Nos. 17-1717 & 18-18 IN THE Supreme Court of the United States ———— THE AMERICAN LEGION, ET AL., Petitioners, v. AMERICAN HUMANIST ASSOCIATION, ET AL., Respondents. ———— MARYLAND-NATIONAL CAPITAL AND PLANNING COMMISSION, Petitioner, v. AMERICAN HUMANIST ASSOCIATION, ET AL., Respondents. ———— On Petitions for Writs of Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit ———— BRIEF OF AMICI CURIAE RETIRED GENERALS AND FLAG OFFICERS SUPPORTING PETITIONERS ———— EDWIN MEESE III AARON M. STREETT 75TH U.S. ATTORNEY GENERAL Counsel of Record 214 Massachusetts Ave., N.E. JONATHAN P. HAVENS Washington, D.C. 20002 CORNELIUS M. SWEERS (202) 546-4400 BAKER BOTTS L.L.P. 910 Louisiana St. Houston, TX 77002 (713) 229-1855
[email protected] Counsel for Amici Curiae Retired Generals and Flag Officers WILSON-EPES PRINTING CO., INC. – (202) 789-0096 – WASHINGTON, D.C. 20002 i QUESTION PRESENTED Whether a 93-year-old memorial to the fallen of World War I is unconstitutional merely because it is shaped like a cross. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Question Presented .................................................... i Interest of Amici Curiae ........................................... 1 Summary of Argument .............................................. 7 Argument .................................................................... 8 I. Monuments In The Form Of A Cross Have Long Been Used To Honor American Soldiers Who Fought And Died During World War I And Subse- quent Wars ................................................... 8 A. Cross symbols have long been used as battlefield markers and memo- rials ........................................................ 9 B. This battlefield history is reflected in numerous memorials to fallen soldiers, including the memorial cross at Bladensburg ........................... 11 II. Congress Has Recognized The Use Of Crosses To Honor The Fallen .................... 13 III.