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On Cultural Default and Compensation in Big Breasts and Wide Hips from the Perspective of Cultural Schema Theory

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On Cultural Default and Compensation in Big Breasts and Wide Hips from the Perspective of Cultural Schema Theory Sino-US English Teaching, October 2016, Vol. 13, No. 10, 822-830 doi:10.17265/1539-8072/2016.10.009 D DAVID PUBLISHING On Cultural Default and Compensation in Big Breasts and Wide Hips From the Perspective of Cultural Schema Theory YU Jie-li Ningbo Dahongying University, Ningbo, China Cultural schema theory proposes that when we interact with members of the same culture in certain situations, or talk about certain information with them many times, cultural schemas are created and stored in our brain, which can promote coherence between the original and target language text, thus solving the cultural default caused by the cultural differences. It is vital to make cultural compensation to different cultural schemas and to coordinate the cultural contradiction. This thesis focuses on the translation methods and strategies in Big Breasts and Wide Hips from the perspective of the cultural schema theory, which exemplifies how cultural default and compensation functions in this novel. Keywords: cultural schema theory, cultural default, compensation, Big Breasts and Wide Hips Introduction As one of the representative works of MO Yan, Big Breasts and Wide Hips vividly reproduces the turbulent Chinese society in the 20th century and shows the difficult life of an ordinary mother. The English translation was completed by the Howard Goldblatt, who is characterized as witty language skill and rich cultural connotation. His translation version is unique in style and creative in content, always putting top priority to the target readers’ feeling and experience. Howard Goldblatt retained a cultural aesthetic value of the original text and achieved the mental communication with the target readers. His work, full of humorous and witty remarks, is a combination of oriental flavor and Western logical thinking. That is the reason why both Eastern and Western readers take an intense interest in it. In this paper, the English version of Big Breasts and Wide Hips translated by Howard Goldblatt is used as a model to explore the cultural translation default and cultural compensation strategies. According to Wikipedia, cultural schema theory proposes that when we interact with members of the same culture in certain situations many times, or talk about certain information with them many times, cultural schemas are created and stored in our brain. The paper will conduct research on how the default and compensation is achieved in the translation version in order to promote cultural transmission. The paper starts with an introduction to the theory and its main application in translation. The main part of the paper focuses on the cultural default translation compensation research in this novel. The compensation strategies of cultural deficiency in the English version will be summarized in the paper as well. YU Jie-li, undergraduate, School of Humanity, Ningbo Dahongying University. The paper is under the supervision of Ms. WANG Qi. ON CULTURAL DEFAULT AND COMPENSATION 823 Cultural Schema Theory Research Cultural Schema Theory Connotations A cultural schema is relatively frequently used in the process of human memory storage, which is derived from the society and cultural background knowledge including personal life and social practical experience. The notion of cultural schema plays a pivotal role in cognitive understanding. The special schema state stored in brain for searching and updating at the cultural schema which is a kind of memorizing structure is derived from the meaning of joining the new information gathered from an extensive literature or reality obtained by individual with their own personal life or social practical experience. “The organization of knowledge in human cognitive process involves units that are larger than words and concepts. This organization also includes knowledge about familiar situations, events, and the relationship among these situations and events” (Matlin, 2008, p. 228). People may naturally adapt the previous knowledge through exposure to a fresh cultural environment, which differs schema could vary the interpretation towards the original text. When reading numerous materials available, people intensively facilitate to search or update schema that they already gathered to achieve a completed schema built by numerous blocks of memory schema. Schemas will record automatically about what has been learned, where the community is or which cultural knowledge background surrounded by—all information will be collected and analyzed as a total summary. For the reading comprehension purposes, people use a series of figures and existing knowledge schemas to extend cognitive models once they stimulate relevant information. For instance, the classroom schema describes a series of senses may appear in the classroom. In this illustration, “teacher”, “student”, “desk”, “blackboard”, “chalk”, “computer”, and “projector” formulate specific signals to activate classroom scenarios in a text or real conversion. All of the displayed information is activated to render the image in the brain. The interactive signals of teacher schema, like “student” and “teacher” can be activated and thus trigger next comprehensive schema and activate the schema as a whole. In this context, the cultural schema is a sequence of knowledge structure. Cultural schema is generally related with historical and social context, so cultural schema will constantly update with characteristics of their specific cultural in a long-term knowledge accumulation. A unique cultural cognitive system and values will be formulated influenced by the way of social communication, the process of historical development and faith of human beliefs. For example, westerners consider being tanned as a healthy and positive performance, however, in Chinese concept, white skin can cover all flaws. Clearly, people from diverse cultural background always have a variety of cultural cognitive notion. Therefore, cultural schema is a kind of shared knowledge structure. Last but not least, basically in the related cultural background, people usually can successfully participate in a dialogue. It is thoughtful to investigate on the phenomenon that two individuals from different countries have a smooth conversion. This situation indicates that one of listener and speaker’s cultural schema may have changed. The emergence of this model shows that fresh information will apparently comprehend in the existed cultural schema; brain will give enough enforcement on the appearance of new things with analyzation and sort through the relevant schemas. Cultural schema will continue to broaden its application and cooperation with the progress of times. Therefore, the cultural schema is a plasticity of the knowledge structure. The Application of Cultural Schema Theories in Translation The process of translation is not only to find appropriate and interpretation in the source language and 824 ON CULTURAL DEFAULT AND COMPENSATION target language, which is to deal with cultural default and conflict in the texts. First of all, translator needs a preliminary understanding of the contextual relationship between the author’s cultural background and target language and discerns the existence of cultural defaults. If a translator relies on a considerable explanation of his or her own cultural background knowledge in the process of translation, readers who have less or no schema related to the reading materials will be disadvantaged in this situation, which will give total disruption on what they read or demotivate them to read. Because of cultural background differences, cultural defaults in the translation inevitably may lead to misunderstandings of readers. Readers will activate their schemata concerned to fill in the slots of the schemata left by cultural default in occurrence on some keys shown in the text. Apparently, cultural schema plays a pivotal role in cultural translation. In recent years, cultural schema theory aroused many scholars concerns in the field of translation applications. SHANG Jing puts forward that cultural schema should focus on reader’s previous cultural background knowledge to evoke familiar situation in cultural translation. Readers will mirror similar schemas to compare the difference between them. In this article, the author suggests that foreignizing translation strategies should be used in the process of cultural default translation. HUANG Fen chooses Fortress Besieged as its research model to analyze cultural connotation in the system and found that translators use the theory as their cultural guidance to compensate the cultural defaults. The author also discusses problems existing in semantic expression of translation and enriching coherent interpretation of the text through the cultural schema theory. Readers will experience the pleasure of reading the literature under the cultural schema theory. LIANG Yu-qiong focuses on the study of literary works by cultural default with the help of Chinese proverb and explores the cultural default and compensation. Chinese proverb with great Chinese characteristics conveys various Chinese cultural, belief, history, etc. that may cause the difficulties in semantic interpretation and cultural defaults and compensation. The author tries to find appropriate compensation strategies to improve an accurate and interpretation from the cultural schema theory. According to Susan Bassnett, she believes that translation is an act deeply rooted in the cultures of languages and it is both the intra-cultural communication and the inter-communication. (Susan Bassnett,
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