Author Index

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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-08369-1 - Maxwell’s Enduring Legacy: A Scientific History of the Cavendish Laboratory Malcolm Longair Index More information

Author index

Abrikosov, Alexei Alexeyevich (b. 1928), 313, 362 Avogadro, Amadeo (1776–1856), 4, 31 Adair, Gilbert Smithson (1896–1979), 288 Axford, Ian (1933–2010), 417 Adams, John Couch (1819–1892), 38, 80 Adams, William G. (1836–1915), 52 Baade, Walter (1893–1960), 300 Adkins, John (b. 1934), 326, 367–369, 394, 410, 440, Babbage, Charles (1791–1871), 4, 37, 277 446, 467, 486, 493, 529 Bacher, Robert Fox (1905–2004), 212 Ahmed, Haroon (b. 1936), 277, 460, 462, 471, 473, Bacon, Francis (1561–1626), 24, 35 474, 529 Baeyer, Otto von (1877–1946), 218 Airy, George (1801–1892), 21, 38 Baldwin, John Evan (1931–2010), 326, 375, 419, 433, Aitken, John (1839–1919), 122 510, 511, 517, 529, 581, 583, 586, 588 Albert, Prince Consort (1819–1861), 39–42 Baldwin, Stanley (1867–1947), 191, 235 Alexander, Paul, 417, 418, 517 Balfour, Alfred James (1848–1930), 80 Alexandrov, Alexander (Sasha) (1946–2012), 485, Balfour, Eleanor (Nora) (1845–1936), 80 486 Balfour, Evelyn (1846–1934), 80 Alfvèn, Hannes (1908–1995), 301 Ball, Robin C., 410, 453, 462, 477, 503, 504, 529 Allen, John Frank (Jack) (1908–2001), 240, 241, Balmer, Johann Jakob (1825–1898), 140 308 Banks, Joseph (1743–1820), 11, 12 Allibone, Thomas Edward (1903–2003), 214, 215 Bardeen, John (1908–1991), 365–367, 369, 450, Allison, William (Bill), 410, 462, 498, 499 584 Altland, Alexander, 505 Barkla, Charles (1877–1944), 124, 139, 143–145, Ampère, André-Marie (1775–1836), 4, 12, 16 159, 162, 163 Anderson, Carl (1905–1991), 204 Barnes, Arthur (1904–1957), 199 Anderson, Philip (Phil) Warren (b. 1923), 326, 368, Barnes, Crispin, 502 369, 390, 391, 393, 394, 410, 446, 450–452, 486 Barnett, Miles Aylmer Fulton (1901–1979), 230, 231 Andrade, Edward (1887–1971), 136, 179, 318 Barrett, William (1844–1925), 52 Andrew, E. R., 582 Bartlett, A. T., 107 Andrews, Thomas (1813–1885), 51 Batchelor, George Keith (1920–2000), 249, 314, 325, Ansorge, Richard, 427, 530, 586 580 Appleton, Edward V.(1892–1965), 98, 185, 186, 225, Batley, Richard, 462, 507 228–232, 260, 261, 267, 295, 339, 384 Battcock, Humphrey, 531, 558, 588 Archard, Geoffrey, 376 Baumbach, Otto (1882–1966), 181 Argon, A.S., 314 Baumberg, Jeremy, 521, 529, 533, 545 Armytage, John, 391 Beauchamp, Kenneth George (b. 1923), 43 Arnone, Donald, 471, 549 Beck, Emil, 228 Ashcroft, Neil (b. 1938), 390 Becker, Herbert, 210 Ashmead, John, 269, 275, 276, 308, 310, 326, 446 Becquerel, Henri (1852–1908), 125, 145, 173 Astbury, William Thomas (1898–1961), 290 Bedford, Thomas George (b. 1875), 167 Aston, Francis William (1877–1945), 139, 147–151, Bednorz, Georg (b. 1950), 482, 483, 587 189, 197, 212, 213, 244, 576, 580 Bell (-Burnell), Susan Jocelyn (b. 1943), 350 Atatüre, Mete, 531 Bell, Anthony (Tony) R., 417 Atkins, K. R., 363 Berger, Steven, 495 Atkinson, G. B., 105 Bernal, John Desmond (1901–1971), 228, 256–259, Attﬁeld, J. Paul, 484 286, 288, 537, 581 Austin, Herbert (1866–1941), 191, 280 Bernhoeft, Nicholas (Nick), 449 Avery, Oswald Theodore (1877–1955), 290 Berthollet, Claude (1748–1822), 24

640

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-08369-1 - Maxwell’s Enduring Legacy: A Scientific History of the Cavendish Laboratory Malcolm Longair Index More information

Author index 641

Berzelius, Johan (1779–1848), 24 Broun, David, 495 Bessel, Friedrich (1784–1846), 7 Brown, A., 366 Best, Phillip N., 518 Brown, Fay Cluff (1881–1968), 145 Bethe, Hans Albrecht (1906–2005), 228, 323, 390 Brown, Jane, 381, 411 Biot, Jean-Baptiste (1774–1862), 4, 12 Brown, Lawrence Michael (Mick) (b. 1936), 304, 326, Birtwistle, George (1877–1929), 189 376, 410, 413, 443, 486, 495, 496, 529 Bishop, Alan, 391 Brown, Sam, 493 Black, Joseph (1728–1799), 24 Bruley, J., 495 Blackett, Patrick (1897–1974), 156, 159, 185, 188, Brunel, Isambard Kingdom (1806–1859), 22 191, 200, 201, 203–206, 225, 226, 228, 233, 258, Buckingham, Edgar (1867–1940), 265 262, 263, 581 Budden, Kenneth George (1915–2005), 276, 296, Blain, Andrew, 516, 588 297, 315, 326 Bland, Anthony (Tony) (1958–2007), 462, 498, 501, Bullett, David, 391 502, 529, 530 Bulter, Montagu (1833–1918), 167 Bleloch, Andrew, 462, 496, 497 Bunsen, Robert (1811–1899), 9 Blow, David Mervyn (1931–2004), 380 Burch, Cecil Reginald (1901–1983), 215 Blunt, Jane, 523 Burcham, William (Bill) Ernest (1913–2008), 283, Blythe, John, 339 284 Bohndiek, Sarah, 531, 540 Burgers, Johannes (Jan) Martinus (1895–1981), 248 Bohr, Niels (1885–1962), 139, 140, 154, 155, 164, Burgess, Matt, 523 173, 179, 194, 195, 212, 221, 226, 228, 262, 321, Burnham, Curtis, 210 577 Burroughes, Jeremy, 479 Bolton, John (1922–1993), 298 Buscher, David, 511, 529 Boltwood, Bertram (1870–1927), 178, 181 Bush, Vannevar (1890–1974), 316 Boltzmann, Ludwig (1844–1906), 34, 63, 67, 172 Butcher, Robert (Bob), 432, 434, 435 Bondi, Hermann (1919–2005), 337 Booker, Henry G. (1910–1988), 296 Calder, Peter Ritchie (1906–1982), 234 Boorse, Henry (1904–2003), 366 Campbell, Archibald (Archie), 363, 483, 484 Born, Max (1882–1970), 171, 226, 366, 577 Campbell, Lewis (1830–1908), 64 Bothe, Walther (1891–1957), 203, 204, 210 Campbell, Norman R. (1880–1949), 167 Bowden, Frank Phillip (1903–1968), 208, 273, 325, Cannizzaro, Stanislao (1826–1910), 31 326, 381–384, 387, 389, 498, 499 Carnot, Nicolas Léonard Sadi (1796–1832), 4, 25, Bowley, Roger, 391 27–30 Boyle, Robert (1627–1691), 24 Carpenter, Henry Cort Harold (1875–1940), 246 Brabazon, John Theodore Cuthbert Carroll, John Anthony (1899–1974), 189 Moore-(Brabazon) (1884–1964), 318 Carter, Janet, 426, 427, 462, 506–508, 530 Bradley, Albert James (1899–1972), 254, 255, 258, Casimir, Hendrik (1909–2000), 239, 242, 366 284 Castaing, Raimond (1921–1998), 371 Bradley, Donal (b. 1962), 478, 479 Cates, Michael (b. 1961), 454, 462, 463, 477, 503, Brady, Robert, 448 504, 529 Bragg, William Henry (1862–1942), 160–163, 166, Cathcart, Brian ((b. 1956)), 580 173, 256, 318, 321 Cavendish, Henry (1731–1810), 13, 24, 34, 42 Bragg, William Lawrence (1890–1971), 139, 155, Cavendish, William, 7th Duke of Devonshire 158, 160–162, 166, 228, 232, 249, 253–256, (1808–1891), 42–44, 53, 57, 79, 80, 87, 110 258–261, 271–277, 280, 282–286, 288, 290, 291, Cay, John (1790–1865), 51 293–295, 302, 303, 307, 314–318, 321–323, 327, Cay, Robert (1807–1888), 60 329, 358, 372, 395, 399, 412, 524, 537, 581 Cayley, Arthur (1821–1895), 38, 80 Brahe, Tycho (1546–1601), 5, 571 Chadwick, James (1891–1974), 179, 184, 185, 187, Breit, Gregory (1899–1981), 213 191, 192, 197–199, 203, 206–213, 218, 219, 222, Brenner, Sydney (b. 1927), 380 223, 225, 233, 262–264, 281, 321, 322, 577, 580 Bretscher, Egon (1901–1973), 263 Challis, James (1803–1882), 38 Briggs, Basil Hugh (1923–1994), 296 Chambers, Robert (Bob) G., 311, 312 Brillouin, Léon (1889–1969), 138 Champion, Frank Clive, 203, 225 Broad, Anthony, 380 Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan (1910–1995), 572 Broers, Alec Nigel (b. 1938), 522, 523 Charles, Jacques (1746–1823), 4

642 Author index

Charpak, George (1924–2010), 424 Curran, Samuel Crowe (1912–1998), 262 Chaudhri, Munawar, 388 Curry, Christopher (Chris) (b. 1946), 586 Chen, Y. T., 432, 433 Cheng, Kai Chia, 366 d’Alembert, Jean (1717–1783), 35, 36 Chrystal, George (1851–1911), 12, 66, 69, 73, 74, 89, Désirant, M., 582 90 Dalton, John (1766–1844), 4, 24, 31, 32, 39 Churchill, Winston (1874–1965), 262, 263 Darwin, Charles (1809–1882), 93 Cicuta, Pietro, 529, 531, 541 Darwin, Charles Galton (1887–1962), 179, 194, Clapeyron, Emil (1799–1864), 29, 30 195 Clark, John Willis (1833–1910), 44 Darwin, George (1845–1912), 80, 93 Clark, Josiah Latimer (1822–1898), 91 Darwin, Horace (1851–1928), 93 Clarke, John (b. 1942), 368–370, 447, 448 Das Gupta, Mrinal Kumar (1923–2005), 301, 302 Clarke, Margaret, 349 Davies, Julian, 355 Clausius, Rudolf (1822–1888), 4, 25, 29–32, 53 Davis, Bergen (1869–1958), 199 Clifton, Robert B. (1836–1921), 52, 57 Davis, Edward Arthur (b. 1936), 97, 98, 118, 137, Clough, Anne (1820–1892), 80 149, 393, 437, 576 Cochran, William (Bill) (1922–2003), 275, 276, 285, Davy, Humphry (1778–1829), 13, 24 291, 292, 294, 392, 582 Deakin, John, 332, 524 Cockcroft, John Douglas (1897–1967), 191, 192, Debierne, André-Louis (1874–1949), 173 214–218, 221, 223, 225, 226, 228, 233, 235, 236, de Boer, J. H. (1899–1971), 393 238, 240, 260, 262–264, 268, 280, 281, 283, 284, de Broglie, Louis-Victor-Pierre-Raymond 354, 578, 580, 581 (1892–1987), 172, 302, 303, 376 Cohen, Clyde (1919–1974), 222 de Bruyne, Norman (1904–1997), 269, 270, 581 Cohen, Morrel (b. 1927), 358, 368 Debye, Pieter (1884–1966), 99, 228, 238 Cole, Daniel, 548 Dee, Philip (1904–1983), 218, 228, 256, 262, Coleman, Piers, 490 282 Collins, Samuel C. (1898–1984), 237 Deer, William Alexander (Alex) (1910–2009), 332 Compton, Arthur Holly (1892–1962), 159, 172, 185, De Forest, Lee (1873–1961), 146 186 de Gennes, Pierre-Gilles (1932–2007), 367, 453 Condon, Edward (1902–1974), 212, 214 de Haas, Wander Johannes (1878–1960), 228, 242, Cook, Alan Hugh (1922–2004), 401, 406, 431–435, 309 455, 459, 462, 586 de la Rue, Warren (1815–1889), 119 Cooke-Yarborough, Edmund (Ted) (1918–2013), 267, Dellby, Niklas, 497 268 Deltrap, Hans, 376, 496 Cooper, John R., 463, 485, 486, 493, 530 Democratus (460 bc–370 bc), 24 Cooper, Leon (b. 1930), 365, 366, 450, 584 Devons, Samuel (1914–2006), 283, 354 Coote, Hilary, 524 Dewar, James (1842–1923), 80, 236, 573 Cormack, Allan (1924–1998), 584 Dew-Hughes, David (1932–2006), 362 Cosslett, Vernon Ellis (1908–1990), 273, 275, 276, Dew-Smith, Albert (1848–1903), 93 303, 305, 307, 326, 371, 372, 376, 378, 389, 405, De Young, David (1940–2011), 417 410, 411, 442 Dibden, Kenneth, 274, 275, 332, 524 Cotton, Aimé (1869–1951), 221 Dicke, Robert (1916–1997), 352 Coulier, Paul-Jean (1824–1890), 122 Dirac, Paul A. M. (1902–1984), 146, 171, 189, Coulomb, Charles-Augustin de (1736–1806), 4, 10, 203–205, 226–228, 233, 321, 325, 579 19, 571 Dobson, Christopher Martin (b. 1949), 528 Courtney-Pratt, Jeofry Stuart (1920–1995), 383, 387 Doi, Masao (b. 1948), 452, 453 Cowburn, Russell, 502, 530 Dolby, Ray Milton (1933–2013), 304 Crewe, Albert Victor (1927–2009), 304, 443, 444 Donald, Athene Margaret (b. 1953), 410, 460, 462, Crick, Francis Harry Compton (1916–2004), 474–477, 528, 540, 587 288–295, 318, 323, 324, 380, 389, 537, 582 Donohue, Jerry (1920–1985), 294 Crookes, William (1832–1919), 118, 119 Dorda, Gerhard (b. 1932), 440, 441 Cross, Michael, 391 Dorn, Friedrich Ernst (1848–1916), 174 Crowther, James A. (1883–1950), 167 Duffett-Smith, Peter (b. 1950), 512 Crowther, James Gerald (1899–1983), 57, 157, 166, Duke, Thomas (1964–2012), 529, 531, 541 284, 324, 573, 576, 578, 583 Duncumb, Peter, 304, 371, 484, 485 Curie, Pierre (1859–1906), 125, 173, 198 Dutton, Sian, 532

Author index 643

Eddington, Arthur S. (1882–1944), 150, 154, 188, Fowler, Ralph Howard (1889–1944), 189, 203, 227, 203, 227, 228 228, 244, 315, 321, 322, 580 Eden, Richard (b. 1922), 325, 326, 356, 357, 395, Frölich, Herbert (1905–1991), 366 406, 420, 426, 430, 431 Franck, James (1882–1964), 99, 228 Edwards, Samuel (Sam) Frederick (1928–2015), 410, Franklin, Rosalind Elsie (1920–1958), 291, 293–295 411, 431, 450–455, 459–461, 463, 474, 475, 477, Fraunhofer, Joseph (1787–1826), 6–8 480, 489, 495, 498, 503, 504, 514, 516, 521, Frederick II of Denmark (1534–1588), 5 525–529, 587 French, Anthony Philip (b. 1920), 262, 275, 276, 354 Einstein, Albert (1879–1955), 34, 53, 54, 99, 138, Friedrich, Walter (1883–1968), 160 139, 151, 152, 155, 171, 173, 217, 223, 238 Friend, Richard Henry (b. 1953), 410, 436, 460, 463, Eiser, Erica, 531 477–482, 521, 522, 525, 529, 532, 534, 587 Elam, Constance Fligg (1894–1995), 246, 247 Frisch, Otto (1904–1979), 223, 262, 273, 275, 276, Eliot, Thomas Stearnes (1888–1965), 585 280, 283, 284, 326, 354, 355, 401, 426, 427, 432, Ellis, Charles Drummond (1895–1980), 185, 187, 584 188, 219–222, 225, 577, 580 Froude, William (1810–1879), 51 Ellis, John, 499, 529 Fujii, Yasunori, 432, 433 Elsmore, Bruce (b. 1926), 583 Erskine, Ralph (1914–2005), 399 Galvani, Luigi (1737–1798), 10 Esaki, Leo (b. 1925), 369 Gamow, George (1904–1968), 214, 215, 226, 237, Eve, Arthur (1862–1948), 186 352 Everett, Ebeneezer (1865–1933), 107, 108, 111, 127, Garcia-Molnar, Federico, 390 129 Garfunkel, Myron (Mike) (1923–2009), 366 Everett, Joseph D. (1831–1904), 52, 69 Garnett, William (1850–1932), 64, 65, 69, 72–74, 82, Evetts, Jan (1939–2005), 363, 483, 484 84 Ewald, Paul Peter (1888–1985), 161, 162, 258 Gassiot, John Peter (1831–1870), 51 Gaunt, John Arthur (1904–1944), 227 Faber, Geoffrey (1889–1961), 585 Gauss, Carl Friedrich (1777–1855), 55, 63 Faber, Thomas Erle (1927–2004), 326, 392, 407, 410, Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis (1778–1850), 4 411, 463, 582, 585 Geiger, Hans (1882–1945), 152, 179–181, 183, 184, Fabry, Charles (1867–1945), 100 194, 203, 214, 215, 228, 579 Falconer, Isobel (b. 1955), 73, 75, 84, 97, 98, 103, Geikie, Archibald (1835–1924), 572 105, 117, 118, 137, 144, 147, 149, 574–576, 579 Geissler, Johann Heinrich Wilhelm (1815–1879), 99, Falicov, Leo (1933–1995), 368, 390, 450 118 Fanaroff, Bernard (b. 1947), 416 Gerchberg, R. W., 375 Fankuchen, Isadore (1905–1984), 259, 288 Giaever, Ivar (b. 1929), 367–369 Faraday, Michael (1791–1867), 4, 12–16, 39, 51, 56, Gibbs, Josiah Willard (1839–1903), 34 67, 114, 117, 120, 121 Gibson, Valerie (Val)), 463, 507, 529 Fawcett, William M. (1832–1908), 57, 58, 108, Gill, Eric (1882–1940), 235, 236 109 Gillies, George, 586 Feather, Norman (1904–1978), 210–212, 228, 256, Ginzburg, Vitali Lazarevich (1916–2009), 301, 313, 262, 263, 282 362, 366 Fechner, Gustav Theodor (1801–1887), 12 Glaser, Donald (1926–2013), 354 Fermi, Enrico (1901–1954), 222, 223 Glasson, Joseph Leslie (1889–1923), 209 Feynman, Richard Phillips (1918–1988), 363, 364 Glazebrook, Richard (1854–1935), 67, 69–71, 73, 75, Field, John, 326, 387, 388, 410, 498, 529 80, 82–84, 87, 89, 90, 92, 94, 97, 102, 105, 106, Findlay, John Wilson (1915–1994), 295, 296 575 Fink, Thomas (b. 1972), 504 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von (1749–1832), 53 FitzGerald, George F. (1851–1901), 115 Goetz, Alexander (1897–1970), 228 Fizeau, Hippolyte (1819–1896), 17, 100, 190 Gold, Andrew V., 448 Fleming, John Ambrose (1849–1945), 69–73, 75, 90 Gold, Ernest (1881–1976), 243 Foale, Michael (b. 1957), 433, 434 Gold, Thomas (1920–2004), 276, 337, 351 Forbes, James David (1809–1868), 51, 52 Goldhaber, Maurice (1911–2011), 212 Foster, George C. (1835–1919), 52 Goldstein, Eugen (1850–1930), 147 Foucault, Léon (1819-1868), 7, 17, 57, 100 Goldstone, Jeffrey (b. 1933), 357 Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph (1768–1830), 4, 20, 24, Gor’kov, Lev (b. 1929), 367 36 Gordon, George, 82, 107

644 Author index

Gordon, James Edward Henry (1852–1893), 66–68, Henderson, L. J., 26 73, 74 Henry, John, 127 Gorter, Cornelius Jacobus (1907–1980), 239, 242, 366 Henry, Joseph (1797–1878), 13 Gosling, B. S., 269 Henyey, Louis (1910–1970), 297 Gosling, Raymond (1926–2015), 291, 294 Hereward, Hugh (1920–2013), 283 Gossard, Arthur C. (b. 1935), 441 Herlofson, Nicolai (1916–2004), 301 Graham-Smith, Francis (b. 1923), 268, 298, 300, 583 Herschel, John (1792–1871), 37, 41 Gray, Joseph (1884–1966), 186 Hertz, Gustav (1887–1975), 99 Gray, Louis Harold (1905–1965), 228 Hertz, Heinrich (1857–1894), 17, 49, 54, 99, 116, Green, George (1793–1841), 38 120, 121, 127, 229, 230 Green, Michael Boris (b. 1946), 357, 504 Hess, Victor (1883–1964), 137, 202, 203 Greenham, Neil, 480, 529 Hevesy, Georg von (1885–1966), 179, 228, 576 Greinacher, Heinrich (1880–1974), 206 Hewish, Antony (b. 1924), 267, 300, 301, 326, 336, Guck, Jochen, 531 348–351, 462, 510, 583 Gull, Stephen, 417, 419 Hey, James (1909–2000), 297, 298 Gunn, James Edward (b. 1938), 415, 417, 517 Hicks, William Mitchinson (1850–1934), 68, 73 Gurney, Ronald Wilfred (1898–1953), 214, 322 Hilbert, David (1862–1943), 36, 226 Guthrie, Frederick (1833–1886), 52 Hills, Richard (b. 1945), 420, 462, 514–516, 521, 530 Hirsch, Peter Bernhard (b. 1925), 247, 372, 375, 389 Haas, Arthur Erich (1884–1941), 153, 154 Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679), 24 Hadzibabic, Zoran, 531 Hodge, William Vallance Douglas (1903–1975), 325 Hahn, Otto (1879–1968), 218, 223, 262 Hodgkin (Crowfoot), Dorothy Mary (1910–1994), Haldane, Duncan, 391 258, 380 Hall, Henry Edgar, 358, 363–365 Holden, Charles (1875–1960), 191 Halske, Johann (1814–1890), 23 Honeycombe, Robert William Kerr (1921–2007), 383 Hamilton, William Rowan (1805–1865), 4 Hooke, Robert (1635–1703), 24 Haniff, Christopher A. (Chris), 511, 529 Horne, Robert (Bob) W. (1923–1910), 303, 305, 372 Hansen, Hans Marius (1886–1956), 155 Hounsﬁeld, Godfrey (1919–2004), 584 Hanson, Emmeline Jean (1919–1973), 380 Houtermans, Fritz (1903–1966), 228 Harding, David (b. 1961), 531, 532 Howell, Timothy, 352, 353 Harman, Peter (1943–2014), 63, 573 Howie, Archibald (Archie) (b. 1934), 279, 304, 326, Harris, S., 433 372, 375, 392, 410, 443, 444, 495, 521, 529 Harrison, John (1693–1776), 6 Hoyle, Fred (1915–2001), 278, 325, 337, 581, 583 Harrison, Walter Ashley (b. 1930), 394 Huggins, Maurice Loyal (1897–1981), 290 Hart, Samuel Lavington (b. 1858), 105 Hughes, Howard, 478 Hartree, Douglas Rayner (1897–1958), 188, 189, 203, Hughes, Jeffrey, 187, 199, 577–579 231, 232, 273, 276–278, 296, 315, 316, 392, 395 Huppert, Julian, 530, 531, 548 Hasenöhrl, Friedrich (1874–1915), 138, 166 Hutchinson, Arthur (1866–1937), 254, 256, 258 Hauser, Hermann (b. 1948), 436, 586 Hutchinson, George William, 354 Hawkes, Peter, 376 Huxley, Hugh Esmor (1924–2013), 288, 380 Hawking, Stephen (b. 1942), 504 Huygens, Christiaan (1629–1695), 4, 6 Hay, Robert, 524 Hayden, Stephen, 449 Inglesﬁeld, John, 391 Haydock, Roger, 410, 454, 462 Ingram, Vernon Martin (1924–2006), 288, 380 Hayles, W. H., 107, 108 Inkson, John, 391 Hazard, Cyril (b. 1928), 341 Israelachvili, Jacob (b. 1944), 385, 386 Hazelgrove, Colin Brian (1926–1964), 278 Ivison, Rob, 516 Heaviside, Oliver (1850–1925), 16, 230 Heilbron, John L. (b. 1934), 114, 115, 140, 576 Jérome, Denis, 477 Heine, Volker (b. 1930), 278, 326, 389–391, 395, 410, Jaklevic, Robert, 369 450, 452–454, 521, 585, 586 James, I. T., 274 Heinrich, Bretislav, 501, 502 James, William (1842–1910), 99 Heisenberg, Werner (1901–1976), 171, 187, 189, 212, Jammer, Max (1915–2010), 172 226–228, 366 Jansky, Karl (1905–1950), 297 Helmholtz, Hermann von (1821–1894), 4, 17, 25, 49, Jeans, James (1877–1946), 138 66, 72, 82, 93, 99, 116 Jeffreys, Harold (1891–1989), 203, 245

Author index 645

Jenkin, Fleeming (1833–1885), 62 Kowarski, Lew (1907–1979), 262 Jenkins, Christopher, 415 Kramer, Edward (Ed) (1940–2014), 474 Jennison, Roger (1922–2006), 301, 302 Kramers, Hendrik (Hans) (1894–1952), 221, 226 Joffe, Abram Fedorovich (1880–1960), 233 Krishnan, Kariamanikkam (1898–1961), 242 Joliot, Frédéric (1900–1958), 210, 223, 262 Krivanek, Ondrej (b. 1950), 304, 376, 495–497 Joliot-Curie, Irène (1897–1956), 210 Kubo, Ryogo (1920–1995), 451 Jones, H., 241 Kuper, C. G., 582 Jones, Harry (1905–1986), 322 Jones, Reginald Victor (1911–1997), 208, 267 Laby, Thomas (1880–1946), 186 Jones, Richard, 477 Lagrange, Joseph-Louis (1736–1813), 4, 10, 36, 37 Jordan, Pascual (1902–1980), 171, 226 Laing, Robert A., 583 Josephson, Brian (b. 1940), 326, 358, 368, 369, 410, Lamb, Horace (1849–1934), 38 447 Lambee, John, 369 Joule, James Prescott (1818–1889), 4, 24, 25, 29, 39, Landé, Alfred (1888–1876), 172 51 Landau, Lev Davidovich (1908–1968), 239, 242, 309, Julian, Stephen, 463, 485, 489, 490, 493, 529 312, 313, 362, 363, 366, 441 Jülicher, Frank, 541 Landshoff, Peter, 357 Langevin, Paul (1872–1946), 127, 138, 577 König, Arthur (1856–1901), 99 Langley, Samuel Pierpoint (1834–1906), 100 Kamerlingh Onnes, Heike (1853–1926), 138, 236, Langmuir, Irving (1881–1957), 228 238, 240 Laplace, Pierre-Simon (1749–1827), 10, 24, 36, 38, Kapitsa, Pyotr (1894–1984), 186, 187, 189, 191–193, 91 203, 225, 227, 228, 233–238, 240–242, 308, 309, Larmor, Joseph (1857–1942), 38, 97, 141, 142, 188, 361, 578, 580 227 Kaufmann, Walter (1871–1947), 131, 136 Lasenby, Anthony N., 462, 512, 514 Keenen, Philip (1908–2000), 297 Laughlin, Robert B. (b. 1950), 442 Keesom, Anna Petronella (b. 1909), 239, 240 Lauristen, Charles (1892–1968), 213 Keesom, Willem Hendrik (1876–1956), 239, 240 Laurmann, Emil Yanovich (1890–1954), 234 Keilin, David (1887–1963), 286 Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent de (1743–1794), 4, 24, Kelly, Anthony (1929–2014), 584 31 Kelvin, Lord, see Thomson, William Law, Sarah, 449 Kemmer, Nicholas (1911–1998), 262, 581 Lawrence, Ernest Orlando (1901–1958), 213, 225, Kempton, Albert (1911–2000), 275, 276, 283, 326 280, 281, 581 Kenderdine, Sydney (1935–2002), 326, 463, 529, LeComber, Peter (1941–1992), 438, 439 583 Ledlow, Michael (1964–2004), 416 Kendrew, John Cowdery (1917–1997), 273, 278, 286, Leggett, Anthony J. (b. 1938), 242, 363, 584 288–290, 323, 324, 378–380 Lemâitre, George (1894–1966), 228 Kennard, Olga (b. 1924), 411 Lenard, Philipp (1862–1947), 120, 127, 129 Kennedy, Joseph William (1916–1957), 263 Lennard-Jones, John Edward (1894–1954), 277, Kennelly, Arthur (1861–1939), 230 278 Kepler, Johannes (1571–1630), 5 Lenz, Emil (1804–1865), 15 Keyser, Ulrich, 531 Leslie, John (1766–1832), 24 Khmelnitskii, David, 451, 503 Lewis, Gilbert (1875–1946), 218 Kiepenheuer, Karl-Otto (1910–1975), 301 Liang, Yao, 410, 436, 463, 484, 485, 529, 530 Kinloch, Anthony J., 581 Liebniz, Gottfried (1646–1716), 24, 25, 35 Kirchhoff, Gustav (1824–1887), 4, 8, 9, 66, 72, 99, Lincoln, Frederick (1877–1954), 107, 108, 192 116 Linﬁeld, Edmund, 471 Kirkaldy, David (1820–1897), 51 Lipson, Henry (Solomon) (1910–1991), 255, 258 Kirsch, Gerhard (1890–1956), 198 Little, Leslie T. (1943–2006), 350, 351, 581 Klug, Aaron (b. 1926), 294, 380 Littlewood, Peter Brent (b. 1955), 502, 521, 530–532, Knipping, Paul (1883–1935), 160 534, 535 Knoll, Max (1897–1969), 303 Livingston, Milton Stanley (1905–1986), 280 Knudsen, Martin (1871–1949), 138 Lock,J.M.,582 Kohlrausch, Friedrich (1840–1910), 17, 83, 99 Locke, John (1632–1704), 24 Kolhörster, Werner (1887–1946), 202–204 Lockyer, Norman (1836–1920), 54, 57 Kostenko, Michail Polievktovich (1889–1976), 235 Lodge, Oliver (1851–1940), 106

646 Author index

London, Fritz (1900–1954), 239, 240, 242, 310, 312, Menter, James Woodham (1921–2006), 373–375 313, 366, 584 Merceneau, James, 369 London, Heinz (1907–1970), 239, 310–313 Metherell, Allen (b. 1937), 326, 410, 422, 432, 435, Long, Andrew, 446 462 Long, J. V., 372 Meyer, Julius (1830–1895), 31 Longair, Malcolm Sim (b. 1941), 417, 462, 464, Meyer, Stefan (1872–1949), 198, 199 515–517, 521, 529, 534, 583 Michell, John (1724–1793), 34, 572 Lonzarich, Gilbert (Gil) (b. 1945), 410, 448, 449, 485, Michelson, Albert A. (1852–1931), 71, 99, 100, 190, 487, 489, 490, 530 574 Loram, John (b. 1938), 485, 487, 488 Miers, Henry (1858–1942), 253 Lorentz, Hendrik (1853–1928), 54, 89, 90, 93, Miley, George, 517 128–130, 135, 138, 154, 190, 231, 576 Millikan, Robert A. (1868–1953), 134, 171, 202, 204, Love, Augustus Edward Hough (1863–1940), 38 210, 228 Lovell, Alfred Charles Bernard (1913–2012), 267, Mills, Bernard Yarnton (1920–2011), 337, 339 268, 271, 298, 327, 328 Milne, Edward Arthur (1896–1950), 203 Lumley, John, 448 Minkowski, Rudolf (1895–1976), 300 Lummer, Otto (1860–1925), 99 Misener, Austin Donald (Don) (1911–1996), 240 Luria, Salvador Edward (1912–1991), 289 Mitchell, William (Bill) (1925–2002), 483 Mitton, Simon (b. 1946), 414 MacAlister, Donald (1854–1934), 67, 68, 73, 75 Mond, Ludwig (1839–1909), 235 Mack, Julian Ellis (1903–1966), 266 Monthoux, Philippe, 489 MacKay, David (b. 1967), 548 Moon, Philip Burton (1907–1994), 263 MacKenzie, Andrew (Andy) (b. 1964), 485, 493 Morgan, David, 495 Maiolino, Roberto, 521, 530, 533, 535 Morley, Edward (1838–1923), 71, 100, 190 Mao, Yong, 504 Morse, Philip McCord (1903–1985), 228 Marconi, Guglielmo (1874–1937), 128, 229 Morse, Samuel (1791–1872), 18 Marcus, Jules, 309 Moseley, Henry (1887–1915), 162–167, 179, 182 Marsden, Ernest (1889–1970), 152, 179, 181, 194, Mott, Charles Francis (1877–1967), 321 578 Mott, Lilian Mary (Reynolds) (1879–1952), 321 Marseglia, Elizabeth, 478 Mott, Nevill (1905–1996), 109, 203, 204, 222, 226, Marshall, Arthur (1903–2007), 270 228, 247, 248, 273, 274, 283, 284, 315, 316, Marussi, Antonio (1908–1984), 432 321–329, 331, 332, 334, 335, 339, 353, 355, 357, Massey, Harrie Stewart Wilson (1908–1983), 228, 322 358, 371, 372, 380, 381, 384, 389–391, 393–396, Matthews, Thomas A. (b. 1927), 341 399, 406, 410, 411, 426, 436, 437, 439, 440, 446, Matthiessen, Augustus (1831–1870), 51 467, 485, 585 Mattis, D. C., 367 Moulton, Henry, 119 Maxwell, James Clerk (1831–1879), 4, 12, 16–18, 22, Muller, Hugo (1833–1915), 119 23, 31–33, 38, 39, 41, 45, 49–75, 80, 82, 86–88, Müller, Karl Alexander (b. 1927), 482, 483, 587 92–94, 97, 98, 107, 111, 114–118, 120, 127, 137, Müller, Walther (1905–1979), 203 141, 143, 146, 407, 526, 571, 573–576, 588 Mulvey, T., 371 Maxwell, John Clerk (1790–1856), 51 Mayer, Alfred M. (1836–1897), 116–118, 130 Nabarro, Frank Reginald Nunes (1916–2006), 314 Mayer, Julius von (1814–1878), 4, 24, 25 Nagaoka, Hantaro (1865–1950), 141, 143 Mayor, Michel (b. 1942), 533 Neale, William, 426, 506 McClelland, John A. (1870–1920), 126, 127, 167 Needs, Richard, 410, 454, 462, 504 McConnell, J. C., 84 Nernst, Walther (1864–1941), 99, 138, 185, 238 McCrea, William Hunter (1904–1999), 227 Neville, Ann (Gower) (b. 1938), 343, 344 McLennan, John C. (1867–1935), 127, 186, 240 Newall, Hugh Frank (1857–1944), 70–71, 100, 102, McMullan, Gregory, 489 112, 188, 576 McPhee, Cate, 531 Newcomen, Thomas (1664–1729), 26, 27 Megaw, Helen Dick (1907–2002), 258, 275, 276, Newman, Max (1897–1984), 579 326 Newton, Isaac (1642–1727), 3, 4, 24, 35, 36–38 Meitner, Lise (1878–1968), 218, 223, 262 Nex, Christopher, 454 Melford, D. A., 371 Nichols, H.W., 231 Mellanby, Edward (1884–1955), 286 Nicholson, John William (1881–1955), 154, 155 Mendeleyev, Dmitri (1834–1907), 4, 31, 33 Nicholson, Robin Buchanan (b. 1934), 375

Author index 647

Nicol, Alexander Douglas Ian (1921–2009), 332, 524 Pﬂeiderer, Christian (b. 1965), 490 Nicol, William (1770–1851), 51, 70 Phillips, Andrew (Andy), 365, 410, 446, 447, 493 Niven, William Davidson (1842–1917), 66, 73, 74, 80 Phillips, David Chilton (1924–1999), 161, 253, 290 Nixon, William Charles, 304, 307, 371, 442 Phillips, James Charles (b. 1933), 394, 450 Northover, Kevin, 417 Phillips, Richard, 478, 531 Novak, Vladimir, 127 Phillips, William Daniel (b. 1948), 368 Nunn May, Alan (1911–2003), 262, 581 Philpot, John St Leger, 258 Nuttall, John (1890–1958), 215 Phragmén, Gösta (1898–1944), 254 Pickering, Edward (1846–1919), 83, 575 Occhialini, Guiseppe (Beppe) (1907–1993), 204 Pippard, Brian (1920–2008), 267–269, 273–276, Ørsted, Hans-Christian (1777–1851), 4, 12, 13 309–313, 326, 332–334, 358–362, 365–370, 389, Ohm, Georg Simon (1787–1854), 4, 12 390, 392, 396, 399–401, 405–408, 410–412, 426, Oliphant, Mark (1901–2000), 191, 218, 225, 228, 446, 448, 453–455, 459, 462, 526, 556, 582, 583, 262, 263, 580 585 Olive, David (1937–2012), 357 Plücker, Julius (1801–1868), 9 Onsager, Lars (1903–1976), 361, 363, 364 Planck, Max (1858–1947), 9, 99, 138–140, 151, 155, Ormeno, Rodrigo, 495 173 Orowan, Egon (1902–1989), 247, 260, 261, 273, 276, Playfair, Lyon (1818–1898), 43, 98 285, 314, 315, 323, 383 Poincaré, Henri (1854–1912), 36, 116, 138 Osborne, D. V.,363 Poisson, Siméon-Denis (1781–1840), 10, 36, 38 Ostriker, Jeremiah (Jerry) Paul (b. 1937), 417 Polanyi, Michael (1891–1976), 247, 256, 314 Owen, Frazer, 416 Polkinghorne, John (b. 1930), 357 Owens, Robert (1870–1940), 173 Pooley, Guy G., 346, 415, 419 Powell, Cecil Frank (1903–1969), 206, 228 Pérot, Alfred (1863–1923), 100 Powis, Lord (1818–1891), 87 Padman, Rachel, 515 Poynting, John Henry (1852–1914), 70, 71, 73, 75, Page, Lyman Alexander (b. 1957), 588 97, 141, 142, 148, 225, 365, 576 Pais, Abraham (1918–2000), 171, 580 Prandtl, Ludwig (1875–1953), 248 Palmer, Richard, 391 Price, Derek John de Solla (1922–1983), 317 Parker, Andrew (Andy), 462, 507, 521, 586 Proudman, Joseph (1888–1975), 245 Parker, Eugene (b. 1927), 349 Pye, W. G., 107, 108 Partridge, Bruce, 588 Pashley, Donald William (1927–2009), 375 Queloz, Didier (b. 1966), 521, 530, 533, 535 Pauli, Wolfgang (1900–1958), 171, 172, 190, 221, 222, 226 Röntgen, Wilhelm Conrad (1845–1923), 124, 125, Pauling, Linus Carl (1901–1994), 290, 293, 294 127 Pawsey, Joseph Lade (1908–1962), 295, 298 Röttgering, Huub, 518 Payne, John, 333, 334, 405 Ramsay, William (1852–1916), 92 Payne, Michael C., 463, 504, 547, 548 Randall, John Turton (1905–1984), 290 Peacock, George (1791–1858), 37, 41 Randell, J. H., 84 Peebles, P. J. E. (Jim) (b. 1935), 512, 588 Rao, Akshay, 551 Peel, Sir Robert (1788–1850), 39–41 Ratcliffe, John Ashworth (Jack) (1902–1987), 188, Peet, David, 524 208, 228, 229, 231, 233, 260, 267, 269, 273–276, Peierls, Rudolf (1907–1995), 228, 240, 262, 309, 312, 278, 295–297, 300, 302, 315, 339 313, 451 Rawlinson, W. F., 218 Pendry, John, 391, 450 Rayleigh, 3rd Baron, see Strutt, John William Penzias, Arno A. (b. 1933), 352, 511, 584 Reber, Grote (1911–2002), 297 Pepper, Michael (b. 1942), 392, 410, 440–442, 446, Rees, Martin (b. 1942), 417 460, 462, 467, 469–471, 473, 521, 530, 549 Rees, Nicholas, 517 Perrin, Jean (1870–1942), 120, 128, 129, 138, 141 Reines, Frederick (1918–1998), 222 Perutz, Max Ferdinand (1914–2002), 258, 259, 273, Rennie, Adrian, 477 278, 283, 284, 286, 288–290, 294, 323, 324, Renwick, William (Bill) (1924–1971), 279 378–380, 582 Reuter, Harry (Gerd Edzard) (1921–1992), 311 Peshkov, Vasilii (1913–1980), 363 Reynolds, Osborne (1842–1912), 97, 116 Peters, Keith (b. 1938), 528 Rice, Thomas Maurice (b. 1938), 390, 486 Pettersson, Hans (1888–1966), 198 Richard, Alison (b. 1948), 523, 530

648 Author index

Richardson, Owen (1879–1959), 145, 146, 229 Schreiffer, John Robert (b. 1931), 365, 366, 450, Richer, John, 516 584 Rideal, Eric Keightley (1890–1974), 382 Schuster, Arthur (1851–1934), 67, 69–71, 74, 83, Riley, Julia Margaret (b. 1947), 415, 416, 419, 583 87–89, 97, 179, 181, 243, 574 Riley, Kenneth (Ken), 426, 430 Schwarzschild, Karl (1873–1916), 166 Rindler, Wolfgang (b. 1924), 579 Schwinger, Julian (1918–1994), 450 Roberts, John Keith (1897–1944), 209, 228 Scott, Arthur William (1846–1927), 228 Robinson, Harold Roper (1889–1955), 181, 182, 218 Scott, John Moffett Cuthbert (1911–1974), 275, Rodenburg, John, 375, 444 316 Rolfe, James, 107, 108 Scott, Paul F., 326, 349, 422, 512, 513, 529, 583 Rossi, Bruno (1905–1993), 204 Seaborg, Glenn Theodore (1912–1999), 263 Routh, Edward John (1831–1907), 50, 80, 97 Searle, George Frederick Charles (1864–1954), 102, Rowell, John (b. 1935), 369 106, 113, 167, 188, 189, 261 Rowland, Henry (1848–1901), 99, 100, 129 Sebastian, Suchitra, 532, 546 Royds, Thomas (1884–1955), 156, 178, 181 Segrè, Emilio Gino (1905–1989), 263 Rubbia, Carlo (b. 1934), 426, 429 Shakeshaft, John Roland (1929–2015), 326, 352, 353, Rubens, Heinrich (1865–1922), 138, 185 529, 583 Rumford, Count, see Thomson, Benjamin Sham, Lu (b. 1938), 390 Rushbrooke, John Gordon (1936–2003), 326, 355, Shaw, William Napier (1854–1945), 67, 71, 73, 75, 426, 427, 429, 462, 506, 586 80, 82–84, 92, 102, 105, 106, 315 Ruska, Ernst August Friedrich (1906–1988), 303 Shepherd, John, 448 Russell, John Scott (1808–1882), 22 Shimizu, Takeo (1898–1976), 185, 200 Russell, Lord John (1792–1878), 41 Shire, Edward Samuel (1908–1978), 275, 276, 282, Rutherford, Ernest (1871–1937), 65, 117, 126–128, 326, 581 132, 136, 138, 139, 141, 143–145, 152–156, 162, Shoenberg, David (1911–2004), 233–235, 242, 273, 164, 167, 173–175, 177–188, 191, 192, 194, 275, 276, 308–310, 326, 358, 361, 389, 392, 410, 196–201, 203, 206, 208–210, 213–216, 218, 219, 448, 494, 578, 580, 582 223–227, 232–235, 240, 243–245, 249, 253–256, Sidgwick, Eleanor (Nora) (1845–1936), 80, 82, 87, 258, 262, 269, 271–274, 280, 283, 315, 321, 399, 89, 91, 575 521, 524, 576, 577, 579–581 Sidgwick, Henry (1838–1900), 80, 82, 575 Rutherford, Lady, 193 Siegbahn, Karl Manne Georg (1886–1978), 228 Rydberg, Johannes (1854–1919), 140 Siegel, David, 114 Ryle, Martin (1918–1984), 233, 267, 268, 273, 276, Siemens, Werner von (1816–1892), 23, 90, 98–100, 278, 295, 296, 298–300, 302, 318, 326, 327, 372, 374 335–337, 339, 341, 343, 344, 346–348, 406, 414, Sigfusson, Thorstein, 449 417, 420–422, 433, 462, 510, 524, 583 Silver, Arnold, 369 Simmons, L. F. G., 249 Sadler, Charles Albert (1882–1920), 162 Simons, Benjamin, 463, 505, 521, 529–531, 558 Sadler, Frank (1894–1984), 309 Sinclair, D. S., 107 Salje, Ekhard Karl Hermann (b. 1946), 484–486 Sirringhaus, Henning, 474, 480, 482, 521, 529 Sandage, Allan R. (1926–2010), 341, 347 Skilling, John, 419 Sanger, Frederick (1918–2013), 380 Skobeltsyn, Dmitri (1892–1992), 202, 204 Saunders, Richard, 512 Skłodowska-Curie, Marie (1867–1934), 125, 138, Savart, Félix (1791–1841), 4, 12 173, 174, 198 Saxton, W. Owen, 375 Slater, John C. (1900–1976), 221 Schelleng, J.C., 231 Slee, Bruce (b. 1924), 298, 337 Scherzer, Otto (1909–1982), 376 Smail, Ian, 516 Scheuer, Peter August George (1930–2001), 268, 325, Smith, David (b. 1948), 304, 442 326, 337, 339, 341, 347, 417, 418, 583 Smith, David M., 587 Schmidt, Gerhard (1865–1949), 173 Smith, Herchel (1925–2001), 588 Schmidt, Maarten (b. 1929), 342 Smith, Kenneth, 304, 378 Schneider, Ulrich, 531 Snow, Charles Percy (1905–1980), 228, 268 Schoﬁeld, Andrew, 490 Soddy, Frederick (1877–1956), 174, 175, 178, Schottky, Freidrich (1851–1935), 99 577 Schrödinger, Erwin (1887–1961), 99, 166, 171, 187, Sommerfeld, Arnold (1868–1951), 226, 577 228 Sondheimer, Ernst Helmut (b. 1923), 311, 360, 450

Author index 649

Speake, Clive, 432 Thomson, Mrs J.J., 101 Spear, Walter Eric (1921–2008), 438, 439 Thomson, William (Lord Kelvin) (1824–1907), 4, 16, Spinrad, Hyron (b. 1934), 415, 586 18–23, 25, 29, 38, 39, 49–52, 57, 63, 79, 93, 97, 98, Spottiswoode, William (1825–1883), 119 114–116, 133, 178, 179, 572 Squires, Gordon (1924–2010), 411, 585 Threlfall, Richard (1861–1932), 101, 102, 112 Störmer, Horst Ludwig (b. 1949), 441, 442 Timpe, Anton Aloys (1882–1959), 248 Stanley, Gordon (1921–2001), 298 Tindall, David, 448 Steiner, Ullrich, 480, 521, 529, 530, 533 Tisza, Laszlo (1907–2009), 239, 363 Stewart, Balfour (1828–1887), 52, 62, 97, 179 Tizard, Henry Thomas (1885–1959), 262 Stirling, James (b. 1953), 521 Todd, Alexander (Alex) Robertus (1907–1997), 328 Stokes, Deborah, 540 Tolman, Richard Chase (1881–1948), 265 Stokes, George (1819–1903), 18, 38, 51, 63, 79, 80, Townsend, Albert Alan (1917–2010), 249, 276, 314, 105, 133, 574 326 Stone, John Richard Nicholas (1913–1991), 278 Townsend, John S. (1868–1957), 103, 126, 127, 133, Stoner, Edmund Clifton (1899–1968), 187, 203 167 Stoney, George Johnstone (1826–1911), 130 Trotter, Coutts (1837–1887), 71, 72, 105 Storey, L.R.O., 296 Tsui, Daniel Chee (b. 1939), 441, 442 Strassmann, Fritz (1902–1980), 223, 262 Tucker, William Sansome (1877–1955), 166 Street, Graham, 355 Turing, Alan Mathison (1912–1954), 277 Strutt, John William (3rd Baron Rayleigh) Turner, R. Steven, 49, 575 (1842–1919), 18, 22, 38, 50, 54, 59, 69–72, 75, Tuve, Merle (1901–1982), 213, 280 79–84, 86–94, 97, 98, 106–109, 137, 138, 145, 178, 179, 243, 575 Uddin, M. Z., 240 Strutt, Robert John (4th Baron Rayleigh) Uhlenbeck, George (1900–1988), 228 (1875–1947), 167, 178, 575 Struve, Wilhelm (1793–1864, 7 van Alphen, Pieter Marinus (1906–1967), 242, 309 Sullivan, Woodruff T. (b. 1944), 302, 582 Vand, Vladimir (1911–1968), 291, 292, 294 Svedberg, Theodor (1884–1971), 258 van de Graaff, Robert Jemison (1901–1967), 280 Sviedrys, Romualdas, 50, 52, 54 van den Broek, Antonius (1870–1926), 164 Szilard, Leo (1898–1964), 223 van den Ende, J. N., 240 van der Meer, Simon (1925–2011), 424, 426, 429 Tabor, David (1913–2005), 273, 276, 326, 382–386, van der Pol, Balthasar (1889–1959), 229, 580 389, 410, 436, 450, 477, 499, 584 van Vleck, John (1899–1980), 393 Taillefer, Louis, 449 Verway,E.J.W.,393 Tait, Peter Guthrie (1831–1901), 23, 52, 63, 67, 504 Victoria, Queen (1819–1901), 40 Tamm, Igor (1895–1971), 228 Villard, Paul (1860–1934), 136 Tarrant, G. T. P., 228 Vinen, William Frank (Joe) (b. 1930), 358, 363–365 Tarte, Edward (Ed), 486 Volta, Alessandro (1745–1827), 11 Taylor, Geoffrey Ingram (1886–1975), 139, 151, 152, Volterra, Vito (1860–1940), 248 243–249, 260, 264–266, 314, 372, 577, 580 von Halban, Hans Heinrich (1908–1964), 262 Taylor, William (Will) H. (1905–1984), 254, 273, 275, von Klitzing, Klaus (b. 1943), 440, 441 276, 284, 285, 307, 326, 380, 411 von Laue, Max (1879–1960), 99, 124, 159, 160 Temperley, Harold Neville Vazeille (b. 1915), Vonberg, Derek (1921–2015), 298 275–277, 316 Terentjev, Eugene, 477, 529, 540 Waldram, John Ryder (b. 1935), 326, 367, 368, 391, Thirring, Hans (1888–1976), 199 399, 400, 407, 410, 448, 485, 486, 529 Thompson, Benjamin (Count Rumford) (1753–1814), Walker, Peter, 380 13, 24, 25 Walker, Ross, 490 Thomson, George Paget (1892–1975), 185, 186, 208, Walton, Ernest (1903–1995), 191, 214–218, 223, 225, 213, 262 226, 228, 280, 281, 580 Thomson, Joseph John (1856–1943), 38, 59, 65, 70, Warburg, Emil (1846–1931), 82, 99, 138, 185 71, 87, 92–93, 97, 98, 100–103, 105–109, 111–113, Ward, David, 427, 508, 529, 586 115–117, 119, 120, 122, 127–135, 137–139, Ward, Francis Alan Burnett (1905–1990), 207, 208 141–145, 147–149, 151–155, 159, 161, 166, 167, Warner, Mark, 453, 462, 477, 503, 504, 540 173, 175, 185, 186, 188, 189, 195, 213, 229, 273, Warner, Peter, 375, 419, 462, 510, 581 276, 399, 521, 576 Warren, Bertram Eugene (1902–1991), 254

650 Author index

Waterston, John James (1811–1883), 31 Willmore, Peter, 419 Watson, James Dewey (b. 1928), 288–290, 293–295, Willows, Richard S., 167 318, 323, 324, 389, 537, 582 Wills, Derek, 349 Watson-Watt, Robert (1892–1973), 231, 266, 267 Wilson, Alan Herries (1906–1995), 227, 228 Watt, James (1736–1819), 4, 26–28, 39 Wilson, Charles (C.T.R.) (1869–1959), 102, 107, 120, Weaire, Denis, 391 122, 123, 126, 127, 131–133, 136, 139, 155–160, Webber, Bryan (b. 1943), 426, 427 177, 188, 199, 202, 206, 225, 232, 315, 576 Weber, Wilhelm (1804–1891), 15, 17, 55, 56, 63 Wilson, David, 72, 73, 75, 101, 103, 104, 573, 574, Webster, Hugh Colin (1905–1979), 210, 228 580 Weekes, K., 276, 296 Wilson, Donald, 422 Weisskopf, Victor (1908–2002), 228 Wilson, Harold A. (1874–1964), 133 Welland, Mark Edward (b. 1955), 486 Wilson, James Harold (1916–1995), 327 West, F., 210 Wilson, John (1938–2013), 436 West, J., 254 Wilson, Robert Woodrow (b. 1936), 352, 511, 584 Westgren, Arne (1889–1975), 254 Winterton, D. H. S., 384, 385 Wheatley, Joseph (Joe), 463, 485, 486 Withington, Stafford, 463, 471, 515, 529 Wheatstone, Charles (1802–1875), 12, 51, 90, 166, Wollaston, William (1766–1828), 6 225, 229 Wood, Alexander (1879–1950), 167 Wheeler (Blackler), Joyce, 278 Woodhouse, Robert (1773–1827), 37 Whelan, Michael J. (b. 1931), 372, 375 Woolfson, Michael (b. 1927), 582 Whewell, William (1794–1866), 38, 40, 41, 66, 572 Wooster, William Alfred (1903–1984), 220, 228, 258 White, Thomas, 427, 529, 586 Wormell, Thomas Wilson (1903–1985), 273, 276, Whitehouse, Wildman (1816–1890), 21, 22 315, 326 Whittaker, Edmund (1873–1966), 34, 38, 39 Wraight, Paul, 370 Widerøe, Rolf (1902–1996), 280 Wynn-Williams, Eryl (1903–1979), 206–209, 225, Wiechert, Emil (1861–1928), 130 277, 579 Wien, Wilhelm (1864–1928), 99, 138 Wilberforce, Lionel (1861–1944), 71, 102, 106 Yarrow, Alfred (1842–1932), 245 Wilkes, Maurice Vincent (1913–2010), 278, 279, 295, Yoffe, Abraham (Abe) David (b. 1919), 326, 383, 384, 316, 380 389, 410, 436, 460, 462, 477, 478, 498 Wilkins, Maurice Hugh Frederick (1916–2004), Young, Thomas (1773–1829), 4, 6, 24, 34 289–291, 293–295 Wilkinson, Denys Haigh (b. 1922), 262, 275, 276, Zeeman, Pieter (1865–1943), 129, 130 283, 354 Zeleny, John (1872–1951), 127, 133, 137, 167 Willetts, David (b. 1956), 532 Zemansky, Mark Waldo (1900–1981), 366 Williams, David, 367 Zhang, Fu-Chun. (b. 1946), 486 Williams, David (1930–2009), 522 Ziman, John Michael (1925–2005), 323, 361, 389, Willis, Robert (1800–1875), 44, 65, 573 390, 450, 585 Willis, Roy, 410, 462, 501 Zimmerman, James, 369

Subject index

aberration correction for electron microscopes, 376 arts lectures in the Laboratory, 277 absolute determination of resistance, Rayleigh’s Ashmead’s helium liquifier, 308 rotating coil, 88 assistant staff during the J.J. Thomson era, 107 academic staff profile 1981–2014, 525 assistant staff in 1900, 108 accommodation during the J.J. Thomson era, 107–110 Aston’s mass spectrometers/spectrographs, 148, 149, accommodation, finance and management during the 150, 151, 197, 201, 213 Rutherford era, 190–193 Aston’s third mass spectrograph, 150 Adams Prize, 50, 97, 116, 117, 154 Aston’s whole-number rule, 149 Admiralty Board of Invention and Research, 182 astrophysics in 2015, 534–537 Advanced Physics and Chemistry, 328 astrophysics, new, 533–534 advances in quantum physics to summer 1925, Atacama Large Millimetre Array (ALMA), 535 171–172 Atlantic Telegraph Company, 21 AEI EM7 million volt TEM, 378 ATLAS experiment at the LHC, 429, 508, 537, age of the Earth from radioactive isotopes, 178–179 538 Air Defence Research and Development Atomic Energy Research Establishment (AERE), 225, Establishment (ADRDE), 268 264, 283 Air Ministry Research Establishment, 267 Atomic Weapons Establishment (AWE), 264 all-polymer transistor circuits, inkjet printing of, 482 Atomic Weapons Research Establishment (AWRE), ALMA submillimetre array on the Atacama plateau, 264 516 atomic, mesoscopic and optical physics, 531 α-, β-andγ -rays, properties of, 136 in 2015, 540–543 α-particles as helium nuclei, 152 atoms and molecules in the nineteenth century, amorphous materials, 436–440 31–34 amorphous solids, 446–447 Atomzertrümmerung (Atomic Fragmentation), 198 physical processes in, 493–494 attempts to reform mathematical teaching in Analogies in Nature (Maxwell, 1856a), 111 Cambridge, 37–39 analogy and model-building, 111–116 attenuation of vibrations in the HREM, 444 The Analytic S-matrix (Eden et al., 1966), 357 Austin donation, 192 Analytical Society, 37 Austin Motor Company, 191 Anderson localisation, 389, 393, 394, 437, 446 Austin Wing, 191, 192, 240, 260, 272, 280, 315, 317, Andreev reflection, 448 323, 324, 380, 390 Annan Report, 328 Avogadro’s hypothesis, 31 anomalous skin effect, 311 antennae of the 2C interferometer, 336 Balmer series, 154, 155 Apiezon pumps, 215 Barkla’s discovery of the K and L components of Apostles Club, 111 X-ray absorption spectra, 163 apparatus with which Chadwick discovered the Barkla’s Nobel Prize in Physics (1917), 144 neutron, 210 Barlow report, 272 Appleton and the physics of the ionosphere, 228–233 barrier penetration, 214 Appleton layer, 231 Battcock Centre for Experimental Astrophysics, 533, Appleton–Hartree equation, 229, 231, 232 558 Architectural History of the University of Cambridge BCS theory and the Mond Laboratory, 365–368 (Willis and Clark, 1886), 44 BCS theory of superconductivity, 365 Arcminute Microkelvin Imager (AMI), 535 route to, 366 argon, discovery of, 92 Beckman and Whitely 189 rotating mirror high-speed Army Operational Research Group, 297 camera, 388

651

652 Subject index

Becquerel’s plate showing a strong image of a Buckingham theorem, 265 radioactive salt, 125 and nuclear explosions, 265 beginnings of the Solid State Theory Group, 389–393 Burgers vector, 248 Bell Laboratories, 352, 368, 369, 390, 391, 450 Ben Nevis, 122 Caledonian Railway Tunnel near Peebles, 136, Bernal and the growth of crystallography, 256–259 137 Bernal’s universal X-ray photogoniometer, 257 caloric, 24, 25, 28, 29, 31 J.D. Bernal: the Sage of Science (Brown, 2005), Cambridge Centre for the Physics of Medicine 581 (CCPoM), 531, 539 betatron, 280 Cambridge Computing: the First 75 years (Ahmed, Betelgeuse, hot-spots on the surface of, 511 2013), 277 biological and soft systems in 2015, 537–539, 540 Cambridge Display Technologies (CDT), 480, biological universe, 537–539 481 The Black Cloud (Hoyle, 1957), 581 Cambridge Instrument Company, 371, 372 Blackett and Ochiallini – Cosmic Rays and the Cambridge Low-Frequency Synthesis Telescope Discovery of the Positron, 202, 206 (CLFST), 517 Blackett’s stereographic photographs of nuclear Cambridge matriculating students 1862 to 1884, interactions, 201 numbers of, 84, 86 Blackett–Occhialini automated cloud chamber, 205 Cambridge One-Mile Radio Telescope, 343, 345–347, Bletchley Park, 579 350, 414, 418, 586 Bloch theory of conduction in metals, 437 Cambridge Optical Aperture Synthesis Telescope Board of Invention and Research, 166 (COAST), 511, 536 Bohr model of the atom, 155, 167, 171, 182 Cambridge Physics in the Thirties (ed. J. Hendry), Bohr’s correspondence principle, 172 579 bonding in silicon, pure and with phosphorous Cambridge Research Laboratory (CRL) of Toshiba impurities, 438 Research Europe, 470, 549 Bose–Einstein condensation, 239, 366 Cambridge Scientific Instrument Company, 93, 199, Bose–Einstein statistics, 172, 203, 226, 321, 579 200, 575 Bowden and Tabor’s theory of friction, 382 Cambridge University Development and Alumni Bowden in Australia and Cambridge, 381–384 Relations (CUDAR), 557 Bragg and pre-Second World War movements, 260 canal rays (Kanalstrahlen), 147, 148 Bragg and the location of gun emplacements, 166 canal rays, experimental arrangement for production Bragg and the post-war years, 272–318 of, 147 Bragg and the study of proteins and biomolecules, CAPSA project, 523, 588 259 Carn Mor Dearg, 122 Bragg and the war years, 253–271 Carnot and the Réflexions, 28–31 Bragg Building, 317, 333, 404, 484 Carnot cycle, 29 Bragg’s interpretation of von Laue’s diffraction Cassiopaeia A, 298, 300, 345, 346 pattern of cubical zinc blende, 160 CASTEP, 504, 548 Bragg’s law, 161 catastrophic failure of thermally toughened glass, and the X-ray spectra of the chemical elements, 388 159–164 cathode rays, 118, 124, 130, 131 Bragg’s rotating X-ray spectrometer, 162 named electrons by Johnstone Stoney, 130 Bragg’s Nobel Prize in physics (1915), 162 Cavendish Chair, 54 bremsstrahlung, or braking radiation, 163 Cavendish Collection of Historic Scientific Brillouin zone, 358, 359 Instruments, 60, 317 British Association Committee on Standards, 60, 62, Cavendish cyclotron, 192 69, 88 Cavendish III project: rebuilding the Laboratory, British Association for the Advancement of Science, 556–560 25, 86, 98, 150, 223 Cavendish Laboratory on the West Cambridge site in Brocken spectre, 122, 124 1974, 333 Brown-Firth Company, 282 Cavendish Laboratory publications bubble chamber particle tracks measured by 1874 to 1877, 66 Sweepnik, 357 1878 to 1879, 67 bubble chambers and Sweepnik, 354–355 1880, 70 bubble raft model of dislocations, 261 Cavendish Laboratory workshop, creation of, 65

Subject index 653

Cavendish Laboratory 1874–1974 (Crowther, 1974), Cooper pairs, 358, 366, 368, 369 157, 324, 573, 583 Cosmic Anisotropy Telescope (CAT), 511–513 Cavendish Laboratory, building of, 56–60 power spectrum of CMB, 513 Cavendish Laboratory, entrance to, in Free School cosmic microwave background radiation, 352–353 Lane, 59 Cosmic Noise: A History of Early Radio Astronomy Cavendish Laboratory, Fawcett’s plans for, 58 (Sullivan III, 2009), 582 Cavendish Laboratory: The Need for a New Building cosmic radiation, Wilson’s 1901 speculation about, (Mott, 1966), 109, 332 137 Cavendish Physical Society, 101, 193, 576 cosmic rays, 202, 203, 204, 206, 210, 346, 422, 576, Cavendish Professorship of Experimental Physics, 44 577, 583 Cavendish research programme in 2015, 534 Cosmology and Controversy: the Historical Celestial Masers (Cook, 1977), 432, 433 Development of Two Theories of the Universe celestial masers, 433–434 (Kragh, 1996), 339 CERN, founding of, 422 counts of galaxies and active galaxies, predicted Chadwick and the discovery of the neutron, 209–213 Euclidean Chadwick’s Bakerian Lecture of 1933, 212 integral, 338 changing frontiers of physics research after the First Crick, Watson and the discovery of the structure of the World War, 171–173 DNA molecule, 289–295 characteristic curves of ions and molecular ions, 148, Crick’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (1962), 149 324 characteristic X-ray signature of elements, 144 Critical Currents in Superconductors (Campbell and Chargaff’s rule, 294 Evetts, 1972), 363 charge of electron measured using Wilson’s expansion critical supersaturations in air types, 133 chamber technique, 132–134 critical temperature Tc, 238, 242, 366, 452 Clapeyron’s indicator diagram for a perfect heat Crocodile, Kapitsa’s nickname for Rutherford, 234, engine, 30 235, 236, 580 Clarendon Laboratory (Oxford), 53, 57, 573 Crookes tube, phenomena observed in, 118 2 2 classical electron radius re = e /4π0mec , 143 cryogenic systems in the Quantum Matter Group, Classical Tripos, 36, 42 490 Clausius and the laws of thermodynamics, 29, 30 crystalline solids, glasses and gases compared, 436 Clausius’s theorem, 30 crystallography during the Mott era, 378–381 Clerk Maxwell Scholarship, 235 Crystallography Group, 284–285 COBE satellite, 353, 512, 513 cuprate superconductivity, physics of, revealed by Cockcroft, Gamow and Walton: ‘splitting the atom’, microwave measurements, 494 213, 218 current electricity, 10–12 Cockcroft–Walton accelerator of 1932, 216, 217, 218, Current Research in the Department of Physics 1962, 280, 281 1965, 1967 and 1970, 329, 330 Cockcroft–Walton accelerator of May 1930, 216 cyclotron, 280 coils made by Chrystal for determination of the Ohm, cyclotron, Berkeley, 280 89 cyclotron, Cavendish, 281, 282, 284 coincidence techniques, 203, 204, 217 cyclotron, invention of, 214 collision events in the UA5 streamer chambers, 430 Cygnus A, 298, 300, 301, 302, 337, 345, 348, 414, collision parameters, 195 415, 416, 420, 586 Compton scattering, 186, 210, 220 observed by One-Mile Telescope at 5 GHz, 415 condensed matter physics, 408–454 observed with the Five-Kilometre Telescope, 348 Conduction in non-crystalline systems (Mott and radio structure 1953, 302 Davis), 393 conduction of electricity through gases, 118–122 Dalton’s symbols for the atoms of various elements Conduction of Electricity through Gases (Thomson, and their compounds, 32 1903a), 127, 139 de Bruyne and glues for aircraft structures, 269–270 confusion in radio source surveys, 337, 339 de Haas–van Alphen effect, 235, 242, 309, 361 convergent-beam electron diffraction (CBED), in bismuth, 308 444 decay of Z bosons into electron–positron pairs in UA2 Cook’s contributions to management and calorimeter, 428 administration, 434–435 decomposition in the solid state and solid state Cooley–Tukey method, 279 physics, 389

654 Subject index

∇2 Club, 203, 204 earth rotation aperture synthesis, development of, Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical 343–348 Physics (DAMTP), foundation of, 325 EBL and MBE facilities in the Semiconductor Physics Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Group, 468 Statistics (DPMMS), foundation of, 325 eddy viscosity, 244 Department of Scientific and Industrial Research EDSAC and EDSAC 2, 277–279, 381, 392 (DSIR), foundation of, 186 EDSAC computer, 279, 296, 391 Detection and location of aircraft by radio methods EDVAC project, 278 (Watson-Watt, 1935), 266 The Edwards era: a new epoch of expansion, 459–466 detector physics for high-energy physics, 356 The Edwards era: high-energy physics and radio determination of electrical standards, Rayleigh’s astronomy, 506–518 activities, 87–91 The Edwards era: new directions in condensed matter development of the Solid State Theory Group, physics, 467–505 390–393 electric dipole moment, 142 developments in superconductivity, 447–448 Electrical Researches of the Hon. Henry Cavendish Devonshire Commission on Scientific Instruction and (Maxwell, 1879), 65 the Advancement of Science, 43 electrical resistivity of high Tc superconductors, 488 Devonshire Laboratory, 44 Electrical Standards Committee of the British diamond cell, 490 Association, 86 diffraction contrast and structure imaging, 373 Electricity and magnetism up to the time of Maxwell, diffraction pattern of a helix, 292 10–24 dimensional and similarity methods in fluid dynamics, electromagnetic coherence length, 312, 582 265 electromagnetic induction, 12–18 Dirac equation, 204 electron discoveries in physics 1687 to 1874, 3–5 charge of, 132–134 discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation, discovery of, 127–131 584 universality of, 137 discovery of nuclear fission, 222–224 electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), 444, discovery of quasars, 341–342 495 discovery records of pulsar CP 1919, 351 electron microscope dislocations, 247, 248, 260, 261, 307, 314, 324, 372, model of operation, 307 373, 374, 378, 381, 384, 409 types of, 304 dislocations, photographs of, using the diffraction electron microscope (Knoll and Ruska, 1932a,b), contrast technique, 374 303 displacement current, 17 electron microscopy, birth of, 302–307 DNA molecule electron microscopy during the Mott era, 371–378 bases in, 293 Electron Microscopy of Thin Crystals (Hirsch et al., model of, 293 1965), 373, 375 structure of, 289 electron scattering processes in an electron Doctor of Philosophy, PhD, introduction of, in microscope, 306 Cambridge, 187 electronic heat capacity of high Tc superconductors, Donald Mackay Ltd, 336 488 Double Helix (Watson, 1968), 582 Electronic Processes in Ionic Crystals (Mott and double radio sources, Scheuer model of, 418 Gurney, 1940), 322 DSIR Advisory Council, 327 Electronic Processes in Non-crystalline Materials Dynamical theory of the electromagnetic field (Mott and Davis, 1971, 1979), 393, 437 (Maxwell, 1865), 17 Electrons and Phonons (Ziman, 1960), 361, 390 The Dynamics of Conduction Electrons (Pippard, Electrons in Metals (Ziman, 1963), 361 1965), 361 Electrostatic Generator Building, 282 dynamics of conduction electrons – Pippard and the electrostatics and magnetostatics, 10 Magnet Laboratory, 361–362 Elements of Advanced Quantum Theory (Ziman, 1969), 390 Eagle pub in Bene’t Street, 294 Elements of Physical Manipulation (Pickering, 1873, Early History of Electron Microscopy in Germany 1876), 83 (Niedrig, 1996), 582 Ellis, Pauli, Fermi and β-decay, 218–222 Earnshaw’s theorem, 141 Encyclopaedia Britannica,65

Subject index 655

end of history?, 521–522 Fly in the Cathedral: How a Small Group of end of the Bragg era, 317–318 Cambridge Scientists Won the Race to Split the energy gaps in band structure of glasses and Atom (Cathcart, 2005), 580 amorphous materials, 438 fountain effect, 241 Energy Research Group, 430–431 4C radio interferometer, 340 energy spectrum of electrons emitted in β-decays, 4-acre array with which pulsars were discovered, 221 350 English General Electric Company, 107 Fourier techniques and crystallography, 254 ENIAC project, 278 fourth Cambridge (4C) catalogue of radio sources, entropy, 29, 30, 31 341 environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM), fractional quantum Hall effect, 441 475, 476, 539 Fraunhofer lines, 7 EPSRC Centre for Doctoral Training in Nanoscience Fraunhofer’s solar spectrum of 1814, 7 and Nanotechnology, 533 Fraunhofer, Kirchhoff and the development of optical evolution of staff profile 1995–2015, 524–528 spectroscopy, 6–9 evolving group structure during the Mott era, 329 Fraunhofer with his spectroscope, 8 Exhibiting Electricity (Beauchamp, 1997), 43 Friction and Lubrication (1956), 384 exodus of the radioactivists, 224–225 The Friction and Lubrication of Solids. Parts I and II expansion of the Laboratory’s programme 1984–1995, (Bowden and Tabor, 1950, 1964), 384 459–461 frozen-pattern hypothesis of turbulence, 249 experimental and theoretical physics during the Rutherford era, 226–228 G.I. Taylor and high-energy explosions, 264–266 experimental physics, rise of in Great Britain in the G.I. Taylor and the interference of light waves, latter half of the nineteenth century, 50–53 151–152 Experimentalists among the Mathematicians: Physics Galaxy Formation (Longair, 2008a), 588 in the Cambridge Natural Sciences Tripos, Gamow’s one-dimensional model of nuclear barrier 1851–1900 (Wilson, 1982), 40 penetration, 215 experiments on gravitation, 432–433 Gargamelle experiment at CERN, 424, 425 extragalactic radio sources, 414–416 Gases, Liquids and Solids (Tabor, 1991), 584 theory of, 416–418 Gatsby Report 2006, 526 extreme universe, 534–537 GEC Hirst Research Centre, 442, 467 Geiger counter, 179, 199, 579 Fanaroff–Riley classification, 416 Geiger–Müller detector, 179, 203, 210, 579 Faraday rotation, 16 Geiger–Nuttall law, 182, 183, 215 Faraday’s experiments on electromagnetic induction, General Electric Company, 253, 269, 362 15 A general investigation of the action upon each other Faraday’s first electric motors, 14 of two closed vortices in a perfectly fellowships of the Royal Commission for the incompressible fluid (published as Thomson, Exhibition of 1851, 40, 126, 143, 184, 186, 1882), 97 214, 240, 573, 577 Genetical implication of the structure of Fermi surface, 242, 309, 358, 359, 360, 361, 366, 389, deoxyribonucleic acid (Watson and Crick, 392, 394, 448, 486, 492, 494, 584 1953a), 294 Fermi surface of a metallic crystal, 359 Geoffrey Taylor: continuum and fluid mechanics, Fermi surface of copper, Pippard’s fit of the shape of, 243–249 360 Geoscan electron probe analyser, 372 Fermi surfaces, determination of, 358–361 glasses and amorphous materials, preparation of, Fermi–Dirac statistics, 146, 242, 309, 576, 579 439 Fermi’s theory of weak interactions, 222 gold particle observed with the HREM, 444 final Part II examinations in Physics, May 1929, 190 graduate students from abroad join the Laboratory, Finding the Big Bang (Peebles et al., 2009), 588 126–127 first law of thermodynamics, 25 Gravitational Experiments in the Laboratory (Chen Five-Kilometre (Ryle) Radio Telescope, 343, 347, and Cook, 1993), 432 348, 414, 415, 418, 419, 420, 421, 433 Great Eastern,22 fluid dynamics 1945–53, 314 Great Exhibition of 1851, 39, 40, 43 Fluid Dynamics for Physicists (Faber, 1995), 585 ground floor plan of Mott Building in 1974, 403 fluxions, 35, 37 group numbers, 326, 410

656 Subject index

group staff 1981 to 1995, 464 Illustrations of the Dynamical Theory of Gases group structure from 1962 to 1970, evolution of, (Maxwell, 1860), 32 330 impact of Second World War on physics research, growth of student numbers 1871 to 1909, 104 270–271 impedance of free space Z0, 142 Habakkuk project, 582 implementing Pippard’s vision for condensed matter haemoglobin, 258, 259, 278, 285, 286, 287, 288, 323, physics, 408–413 378, 379, 380, 582 improved apparatus with which Rutherford and haemoglobin crystal, X-ray crystallographic image of Chadwick investigated nuclear disintegrations, the diffraction spots of, 259 198 Half-Mile Telescope, 419, 586 induced or excited radioactivity, 174 Hall effect, 446 Initial Cooling Experiment (ICE), 426 Harvard College Observatory, 83 inkjet printing, 481, 482, 551 Heaviside layer, 230, 231 inner photoeffect, 220 helium microscope laboratory in 2008, 499 Innovation in Maxwell’s Electrodynamics (Siegel, Hertz’s experiments on electric waves, 121 1991), 114 Hewish’s Nobel Prize in Physics (1974), 348 Institute for the Study of Physical Problems, Moscow, high-angle annular dark-field detector (HAADF), 444 237, 238 high-angle dark-field imaging method, 444 Intellectual Mastery of Nature (Jungnickel and High Energy Astrophysics (Longair, 2011a), 571, 576, McCormmach, 1986), 53 577, 579, 580, 583, 586 interdisiplinary research centre (IRC) in high-energy explosions, 264–266 superconductivity, 482–487 high-energy physics Interiors of the Planets (Cook, 1980), 432 1954–71, 353–357 internal conversion coefficients, 220 1971–82, 422–430 International Exhibition at the Crystal Palace of 1851, in 2015, 537, 538 18 the LEP era, 506–508 interplanetary scintillation (IPS) and the discovery of high-energy physics 1955 to 1983, discoveries and pulsars, 349–352 advances in, 423 Intersecting Storage Rings (ISR) at CERN, 424, 427 High Energy Physics Group, regeneration of, 426–427 Introduction to the Physics of Liquid Metals (Faber, high-speed photography, 498 1972), 411, 585 high-temperature superconductivity, 482–487 Introduction to the Theory of Thermal Neutron problems of, 486 Scattering (Squires, 2012), 585 High Tension Laboratory, 192, 223, 280, 281, 284 Introductory Lecture on Experimental Physics high-voltage electron microscope (HVEM), 377–378 (Maxwell, 1890), 54 A History of the Cavendish Laboratory 1871–1910 Investigations of the Solar Spectrum and the Spectra (Fitzpatrick et al., 1910), 65, 73, 87, 574, 575, of the Chemical Elements (Kirchhoff, 1861, 576, 577 1862, 1863), 9 History of the Theories of the Aether and Electricity Inward Bound (Pais, 1985), 580 (Whittaker, 1951), 34 ionisation losses, 144, 156, 195, 577 Hitachi Cambridge Laboratory (HCL), 473, 474, and the energies and ranges of α-particles, 195 544 ionisation of air, 136–137 Hitachi Chair of Electron Device Physics, 474, 480, ionosphere, 231 521 IRC in superconductivity, 485 Hitachi Company, 473, 474 job descriptions for, 484 Hitachi electron microscopes, 473 Israelachvili and Tabor’s van der Waal’s experiment, hoghorn, 269 386 how to tie a tie, 504 itinerant electrons, 448–450 HREM, layout of, 443 itinerant-electron magnetism, quantum phase HREM, STEM and metal physics, 442–444 transitions and unconventional HST images of powerful radio galaxies, 518 superconductivity, 489–493 Hubble Deep Field observed at submillimetre wavelengths, 515, 516 J.J. Thomson scientific papers 1880 to 1895, 112, Hubble Space Telescope (HST), 415, 517, 518 113 hysteresis loss in rolling friction, Tabor’s J.J. Thomson with his graduate students in 1897, 126 investigations of, 387 James Clerk Maxwell studentship, 126, 185

Subject index 657

James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT), 435, 471, low-temperature physics, 445–450, 487–495 514, 535 1945–53, 308–313 and the Hubble Deep Field, 514 during the Mott era, 358–371 Josephson effect, 368–371 m/e experiments of 1897, 128–131 Kapitsa and the Mond Laboratory, 233–238 Magdalena Ridge Observatory Interferometer Kapitsa Building, 485, 487 (MROI), 535 Kapitsa Club, 193, 203, 227, 233, 578 magnetic breakdown, 361 Kapitsa’s crocodile, 236 magnetic ﬁelds in superconductors, 312–313 Kapitsa’s Nobel Prize in Physics (1978), 242 Magnetic Union, 55 Kapitsa’s helium liquiﬁer, 237 magneto-ionic theory, 231 Kavli Institute for Cosmology, 558 magneto-optical Kerr effect (MOKE), 501 Kendrew’s model of myoglobin, 379 Magnetoresistance in Metals (Pippard, 1989), 362 Kendrew’s Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1962), 324 Magnus effect, 364, 584 Kennelly–Heaviside Layer, 230 Main Injector Neutrino Oscillation Search (MINOS), Kew magnetometer, 57, 62, 63, 64, 68 537, 538 Kew Observatory, 62 Making of the Atomic Bomb (Rhodes, 1986), 223 Kirchhoff’s law of the emission and absorption of management, administration, responsibility and radiation, 8, 9 accountability in the new millennium, Klein–Nishina cross-section, 212 522–524 Knabenphysik (young man’s physics), 226 Manhattan Project, 262–264, 422 Krivanek’s automated spherical aberration corrector, map of the New Museums site, 109 2 496 mass-energy relation E = mec , experimental proof of, 217 La Théorie du rayonnement et les quanta (Langevin Master of Science, MSc, introduction of, in and de Broglie, 1912), 138 Cambridge, 187 laboratory astrophysics, 431–435 materials universe, 550–555 Laboratory of Molecular Biology (LMB), 380, Mathematical Laboratory, 277, 278, 316, 581 537 Mathematical Tripos, 36, 37, 38, 39, 42, 43, 49, 54, Lalla Rookh,22 56, 62, 63, 64, 68, 70, 71, 72, 73, 80, 84, 97, lambda point, 238 103, 104, 105, 106, 116, 226, 572, 573, 574, Landé g-factor, 172 578 Large Electron–Positron Collider (LEP), 425, 426, mathematicians, French in the eighteenth to twentieth 429, 506, 508, 509 centuries, 36 Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, 362, 424, mathematicians, German in the nineteenth and 425, 429, 508, 537, 538 twentieth centuries, 36 Larmor’s formula for radiation of accelerated electron, mathematics and physics in Cambridge in the 142 nineteenth century, 35–45 laser spectroscopy, 434 MAUD Committee, 262, 263 Lawrence Bragg and the immediate pre-war years, Maxwell and his graduate students, 63–65 255–260 Maxwell and radiation pressure, 63 Lawrence Bragg at Manchester and the National Maxwell and the determination of fundamental Physical Laboratory, 253–255 standards and constants, 60–62 Leica Company, 468 Maxwell Centre for collaboration between physical Leitfaden der praktischen Physik (Guidelines to science and industry, 558 Practical Physics) (Kohlrausch, 1870), 83 Maxwell era (1871–79), 49–75 Lenard rays, 120, 130 research activities, 65–71 LHCb experiment at the LHC, 508, 537, 538 Maxwell Lecture Theatre, 57, 59 limit-cycle behaviour, 229, 580 Maxwell’s Cavendish Laboratory The Limits to Growth (Meadows et al., 1972), 430 research, 60–71 LOFAR project, 517 undergraduate teaching, 71–73 London parameter, 239 what had been achieved, 73–75 Lord Rayleigh’s Dairies, 79 Maxwell’s comparison of measurements of the speed Lord’s Bridge Radio Observatory, 339, 340, 347, 512 of light with the ratio of electric units, 17 low-energy electron diffraction (LEED), 450 Maxwell’s graduate students, their career destinations, Low Frequency Array (LOFAR), 535 75

658 Subject index

Maxwell’s inaugural lecture of 1871, 54–56 Most Secret War (Jones, 1978), 260, 267 Maxwell’s instruments, 61 Motion of the Moon (Cook, 1988), 432 Maxwell’s mechanical analogue for two inductively Mott and amorphous materials, 436–440 coupled circuits, 115 Mott and education, 328–329 Maxwell’s personal research, 65–68 Mott and school education, 329 Maxwell, appointment of as Cavendish Professor, Mott Building, 333, 401, 403, 404, 405, 406, 408, 49–50 411, 450, 556 Maxwell, J.J. Thomson and continuum mechanics, Mott Building viewed across Payne’s Pond, 405 117 Mott era Mayer’s geometric arrangements for floating magnetic an epoch of expansion, 321–334 needles, 118 condensed matter physics, 358–396 mean free path, 144 radio astronomy and particle physics, 335–357 measurements of the speed of light, 17 Mott transition, 394, 486 Medical Sciences Tripos, 328 Mott’s legacy, 395–396 Meissner effect, 238, 239, 312 Mott’s pre-Cavendish days, 321–322 Mémoire sur la Distribution de l’Électricité à la Mott’s strategic decisions in research, 322–328 Surface des Corps Conducteurs (Poisson mouse gland, electron microscope image of, 305 1812), 10 MRC hut, 323, 324 Mendeleyev’s periodic table of 1869, 33 MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, 324 Menter’s image of a single edge dislocation, 375 MRC Research Unit for the Study of the Molecular metal physics 1945–53, 314–315 Structure of Biological Systems, 279, Meteorological Council, 136 286–295, 323, 380 Meteorological Office, 92, 106 Mullard Company, 339 meteorological physics, 315 Mullard Radio Astronomy Observatory, 339, 414–420 Method of Fluxions (Newton, 1736), 35 multiplets, 171 Metropolitan-Vickers Company, 191, 214, 215, 235, myoglobin, 278, 285, 287, 288, 323, 378, 379, 380, 278, 282 582 microelectronics, 471–474 in 2015, 543–544 Nano Doctoral Training Centre, 545 Microelectronics building, 473 nanophotonics, 533 microstructural physics, 495–497 in 2015, 544, 545 microvertex detector of the OPAL experiment at NASA Infrared Telescope Facility (IRTF), 420 CERN, 508 National Coal Board, 285 microwave properties of high-Tc superconductors, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 494–495 Tallahassee, Florida, 546 Millikan oil drop experiment, 134 National Physical Laboratory (NPL), 62, 92, 106, 255, millimetre astronomy, 514–516 431, 432 Mills Cross, 337 Natural History Museum, 40 mixing length, 244 natural philosophy, changing face of in the nineteenth mobility edge, 446 century, 53–54 models of atoms Natural Sciences Tripos, 41, 43, 44, 71, 72, 73, 75, 82, problems of building, 139–141 84, 103, 104, 105, 110, 122, 145, 151, 190, molecular biology during the Mott era, 378–380 226, 328, 572, 573, 574, 575 molecular engineering in 2016, 552–553 neon isotopes, discovery of, 149 Mond Fund of the Royal Society, 206, 235 neutral currents, discover of, at CERN, 424 Mond Laboratory, 191, 235, 236, 237, 238, 240, 258, neutrino, 222 273, 308, 310, 327, 358, 361, 362, 363, 365, discovery of, 222 367, 368, 369, 582 originally called a ‘neutron’ by Pauli, 221, 222 Mond Laboratory entrance, 236 neutron, 211, 222, 223 Mond Laboratory, low-temperature physics in, mass of, 213 240–242 Nevada nuclear explosion, 266 Montreal Laboratory and Chalk River Laboratories, new areas of research 1995 to 2015, 528–534 264 new buildings 2008–15, 558 Moral Sciences Tripos, 41 new Cavendish Laboratory, 401–406 Moseley’s correlation diagram between the frequency new millenium, 521–560 of X-ray lines and atomic number, 164 New Museums site, 42, 405 Mosquito fighter-bomber, 270 The New Quantum Mechanics (Birtwistle, 1928), 189

Subject index 659

A New system of chemical philosophy (Dalton, 1808), OPAL experiment at the LEP, 429, 506, 507, 508, 509 31 opening of physics of sustainability in March 2011, Newton’s law of gravity, 3, 4, 5 532 Newton’s laws of motion, 3, 4, 5, 572 opening of the Lord’s Bridge Observatory and the 3C Newton’s Principia for the Common Reader and 4C surveys, 339–341, 348 (Chandrasekhar, 1995), 572 optical and infrared aperture synthesis, 510–511 NGC 383, 416 Optiks (Newton, 1704), 4 Nicholson’s and Bohr’s models of atoms, 153–155 optoelectronics, 477–482 non-metallic conduction, 446 in 2015, 551–552 normal Zeeman effect, 130, 172, 190 organic polymer light-emitting diode, physics of, 479 North Pole radio survey, 344 organic solar cells, 481 Notes on Recent Researches in Electricity and An Outline of Wave Mechanics (Mott, 1930), 322 Magnetism (Thomson, 1903b), 115, 120 novel states of matter under extreme pressures, PAL detector, layout of the elements, 507 temperatures and magnetic fields, 492 Paris Exhibition of 1867, 43 nuclear fission, 223 Paris Symposium on Radio Astronomy 1958, 339 discovery of, 222, 224 Part III Physics Courses, 465 nuclear physics in the post-1945 era, 280–284 particle physics 1955–83: the growth of CERN, number counts of radio sources from the 2C survey of 422–426 radio sources, 336 particles ejected in the photoelectric effect, 134–135 number of neutrino species from the OPAL Pauli exclusion principle, 172, 222 experiment, limits to, 509 penetration depth, 239, 242, 310, 311, 312, 313, 362, numbers of electrons in atoms, 141–145 368 ‘Nursary’, 197 Pepper and semiconductor physics, 467–471 Pepper and the quantum Hall effect, 440 Ohm’s law, 12, 66, 69 periodic table of the elements, 31, 172 Old Possum’s Book of Practical Cats T. S. Eliot Perrin’s discharge tube, 128, 129 (1939), 585 Perutz and Kendrew, 286–288 old quantum theory, 172 Perutz’s model of haemoglobin, 379 On Faraday’s Lines of Force (Maxwell, 1856b), 114 Perutz’s Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1962), 324 On physical lines of force (Maxwell, 1861a,b, phase shift receiver, 299 1862a,b), 114 phaseless aperture synthesis, 419 On the Dissociation of some Gases by the Electric Philips 1 and 2 MeV accelerators, 280, 281, 282, 284 Discharge (Thomson, 1887), 120 Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica On the Effect of Electrification and Chemical Action (Newton, 1687), 3, 35, 37, 38, 62, 572 on a Steam Jet and of Water Vapour on the phlogiston, 24 Discharge of Electricity through Gases photoelectric effect, 134–135 (Thomson, 1893b), 120 PHUEI CCD camera, 415, 586 On the Electric and Magnetic Effects Produced by the Physics and Chemistry of Rubbing Solids (PCRS), 384 Motion of Electrified Bodies (Thomson, 1881), physics and chemistry of solids (PCS), 381–389, 93 436–440, 497–502 On the Nature of the Motion, Which We Call Heat new scientific directions, 384 (Clausius, 1857), 32 physics in 1900, 137–138 On the protection of buildings from lightning physics in nineteenth century, 3–34 (Maxwell, 1876), 68 physics in the aftermath of the First World War, On the Rate at which Electricity leaks through Liquids 183–187 which are Bad Conductors of Electricity physics laboratories, first formally recognised, at (Thomson and Newall, 1887), 120 British institutes of higher learning, 52 On the Theory of Electric Discharge in Gases physics laboratories, in the nineteenth century, private (Thomson, 1883a), 93 and non-academic, 51 On the Theory of Light and Colours (Young, 1802), 6 physics lecture courses 1877–78, 72 1C (Cambridge) survey, 299 physics lecture courses 1927–28, 188 1C polar diagram and record, 300 physics of dislocations, 372–375 1C radio telescope, 299 physics of medicine and biology, 528–531 one of Rutherford’s regular visits to the experimental Physics of Medicine Building, 558 laboratories with Ratcliffe, 208 physics of medicine in 2015, 539, 541 ONETEP, 505, 547, 548 physics of sustainability, 531–532

660 Subject index

Physics of the Earth and Planets (Cook, 1973), pure and applied physics in the 1880s, 98–100 432 pure and mixed mathematics at Cambridge, 35–36 Physics of Vibration (Pippard, 1978a,b), 400 physics teaching 1971–82, 406–408 quadrupole and octopole aberration correctors, 376 physics, definition of, 3 quantisation of angular momentum, 154, 155 Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt, 92, 99 quantisation of vorticity by Vinen and Hall, 364 Pippard and non-local theories for normal metals and quantised magnetic flux lines, 362–363 superconductors, 310–312 quantised one-dimensional resistance, 469 Pippard and the Magnet Laboratory, 361–362 quantised vortices in superfluid helium, 363–365 Pippard as Cavendish Professor, 399–401 quantum cascade laser, 471, 587 Pippard at ADRDE and RRDE, 268–269 quantum criticality, 491 Pippard era quantum Hall effect, 440–441 a new laboratory and a new vision, 399–413 quantum matter in 2015, 544–545, 546 condensed matter physics, 436–455 quantum mechanics, 214 radio astronomy, high-energy physics and quantum sensors in 2015, 547–550 laboratory astrophysics, 414–435 Quantum Theory of the Atom (Birtwistle, 1926), 189 Pippard’s ‘effective’ electrons, 311 quantum universe, 539–550 Pippard’s apparatus for measuring the shape of the quasars, radio quiet, 347 Fermi surface of copper, 360 quasi-elastic helium-atom scattering (QHAS) plan of Cavendish Laboratory on West Cambridge site experiments using 3He spin-echo in 1974, 402 spectrometer, 500 Planck satellite, 512, 535, 536 Quebec Agreement 1944, 264 Planck’s constant, 140, 154 Queen Victoria, Prince Albert and family visit the planning the move to West Cambridge, 329–334 Great Exhibition of 1851, 40 plans of second and third floors of Mott Building in 1974, 404 Röntgen awarded the first Nobel Prize in Physics Plastic Logic, 482 (1901), 125 plasticity of crystalline materials, 246–247 Röntgen’s first X-ray image, 125 Plessey Company, 440, 442 radar and the Second World War, 266–269 plum-pudding model of the atom, 117, 143, 147 Radar Research and Development Establishment polymer light-emitting diodes, 480 (RRDE), 269 polymers and colloids, 474–477 radiation damage observed by the HVEM, 378 positron, 204, 579 Radiations from Radioactive Substances (Rutherford Post-Prandial Proceedings of the Cavendish Society, et al., 1930a), 197 576 radiative and mechanical instability of atoms, powder camera for X-ray crystallography, 255 141–143 Poynting vector, 142 radio astronomy practical class in 1933, 85 birth of, 297–302 practical class in the 1900s, 85 new directions in, 418–420 Practical Physics (Glazebrook and Shaw, 1885), 83 new initiatives, 510–518 precise measurement and the determination of time, Radio Astronomy Group 5–6 growth of 1954–71, 335–353 A preliminary survey of the radio stars in the northern radio bubbles in Perseus cluster of galaxies, 418 hemisphere (Ryle et al., 1950), 300 Radio Countermeasures Division of TRE, 267 Principles of Mechanism (Willis, 1841), 44 radio galaxy Principles of Quantum Mechanics (Dirac, 1930), 189, 3C 31, 416 227 3C 123, 419 Principles of the Theory of Solids (Ziman, 1972), 361, 3C 265, 518 390 3C 324, 517, 518 protocols for scintillation counting, 197–199 3C 368, 517, 518 Proton Synchrotron at CERN, 424, 427 Radio Group, 295–297 proximity effect, 367, 368 Radio Group and birth of radio astronomy in pseudorapidity, η, 429, 430, 586 Cambridge, 295–302 psuedopotentials, 394 radio quasar ptychography, 444 3C 47, 342 pulsars as magnetised rotating neutron stars, 352 3C 48, 341, 342

Subject index 661

3C 147, 342 Revised Third Cambridge (3CR) Catalogue of Radio 3C 196, 341 Sources, 341 3C 273, 341, 342 revolutions of 1895 and 1896, 124–127 observed by Hubble Space Telescope, 342 Richardson and the law of thermionic emission, 3C 286, 341 145–146 Radio Research Station, Slough, 297 Richardson’s law, 145, 146 radio source counts at 408 MHz, 346 Richardson’s Nobel Prize in Physics (1928), 146 radio source counts in Friedman and steady-state Robert Matthew, Johnson-Marshall and Partners cosmologies, 338 architects, 332 radio source physics, 516–518 Royal Aircraft Factory at Farnborough, 244, 246 radioactive decay chain of thorium, 578 Royal Commission report of 1852 and its aftermath, radioactive decay chains from Rutherford’s 1904 39–42 Bakerian Lecture, 176 Royal Institution of Great Britain, 12, 15, 39, 51, 129, radioactivity, discovery of, 125–126 178, 317, 318, 573 radium emanation, 174, 177 Royal Society of Edinburgh, 52 Radium Institute, Vienna, 198 Rutherford and Geiger’s experiment to measure the range R of high-energy particles, 195 total charge of a flux of α-particles ranges of α-particles, β-particles and γ -rays, 136 (Rutherford and Geiger, 1908a), 180 Rattee and Kett, Cambridge builders, 191 Rutherford and Geiger’s original α-particle detector of Rayleigh scattering, 79 1908, 180 Rayleigh’s appointment to the Cavendish Chair, 79–82 Rutherford and nuclear transformations, 194–199 Rayleigh’s Colleagues, Graduate Students and Their Rutherford and Robinson’s apparatus to measure the Future Employment, 92–93 deflection of α-particles in an electric field Rayleigh’s legacy, 93–94 (Rutherford and Robinson, 1914), 182 Rayleigh’s Nobel Prize in Physics (1904), 109 Rutherford and Royd’s experiment (1909), 153 Rayleigh’s other researches, 91–92 Rutherford and the importance of physics for society, Rayleigh’s Quinquennium, 79–94 industry and the UK economy, 184 Rayleigh, phenomena named after, 81 Rutherford and the need for resources after the First RCA EM electron microscope, 305 World War, 184 Reconciling physics with reality (Pippard 1971 Rutherford and Thomson with the graduate students inaugural lecture), 400 in 1920, 185 redshift, 300, 341, 342, 346, 347, 512, 514, 516, 518 Rutherford at Manchester University: 1907 to 1919, definition of, 583 179–183 Réflections sur la Puissance Motrice du Feu et sur les Rutherford at McGill University: 1898 to 1907, Machines Propres à Developper cette 173–179 Puissance (Carnot, 1824), 28, 29 Rutherford Building, 333, 404 relaxation oscillator, 229, 580 Rutherford era Report of the Head of Department for the year end of, 249 1949–50 (Bragg, 1950), 283 the Radioactivists, 194, 225 reptation, Doi and Edwards on, 452, 453 the seeds of the new physics, 226–249 research and teaching during the J.J. Thomson era, Rutherford scattering, 153, 181, 194 100–107 Rutherford’s β-ray experiments, 219 Research Assessment Exercises, 460, 461, 523, 525, Rutherford’s 1927 presidential address to the Royal 527, 528, 531 Society, 213, 214 research by subject area 1884–1894, 101 Rutherford’s Bakerian Lecture of 1904, 175, 178, Research Excellence Framework (REF), 523, 525, 577 527 Rutherford’s Bakerian Lecture of 1920, 209 research grant income 1975–2001, 412 Rutherford’s coat-of-arms, 174 research group structure from 1962 to 1970, 329 Rutherford’s determination of the value of E/M for research groups, staff and numbers in the Laboratory α-particles, 177 in 1950, 276 Rutherford’s discovery of α-andβ-radiation, 136 Research in Rayleigh’s Cavendish, 86–92 Rutherford’s experiments on radium emanation, 174 research programme during the J.J. Thomson era, Rutherford’s magnetic radio wave detector, 128 100–101 Rutherford’s new challenges at Cambridge, 171–193 Response and stability (Pippard, 1985), 400 Rutherford’s Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1908), 136, restructuring the Laboratory 1945–53, 272–276 178

662 Subject index

Rutherford’s nuclear disintegration apparatus, 196 SppS experiment, 426, 427, 428 Rutherford, radioactivity and β-particles, 136–137 space group theory and crystallography, 254 Rutherford, the nature of α-particles and the nuclear space quantisation, 172 structure of atoms, 152–153 spectrum of the cosmic microwave background Rydberg constant, 155 radiation 1965–68, 353 Rydberg’s formula, 164 spectrum of turbulence (Taylor, 1938), 249 Ryle’s 1955 Halley lecture, 337 spin glasses, Anderson and Edwards on, 452 Ryle’s Nobel Prize in Physics (1974), 348 split-gate heterojunction, 470 Ryle at TRE, 267–268 structure of, 469 SPS and the LHC at Geneva, schematic diagram of, saturated vapour pressure, 132 425 as a function of temperature, 132 Square Kilometre Array (SKA), 517, 535 Scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), stability of flow between concentric rotating cylinders, 304, 411 245 Science is not a quiet life. Unravelling the atomic staff 1981 to 1990, 462 mechanism of haemoglobin (Perutz, 1997), staff 1995 to 2015, 463, 529, 530 582 staff and graduate students in the Laboratory in 1950, Science Museum, 40 275 Science Research Council (SRC), 327, 328 staff and research students in the Laboratory in 1932, scientific computing in 2015, 555 224 scintillating fibre detector of the UA2 experiment at staff by academic grades 1981–95, 460 CERN, 428 staff during the Thomson era and their career scintillation of compact radio sources, 349 destinations, 103 Scotia, 244 staff numbers, total 1975–2001, 412 Scott Lectures, 228 Stalin era, 237 Scottish Enlightenment, 23 stationary states, 171 SCUBA cryostat on the JCMT, 515 statistical theory of turbulence, 249 second law of thermodynamics – James Watt and the STEM observations of single atoms in crystal steam engine, 25–31 structures, 497 second law of thermodynamics, origin of, 26 Stern–Gerlach experiment, 172 second sound and quantised vortices in superfluid Stoke’s formula, 133 helium, 363–365 strange metal behaviour, 490 Second World War years, 260–261 strength properties of materials and high-speed Seiko–Epson, 481 photography, 387–389 selection rules for atomic transitions, 171 student numbers during the J.J. Thomson era, 101–106 semiconductor physics in 2015, 547, 549 A study of the physical and chemical phenomena Shapiro steps, 447 associated with rubbing and with the impact of Shimizu, Blackett and the Cloud Chamber, 199–201 solids (Bowden 1944), 383 Shimizu–Wilson reciprocating cloud chamber, 200 submillimetre common-user bolometer array, shock waves, explosives and high-energy materials, SCUBA, 515, 516, 588 498–499 Super Proton Synchrotron at CERN, 424, 425, 426, Shoenberg and the de Haas–van Alphen effect, 427, 429 309–310 superconducting low-inductance undulatory Siemens ‘Übermikroscop’ electron microscope 1943, galvanometer (SLUG), operation of, 370 303, 305 superconductivity and superfluidity – Kapitsa, Allen, Sindall of Cambridge, 109 Misener and Jones, 238–242 Skobeltsyn’s first photographic record of a cosmic ray superconductivity and superfluidity, brief history of, particle, 202 238–240 skyrmions, 490 Superconductivity of Metals and Cuprates (Waldram, Smith’s Prize, 36, 50, 79, 97, 154, 243 1996), 486 Soaring of Birds (Rayleigh, 1883), 91, 92 Superfluids Vol. 1. superconductivity (London, 1950); Solar Physics Observatory, Cambridge Observatories, Vol. 2. superfluid helium (London, 1954), 584 159 SuperSTEM project, 497 solar wind, 349 surface physics, 384–386, 499–500 solid state theory, Mott’s contribution, 393 surface transport phenomena, 501 Solvay Conference 1911, 138, 151, 153, 154 surfaces, microstructure and fracture in 2015, participants by country, 138 553–554

Subject index 663

Sustainable Energy – Without the Hot Air (MacKay, thin-film magnetism, 501–502 2008), 548 in 2015, 554 Sweepnik high-speed measuring machine, 284, 355, third Cambridge (3C) catalogue, 339 427 Thomson and Aston’s photographic positive-ray tube, in operation, 356 149 switching processes in ferromagnetic rings, 502 Thomson and Barkla’s experiments, 143–145 Synchrocyclotron at CERN(600 MeV), 424 Thomson and the transatlantic telegraph cable, 18–24 A System of Apparatus for the Use of Lecturers and Thomson and vortex models of atoms and molecules, Experimenters in Mechanical Philosophy 116–117 (Willis, 1851), 44 Thomson cross-section, 143 Thomson era, 1884–1900 – the electron, 111–138 Tabor and Winterton’s measurement of van der Waals Thomson era 1900–19 – atomic structure, 139–167 forces between mica sheets, 385 Thomson scattering, 143 Tabor Laboratory, 477 Thomson’s agenda, 111–117 Taylor phenomena, 243 Thomson’s analysis of the deflection of canal rays, Taylor vortex instability, 246 148 Taylor’s theory of plasticity, 248 Thomson’s analysis of the delay time of pulses in a TCM Group History (Heine, 2015), 390, 450, 584, transatlantic cable, 20 586 Thomson’s corpuscles, 117, 130, 131, 133, 137, 144 teaching: the three/four-year physics course, 461–466 Thomson’s derivation of the loss rate of an accelerated teaching in Rayleigh’s Cavendish – Glazebrook and electron, 142 Shaw, 82–84 Thomson’s discharge tube with crossed electric and teaching of theoretical physics during the Mott era, magnetic fields, 131 393–395 Thomson’s election to the Cavendish Chair, 97–98 teaching quality assessment, 523 Thomson’s experiment to estimate the charge of the teaching staff during the J.J. Thomson era, 106–107 electron, 134 Telecommunications Research Establishment (TRE), Thomson’s experiment to estimate the mass-to-charge 267, 278, 295 ratio of the particles ejected by ultraviolet The Telephone (Maxwell, 1878), 68 radiation, 135 TeraView Ltd, 470, 471, 549 Thomson’s Nobel Prize in Physics (1906), 140 Terling Place, Essex, 79, 82, 92, 94, 107 Thomson’s version of Perrin’s experiment, 129 Theoretical Concepts in Physics (Longair, 2003), 408, Thomson, Aston and Positive Rays, 147–150 571, 572, 576 Thomson, challenges facing, 97–110 theoretical particle physics, 356–357 thorium emanation, 173, 174, 175, 577 theoretical physics in the post-war era, 315–317 Thoughts on Ray Vibrations (Faraday, 1846), 16 Théorie Analytique de la Chaleur (Fourier, 1822), 4, 3C and 4C radio surveys, 339–341 20, 24, 36 3CR catalogue and the discovery of quasars, 341–342 Théorie des Phénomènes Électro-Dynamique, thyratron, 206, 270 Uniquement Déduite de l’Expérience THz imaging of cancerous tissues, 471, 472 (Ampère, 1826), 12 tidal friction, 245 Theory of Atomic and Molecular Collisions (Mott and time-of-flight helium scattering apparatus, 500 Massey, 1934), 228 TITAN computer, 381, 392 Theory of Atomic Collisions (Mott and Massey, Tobi, Maxwell’s dog, 65 1934), 322 tomato virus, electron microscope image of, 305 theory of condensed matter (TCM), 450–454, Toshiba Cambridge Research Centre, 470, 471 503–505 towards the old quantum theory, 150–153 in 2015, 545–547, 548 Traité Élémentaire du Calcul Differential et du Calcul Theory of Heat (Maxwell, 1870), 71 Intégral (Lacroix, 1797–98), 37 The Theory of Polymer Dynamics (Doi and Edwards, Transmission electron microscope (TEM), 303, 304 1986), 452 A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (Maxwell, Theory of Sound Vols. 1 and 2 (Rayleigh, 1877, 1878), 1873), 17, 23, 49, 62–63, 97, 115, 120 81 Treatise on Light (Huygens, 1690), 4 The theory of the properties of metals and alloys Treatise on Natural Philosophy (Thomson and Tait, (1936), 322 1867), 23, 63 thermionic emission, theory of, 146 Treatise on the Motion of Vortex Rings (Thomson, Thermionic Vacuum Tubes (Appleton, 1931), 229 1883b), 116 thermodynamics, laws of, 24–31 tribophysics and tribology, 584

664 Subject index

Trinity atomic bomb test, 266 Watson’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine tripos, 36, 37, 38, 49, 62, 63, 572 (1962), 324 Tripos examples, 573 Watt and the steam engine, 26–27 Tube Alloys Project, 262–264 Watt’s double-acting rotative steam engine of 1784, 28 turbulence, 247–249 Watt’s single-acting steam engine of 1788, 27 2C catalogue and the controversy over the number wave-particle duality, 172 counts of radio sources, 336–339 Westerbork Synthesis Radio Telescope (WSRT), 343 two-fluid model, 239, 310, 366 What Mad Pursuit (Crick, 1988), 582 type II superconductors and quantised magnetic flux whistlers, 296 lines, 362–363 Why is Maxwell’s Theory So Hard to Understand? (Dyson, 1999), 54 UA1 experiment, 426, 428 wide SNS junction, I–V characteristic of, 447 UA1, UA2 and UA5 experiments, 427–430 William Cavendish and the Founding of the UA2 experiment, 426, 427, 428, 429, 586 Laboratory, 42–45 UA5 experiment, 427, 429, 430, 586 William Cavendish, portraits of, 42 UA5/2 experiment, 429 Wilson cloud chamber, 156–159 UK Infrared Telescope (UKIRT), 420, 514, 515, discoveries with, 159 518 images of α-particle tracks and electrons, 158 Undergraduate physics syllabus 1886–87, 105 triggering of, 157 undergraduate teaching 1945–53, 276–277 Wilson’s 1910 enlarged cloud chamber, 156 undergraduate teaching programme during the Wilson’s improved expansion chamber, 123 Rutherford era, 187–190 Wilson’s Nobel Prize in Physics (1927), 159 universality of the electron, 137 Wilson’s perfected cloud chamber, 157 ‘Universes of Physics’, 534, 535 Wilson, C.T.R. and the condensation of water droplets, Uranium Club, 263 122–124 wind power, 420–422 van de Graaff electrostatic accelerator, 280, wind turbine at Lord’s Bridge, 421 282 Winton programme for the physics of sustainability, Cavendish, 282 531–532, 550 van der Pol equation, 580 women admitted to all physics classes, 82 van der Waals forces – Israelachvili and Tabor, work hardening, 247 385–386 wrangler, 36, 37, 42, 50, 63, 64, 68, 69, 72, 73, 74, 79, variable-range hopping, 437 82, 574 Very Large Array (VLA), 343, 418, 518 Wynn-Williams, thyratrons and the scale-of-two Very Small Array (VSA), 513, 536 counter, 206–209, 579 VG HB5 scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), 444, 445 X-ray crystallography, origin of, 125, 161, 162 The Vibrations of a Vortex Ring, and the Action upon X-ray Microscopy (Cosslett and Nixon, 1950), 371 each other of two vortices in a Perfect Fluid, X-ray photogoniography, 257 93 principles of, 256 Victoria and Albert Museum, 40 X-ray pictures taken by Franklin and Gosling of DNA Villard’s discovery of γ -rays, 136 molecules, 291 Vinen and Hall’s quantised vortex experiments in X-ray point-projection microscope, 307 helium II, 365 X-ray spectra of the chemical elements Volta’s crown of cups and voltaic piles, 11 characteristic signature of, 162 von Laue’s X-ray diffraction pattern for a crystal of X-rays, discovery of, 124–125 cubical zinc blende, 160 Z bosons, cross-section for electron–positron W.G.Pye and Co. Ltd, 107, 257 collisions showing the resonance associated war years 1914–18, 166 with, 509 Ward and Wynn-Williams’ linear amplifier used in zero-dimensional quantum dot, 470 Chadwick’s discovery of the neutron, 207 Zoetrope strip showing three interacting vortices, 117