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Sap Transmission and Host Range Study of Soybean Mosaic Virus in Soybean

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Sap Transmission and Host Range Study of Soybean Mosaic Virus in Soybean Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 795-800 International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 08 (2018) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com Original Research Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.708.089 Sap Transmission and Host Range Study of Soybean Mosaic Virus in Soybean M. Hajong1*, P.C. Atram1,2 and S.S. Mane1 1Department of Plant Pathology, Post Graduate Institute, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola-444104, Maharashtra, India 2AICRP on Agroforestry, College of Agriculture, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India *Corresponding author ABSTRACT K e yw or ds Among the viral diseases, Soybean mosaic virus (SMV) is believed to have economic significance in India. Soybean mosaic is found in almost all soybean Glycine max, Host growing areas of India but usually in low to moderate intensity. Soybean plants range, Sap inoculation and infected with SMV were collected from different locations of Akola, Maharashtra, Soybean mosaic India. Symptoms of SMV in soybean include mosaic, rolling and puckering of virus. foliage and chlorosis of older leaves with stunted growth. The SMV was readily Article Info sap transmissible to test plants. The virus inoculums was prepared in 0.5M Potassium phosphate buffer (pH 6.5) and inoculated into test plants (i.e., soybean Accepted: and cowpea). Inoculated plants were observed 2-3 days after inoculation (DAI) for 06 July 2018 the development of symptoms. Symptoms like light and dark green patches on Available Online: upper leaves and initial chlorotic spots were observed. Host range study was done 10 August 2018 from sap inoculation to understand different host of the SMV. Introduction individual disease/insect/weed species ranges from 20 to 100 per cent (Anonymous, 2014). In India, soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) has been the number one oilseed crop in terms SMV is the most prevalent virus and is of both area and production since 2005. In recognized as the most serious, long-standing India, soybean is mainly grown in the states of problem in many soybean producing areas in Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, the world (Wang, 2009). The disease caused Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Chattisgarh, by SMV was first documented in the USA in Nagaland and Gujarat as a rainfed crop during 1915 by Clinton (1916) and SMV was named the rainy (Kharif) season. by Gardner and Kendrick (1921). Yield losses by SMV usually range from 8 to 50% under Soybean is severely attacked about half a natural field conditions (Hill, 1999 and Arif dozen of major diseases, a dozen of insect pest and Hassan, 2000) and reach up to 100% in and several major weeds. Yield losses due to severe outbreaks (Liao et al., 2002). SMV was 795 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 795-800 mechanically transmitted to test plants when using 0.5M Potassium phosphate buffer (pH the inoculum was prepared in 0.5M phosphate 6.5). The sap was then clarified by straining buffer (pH 7.0) (Balgude et al., 2012). Apart two fold muslin cloth and inoculated to the from mechanical inoculation, SMV is first true leaf of the seedlings by previously transmitted also by seed transmission and dusted carborandum 600 mesh as a abrassive. aphid vectors (Bashar, 2015). Since no Immediately after inoculation,the leaves were cultivars have adequate resistance to this washed thoroughly with tap water to remove virus, yield losses have been a serious problem excess of inoculum and abrassive. For each in India. In the present investigation main test plant, uninoculated seedlings were also focused was on the host range study of SMV. maintain to compare the symptom i.e.control. By understanding the host range, one can go All the inoculated plants were maintained in for management practices and suppress SMV an insect proof cage house with proper incidence at minimum level in the field. labelling till the development of symptoms.The method of sap inoculation was Materials and Methods used throughout the course of investigation for Raising of test plants/seedlings transmission of virus into the healthy plants and for the development of proper diseased Seeds of different test plants viz soybean (JS symptoms. 335) and cowpea (pusa kamal) and for host range study papaya, greengram, blackgram, Host range and symptomology study tomato, chilli, sunflower, tobacco, cauliflower, cabbage, dhatura and chenopodium were used The plant species belonging to the families for raising of test plants.Test plants were Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Amaranthaceae, raised in insect proof cage house in small pots Compositae, Leguminosae, Cruciferacea, and (6” diameter) containing sterilized mixture of Malvaceae were mechanically inoculated to soil+sand +FYM (2:1:1). One seedling was know the host range of SMV. The plants placed in each pot. raised under insect proof condition were inoculated at the appropriate growth stage by Collection of mosaic infected soybean sap inoculation. plants Results and Discussion The soybean plants showing symptoms of mosaic or dark green patches on leaves were Symptoms of SMV under field condition collected from the Dept. of Plant Pathology, Botany and Entomology fields of Dr. Symptoms of SMV observed under natural Panjabrao Deshmukh Krishi Vidyapeeth condition were stunted growth, fewer pods (Dr.PDKV) and different regions of Akola that are sometimes dwarfed and flattened, (Maharashtra). Samples were kept at -80°C in without hairs and seeds. Trifoliate leaves plastic bags with labels indicating the nature exhibited mosaic of light and dark green areas of the crop and the location from where it was that may become blistered or raised, collected. particularly along the main veins (Fig.1a & b). Characterization of SMV by sap Sap transmission inoculation Sap inoculated seedlings were observed The isolated virus were used to maintain on regularly for symptom expression. different test plants by mechanical inoculation 796 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 795-800 Table.1 Sap transmission of the causal virus for identification of test plants Sl. Test plants Cultivar No. of plants Transmission Time taken No. (%) for Inoculated Infected symptom expression 1 Soybean (Glycine JJ-335 5 5 100 15 days max) 2 Cowpea (Vigna Pusa 5 3 60 25 days unguiculata) Kamal Table.2 Reactions of different hosts against viruses associated with floral bud distortion of soybean Sl. Name of the host with No. of plants Per cent Incubation Symptoms No. family transmission period Inoculat-ed Infected (%) (Days) 1 Leguminoseae a) Glycine max 5 5 100 15 Chlorotic spots, mosaic and puckering of foliage b) Vigna unguiculata 5 3 60 25 Chlorotic spots c) Dolichos lablab 5 - - - No symptoms d) Capsicum annum 5 - - - No symptoms 2 Solanaceae a) Datura stramonium 5 2 40 15 Chlorotic spots and vein clearing b) Parthenium 5 3 60 15 Initial chlorotic spots histerophorus c) Lycopersicon 5 3 60 20 Chlorotic spots esculentum d) Nicotiana tabacum 5 - - - No symptoms 3 Cucurbitaceae a) Cucumis sativus 5 1 20 20 Mild chlorotic spots b) Cucumis melo 5 - - - No symptoms c) Citrullus fistolusum 5 - - - No symptoms d) Citrullus lunatus 5 - - - No symptoms 4 Caricaceae a) Carica papaya 5 2 40 25 Mosaic and leaf puckering 5. Asteraceae/Composit ae a) Helianthus annuus 5 - - - No symptoms 6 Malvaceae a) Gossypium hirsutum 5 - - - No symptoms 7. Crucifereae a) Brassica oleraceae 5 - - - No symptoms var.capitata b) Brassica oleraceae 5 - - - No symptoms var.botrytis 8. Amaranthaceae a) Amaranthus 5 - - - No symptoms paniculatus 797 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 795-800 Fig.1 Symptoms of SMV, a: field view of SMV of soybean, b: leaf puckering with dark green foliage a b Fig.2 Reaction of different hosts against SMV, a: Mosaic and leaf puckered on soybean foliage; b: Initial chlorotic spots on cowpea leaves; c: Mild chlorotic spots on cucumber foliage and d: Chlorotic spots on dhatura leaves a b c d The infected soybean seedlings developed observed in the field. The results presented in mosaic, distorted leaf and chlorotic symptoms Table 1, clearly revealed that the virus was after inoculation within 15-20 days which not readily sap transmissible to cowpea as were identical to the symptoms observed in only 3 plants out of 5 developed chlorotic the field. In cowpea it was difficult to produce spot with transmission rate of 60 per cent and any symptoms only mild chlorotic spots it took 25 days for symptom expression. developed on leaves. After 15 days soybean Whereas soybean showed highest showed mosaic and leaf puckering symptoms transmission of 100 per cent and took only 15 which were identical to the symptoms days for symptom expression. Earlier reported 798 Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 795-800 that inoculum applied to both unifoliate and buffer (pH 7.0) and produced systematic first trifoliate leaves of soybean seedlings pre symptoms like light and dark green patches dusted with carborundum produced mosaic on upper leaves of soybean (Boss, 1972; Patil symptoms (Zheng et al., 2005). and Byadgi, 2005 and Lu, 2008). Host range study Acknowledgements In comparison with other potyviruses, SMV We thank Dr. S. S. Mane, Head, Dept. of has a relatively narrow host range. It infected Plant Pathology, Dr. Panjabrao Deshmukh four plant families, i.e., Leguminosae, Krishi Vidyapeeth, Akola (Maharashtra) for Solanaceae, Cucurbitacea and Caricacea, but providing necessary facilities and supporting mostly the Leguminosae including soybean this research throughout the course of (Galvez, 1963 and Hill, 1999). Eighteen plant investigation. species belonging to eight families were mechanically inoculated with standard extract References of SMV as described under “Materials and Methods”. In host range studies, the infection Anonymous. 2014. Integrated pest of virus under study was observed on seven management package for soybean. species belonging to the families of Ministry of Agriculture, Department Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Leguminosae and of Agriculture & Cooperation, Caricaceae (Fig.
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