 5.44 Dehradun/ Rishikesh 4 11.97 Pauri 1 2.66 Haridwar 6 39.54 (Source; Dainik Jagran, Page 01, 3 December, 2016).

ENVIS Bulletin Himalayan Ecology, Vol 27, 2019 81 Industrial effluents and sewage/domestic wastes entering the 1400 patients with diarrheal complaints reported during July- water bodies are among the main sources of environmental September, 2012 and above 98% of them were found suffering toxicity damaging the aquatic biota and deteriorating the water from bacterial diarrhea. Further, the observations made at quality (Tripathi 1993; Sinha et al., 2012; Sinha et al., 2016). For Nirmal Ashram Hospital of Rishikesh demonstrated that nearly example, data collected from Government District Hospital 960 patients with diarrheal complaints reporting to Hospital and Nirmal Ashram Hospital from Rishikesh (both from during April - August, 2012, were found suffering from bacterial OPD & IPD) clearly proved the panic and severity of diarrheal diarrhea. diseases. In Government District Hospital of Rishikesh, nearly

DOCUMENTATION OF GROUND REALITY OF RIVER GANGA WATER POLLUTION AT RISHIKESH

A B C Fig.1. (A & B) showing direct drainage of domestic/city wastes in river Ganga at Swargashram, Rishikesh & Picture (C) showing direct drainage of domestic wastes/ city wastes in river Ganga at Chandreshwar Nagar, Rishikesh.

D E F Fig.1. (D, E and F) showing direct drainage of city wastes/domestic wastes in river Ganga at Chandreshwar Nagar, Rishikesh. Note how badly the city domestic wastes are contaminating and intoxicating the larger area of river Ganga water at Chandreshwar Nagar, Rishikesh.

82 ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology The river water pollution due to heavy metals, in terms of and supervision in conducting this research study including toxicity, is one of the serious threats posed in the most of the preparation and writing of the research manuscript. The metropolitan cities of India and other developing countries. researchers, data providers and people involved in this research These heavy metals are of serious concerns due to not readily work deserve due appreciation. degradable nature and accumulation in the animal as well as human bodies through the food chain (Parveena et al., 2010). REFERENCES Major pollutants found in water include volatile, biodegradable Bitton G (1994). Wastewater Microbiology, John Wiley & Sons, and recalcitrant organic compounds, toxic metals, plant Inc., USA, 63-65. nutrients, suspended solids, microbial pathogens and parasites (Bitton 1994; Sinha et al., 2016). Dainik Jagran, Dehradun Edition, 1: 3 December, 2016.

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ENVIS Bulletin Himalayan Ecology, Vol 27, 2019 83 Rehana Z, Malik A, Ahmad M (1996). Genotoxicity of the Sinha SN, Paul D, Biswas K (2016). Effects of Moringa oleifera Ganges water at Narora (UP), India, Mutat. Res./Genet. Lam. and Azadirachta indica A. Juss. leaf extract in treatment Toxicol. 367: 187-193. of tannery effluent. Our Nat., 14: 47-53.

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