Communicating Design School

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Communicating Design School COMMUNICATING DESIGN SCHOOL La comunicazione visiva delle scuole di progettazione come strumento di promozione della cultura progettuale Alessia Ronco Milanaccio tesi di dottorato in design XXXI ciclo tutor: Manuel Gausa ADD - Corso di Dottorato in Architettura e Design Scuola Politecnica di Genova - UNIGE 5 — 0. AMBITO E INTRODUZIONE 5 0.1 Ambito di ricerca 5 0.2 Pre-position 6 0.3 Position 6 0.4 Questioni emerse 7 0.5 Obiettivi 8 0.6 Struttura 8 0.7 Metodologia 11 0.8 Risultati attesi 12 0.9 Scuola (di progettazione) 15 0.10 Introduzione PARTE PRIMA Indagine sul panorama passato 21 — 1. SCENARIO Accademia, Scuola, Università. 21 1.1 Premessa 22 1.2 Da Accademia, a Scuola, a Università I luoghi di formazione del progettista 33 — 2. CASI STUDIO Quali scuole e perché 33 2.1 Introduzione 36 2.2 Criteri di selezione dei casi studio 43 2.3 Architectural Association School of Architecture 85 2.4 Massachussets Institute of Technology 159 2.5 Bauhaus 195 2.6 Università Iuav di Venezia 211 2.7 Hochschule für Gestaltung Ulm 241 2.8 Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia 261 — 3. CONCLUSIONI PARTE PRIMA Considerazioni generali 261 3.1 Tematiche emerse 288 3.2 Alcune considerazioni generali PARTE SECONDA Riflessioni sul panorama contemporaneo 293 — 4. COMUNICAZIONE CULTURALE L’Università che si apre al pubblico 293 4.1 Premessa 297 4.2 Terza missione e comunicazione 311 4.3 Social media come strumento istituzionale 318 — 5. COMUNICAZIONE ISTITUZIONALE O COMUNICAZIONE D’IMPRESA? 318 5.1 La stagione dell’advertising 327 5.2 Merchandising ed esempio americano 333 5.3 (Ri)costruzione di una identità. Da immagine a brand 347 — 6. UNIVERSITÀ E TERRITORIO L’esperienza del workshop con Ruedi Baur 347 6.1 Le relazioni con il territorio 350 6.2 Il workshop 356 6.3 Campus Castello 365 — 7. CONCLUSIONI Spunti per uno scenario futuro 365 7.1 Comunicazione e mission culturale 367 7.2 Rivalutare il potenziale del progetto grafico all’interno della comunicazione universitaria 375 — Fonti bibliografiche 0. AMBITO E INTRODUZIONE 4 0.1 - ambito di ricerca L’ambito indagato nella tesi è quello della comunicazione visiva. Nello specifico si intende il particolare settore relativo alle scuo- le di design1 che nel corso del tempo sono state capaci di attuare particolari politiche didattiche e di comunicazione costruendo una determinata corrente di pensiero e influenzando la cultu- ra progettuale, giocando un ruolo attivo nella formazione della società contemporanea e costruendo le basi da cui si sono poi sviluppate teorie e correnti ideologiche o artistiche che hanno in qualche modo anticipato e influenzato il mondo del design. L’indagine è condotta attraverso l’analisi di alcuni casi studio ritenuti di particolare interesse perché riconosciuti oggi come punto di riferimento nel panorama della formazione del proget- tista, dalla quale si deduce il ruolo chiave che la progettazione grafica ha avuto nel processo di consacrazione, talvolta mitiz- zazione, di tali episodi. Infine si propongono alcuni spunti di riflessione sull’utilizzo degli strumenti comunicativi all’inter- no dell’ambito odierno. 0.2 - pre-position La grafica è strumento integrante nella formazione della cul- tura e va considerata come parte fondamentale “non solo nella divulgazione ma anche nella modellazione della scienza”2. Il processo di materializzazione della conoscenza e dei principi teorici attraverso la realizzazione di artefatti grafici riduce la di- stanza tra posizione ideologica (accademica o culturale), spazio istituzionale culturale (centro di ricerca / scuola / università) e pubblico e può trasformarsi in efficace strumento di comunica- zione e divulgazione. Affinché l’innovazione scientifica e la ricerca possano essere diffuse alla società si deve progettare una veste grafica adatta a semplificarne la comprensione, che sia intelligibile e che, so- prattutto “rispetti la relazione diretta tra identità, istituzione e strumenti per rappresentarla”.3 1 Nell’ambito di questa tesi per “design” si intende il significato anglosassone del termine, ovvero la disciplina che comprende tutto ciò che riguarda la pratica della progettazione 2 G. Anceschi, G. Baule, G. Torri, Carta del progetto grafico - Tesi per un dibattito sul progetto della comunicazione, 1989 3 R. Baur, Entre identité et identification. Les valeurs civiques des systèmes de représentation publics, tesi di dottorato discussa il 30 maggio 2016, presso l’Università di Strasburgo 5 Il ruolo del progettista grafico è indispensabile nel processo di avvicinamento tra identità visiva e identificazione. “La comunicazione di una Istituzione non può che essere iden- titaria – alimentata cioè dalla sua storia, dalle sue radici, dalle sue finalità – ma conscia del particolare fluire del tempo nell’era della globalizzazione che si muove sempre più velocemente fra un presente e un next ravvicinato, piuttosto che verso un futuro di lunga proiezione.”4 0.3 - position Nel panorama contemporaneo serve individuare una nuova for- ma di comunicazione per le istituzioni culturali quali scuole, università, centri di ricerca, che raggiunga il giusto compromes- so tra comunicazione identitaria, comunicazione istituzionale e comunicazione di impresa e che dunque persegua gli scopi commerciali a cui le scuole sono chiamate a rispondere, mante- nendo intatta la missione educativa e culturale che è intrinseca nel loro essere. Si rende necessario individuare oggi la soglia che separa l’u- niversità (intesa, in questa sede, come principale istituzione contemporanea al cui interno coesistono varie scuole, sezioni o dipartimenti dedicati all’insegnamento delle discipline pro- gettuali), il cui scopo è la diffusione di cultura, dal mercato, il cui scopo è la produzione di merci e beni, per capire se e quali aspetti del branding e del marketing possono essere utili al fine di fornire un contributo di supporto – e non di sostituzione – alla comunicazione di tipo istituzionale, riferimento tradizio- nale per le attività divulgative di scuole e università. Per fare ciò si è ricorso all’analisi di alcuni esempi che sono sta- ti significativi in passato e che tutt’oggi sono considerati come modelli formativi, didattici o comunicativi di riferimento. 0.4 - questioni emerse Nel processo di affermazione di quelle scuole ritenute punto di riferimento per la disciplina progettuale, quanto è stato rilevan- te il progetto di comunicazione visiva con cui hanno dialogato, o dialogano tutt’ora, con il pubblico? Tale processo quanto è stato specchio delle ideologie e della mission culturale ad esso sottesi? 4 A. Acocella, Comunicazione Istituzionale. Verso una comunicazione identitaria, in MD Material Design Journal - Post-it, 4 marzo 2013 6 Può funzionare la comunicazione di una scuola che prescinde dalla sua mission culturale o si corre il pericolo di cadere nella mera commercializzazione? È oggi possibile per una scuola produrre innovazione attraverso la propria comunicazione, tenendo conto sia degli aspetti iden- titari che di quelli commerciali? 0.5 - obiettivi La ricerca si pone innanzitutto l’obiettivo di offrire un’occa- sione di riflessione sull’esperienza della comunicazione visiva, oggi spesso sostituita dalla pratica del branding culturale, che negli ultimi anni si è diffusa in tutti gli atenei e le scuole in Italia. La scelta degli esempi riportati come casi studio è volu- tamente un paragone che normalmente non si propone alle attuali realtà universitarie, in primo luogo per posizionamento temporale (il concetto stesso di “scuola di progettazione”, come inteso in questa sede, è mutato molto nel corso del tempo), e in seconda battuta per le differenze nel sistema didattico e orga- nizzativo che impediscono un confronto formale tra i diversi soggetti. Sono però confrontabili i formati e i linguaggi utiliz- zati, opportunamente contestualizzati, e le strategie adottate, opportunamente deconstestualizzate, per poterne trarre delle Best Practices. Nella prima parte della tesi si vuole: - ottenere una panoramica che riassuma in un unico scenario la comunicazione visiva, le tematiche, le ideologie, la didattica delle scuole prese in analisi, dalla quale studiare i modelli che sono stati influenti sul panorama contemporaneo ed eviden- ziare il ruolo del progettista grafico all’interno dell’evoluzione della vita di ogni scuola; - individuare il momento di maggior interesse per l’aspetto gra- fico delle scuole prese in analisi per capire quanto gli output visivi prodotti siano stati decisivi nel processo di marketing cul- turale in cui esse sono coinvolte e quanto abbiano contribuito all’evoluzione della disciplina della progettazione visiva. Nella seconda parte invece si vuole: - effettuare una riflessione sullo stato dell’arte della comuni- cazione delle scuole oggi e sulla necessità di individuare la porzione della disciplina in cui si inserisce il complesso tipo di comunicazione che è a metà tra le logiche puramente economi- co-aziendali e quelle della sfera del no profit. 7 - individuare un sistema di suggestioni che possano combinare gli aspetti del branding e del marketing senza snaturare l’origi- nale missione che l’istituzione culturale porta con sé. 0.6 - struttura La tesi è stata strutturata suddividendo l’analisi della tematica con un criterio temporale, distinguendo tra Pre-Digitale (fino al 1995, anno di istituzione del World Wide Web Consortium) e Post-Digitale5 (dal 1996 ad oggi). La divisione si è resa necessaria poiché, con la diffusione di internet, sono cambiati in maniera radicale i paradigmi della comunicazione. Nella prima parte
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