Hybridisation of a GPS Receiver with Low-Cost Sensors for Personal Positioning in Urban Environment

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Hybridisation of a GPS Receiver with Low-Cost Sensors for Personal Positioning in Urban Environment Hybridisation of a GPS Receiver with Low-Cost Sensors for Personal Positioning in Urban Environment. Damien Kubrak To cite this version: Damien Kubrak. Hybridisation of a GPS Receiver with Low-Cost Sensors for Personal Positioning in Urban Environment.. Engineering Sciences [physics]. Télécom ParisTech, 2007. English. pastel- 00002803 HAL Id: pastel-00002803 https://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00002803 Submitted on 28 Sep 2007 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Thèse présentée pour obtenir le grade de Docteur de l’École Nationale Supérieure des Télécommunications Spécialité : Électronique et Communications DAMIEN KUBRAK Etude de l’hybridation d’un récepteur GPS avec des capteurs bas coûts pour la navigation personnelle en milieu urbain Soutenue le 24 mai 2007 devant le jury composé de Gérard Maral Président Gérard Lachapelle Rapporteur Günter Hein Rapporteur Michel Monnerat Examinateur Christophe Macabiau Co-directeur de thèse Marie-Laure Boucheret Co-directeur de thèse Marc Pontif Invité Remerciements Remerciements Cette thèse est le fruit de trois années de travail passées principalement au sein du Laboratoire de Traitement duSignal et de Télécommunication(LTST) de l’ENAC,ainsi que sur le site d’Alcatel Alenia Space,maintenant devenu Thales Alenia Space.Elle m’a permis d’acquérir une connaissance théorique approfondie des techniques de traitement du signal GPS et de navigation inertielle, tout en ayant la possibilité de tester les algorithmes étudiés en conditions réelles.Il est pour moi évident que les moyens mis à ma dispositionm’ont largement aidé dans mes recherches. J’ai par ailleurs bénéficié d’un environnement de travail très favorable. En ce sens, je voudrais particulièrement remercier Christophe Macabiau, responsable du laboratoire LTST de l’ENAC,et Michel Monnerat,ingénieur dans le service LocationBasedServices de Thales Alenia Space,pour m’avoir permis de réaliser cette thèse.Ces deux personnes ont été déterminantes pour moitoutaulongdecestroisannées,et jeleurensuisreconnaissant. Je dois à Christophe une grande partie de ces travaux.Je le remercie pour le temps qu’il m’a consacré,la motivationqu’il a sume procurer,les connaissances qu’il m’a transmises…et audelà pour sa légendaire bonne humeur se traduisant généralement par de belles chansonnettes d’époque, ainsiquedesrires particulièrementretentissants. Bienque souvent occupé par les affaires courantes dudépartement LocationBasedServices, Michel a toujours sutrouver le temps pour discuter des grandes orientations de cette thèse,reflechir aux problèmes techniques posés et a toujours facilité mon travail. Il m’a par ailleurs laissé une grandelibertédansmesactivitésderecherche. J’aimerais aussi remercier Anne-Christine Escher pour sonimplicationet l’aide qu’elle m’a apportée dans le domaine de la navigation inertielle. Cet aspect très technique était relativement neuf pourmoiaudébutdecettethèse. Je profite de cette occasionpour remercier Stéphane Corazza,FlorianDargeouet Antonio Dias pour m’avoir aidé dans l’utilisation du serveur AGPS pour mes diverses experiences en conditionsréelles. Un grand merci à mes deux ‘cobureau’, Emilie et Hanaa,sans qui je n’aurais jamais pu mourir de chaudl’été. Je leur reconnais néanmoins unsens de l’organisationtrès développé qui m’a souvent été salvateur, aussi bienaulaboratoire que lors de nos voyages.Evidemment,je n’oublie pas Benjamin,Mathieuet Olivier qui ont puadmirer ma défense de fer aufootball et ma ponctualité auDe Danu,Anaïs qui restera pour moi ce qui se fait de mieuxenmatière de curiosité,Christophe, Philippe,Audrey,Na,Marie-Laure,Antoine… Enfin,je tiens à souligner la patience de Claire tout aulong de ces trois années,et je finirai parcesquelquesnano-encouragementsàJulien: «le boutdutunneln’est peut-être passiloin». Pagei Remerciements Pageii Résumé Résumé A l’origine, les services basés sur la localisation trouvaient la justification de leur développementdansles nouvellesdirectivessurlesappelsd’urgenceémisesd’abordauxEtats-Unis avec le E-911. Mais aujourd’hui,ils prennent de plus enplus d’importance dans la vie de tous les jours. Plusieurs technologies de positionnement peuvent répondre au besoin de localisation d’un individu, qu’il soit à l’intérieur ou à l’extérieur d’un bâtiment. Parmi ces techniques, le système GPS, et plus généralement GNSS, est particulièrement adapté aux applications nécessitant un positionnement précis dans tous types d’environnements.Il ne requiert aucune infrastructure,si ce n’est une antenne de réceptionet une puce pour décoder et traiter les messages transmis autravers des signaux. Aussi, ce moyen de localisation est à même de répondre aux besoins de positionnement d’applications comme les services d’urgence, la navigation en voiture, l’e- tourisme… Le positionnement par GPS a néanmoins des limites liées aux phénomènes affectant les signaux lors de leur propagation.Dans la mesure oùles services liés à la localisationdes personnes sont déployés dans des zones urbaines,la solutionde positionpeut être entachée d’erreurs dues aux multitrajets qui se combinent autrajet direct des signaux reçus.Par ailleurs,il est probable que les signaux GPS puissent être bloqués oufortement atténués par les bâtiments,contribuant de fait à une augmentationde la sensibilité auxintercorrelations et donc une dégradationde la précisionet de la disponibilitéduservicede positionnement.LesrécentesévolutionsdesrécepteursGPSdites «haute sensibilité » (HSGPS) ou «assistées » (AGPS) peuvent partiellement surmonter les difficultés de fournir une position à l’intérieur d’un bâtiment. Néanmoins, les améliorations apportées par ces nouvelles architectures restent limitées lorsque des signaux à très faible puissance doivent être traités. En conséquence, des techniques complémentaires doivent être utilisées pour aider, voire remplacerlecaséchéant,lessystèmes baséssurletraitementdessignauxGPS. Parmi les systèmes candidats, ceux basés sur des capteurs inertiels bas coûts sont prometteurs. En effet, ils sont susceptibles d’améliorer les performances globales du système de navigation intégré tout en minimisant son surcoût, et ce, malgré la faible qualité des capteurs utilisés. Cette thèse est dédiée à l’utilisation de tels senseurs comme moyen complémentaire de navigation. Plusieurs objectifs sont fixés parmi lesquels l’amélioration de la précision et de la disponibilité de la solutionde position,mais aussi l’étude de la réductionde la charge de calcul des récepteursHSGPSetAGPStoutenconservantles performancesdessystèmesactuels. Les techniques avancées de traitement dusignal (modes « haute sensibilité » et « assisté ») sont dans un premier temps étudiées à la fois théoriquement et sur la base d’analyses de performance en conditions réelles. Les résultats obtenus lors de tests montrent que le positionnement urbainest rendupossible grâce à ces techniques,même si les effets des multitrajets et des intercorrelations dégradent sensiblement la précision. L’AGPS fournit des solutions de position plus précises que l’HSGPS, ce qui privilégie son utilisation dans un système intégré de navigation. Néanmoins, il est clairement démontré que même avec ces techniques avancées de traitement du signal, le positionnement à l’intérieur d’un bâtiment reste très difficile, voire impossible pourunegrandemajoritédescas. Les algorithmes alternatifs de navigation basés sur l’utilisation de capteurs tels que des accéléromètres, des gyroscopes, mais aussi des magnétomètres ou encore un capteur de pression sont étudiés dans un second temps. Différentes architectures sont détaillées et optimisées pour Pageiii Résumé compenser les dérives introduites par les erreurs de mesure intrinsèques aux senseurs. Un filtre permettant l’estimation dynamique des biais affectant les mesures des gyroscopes est dans ce contexte proposéàlafois pourlanavigationpédestreetlanavigationenvoiture. La possibilité de réduire la complexité du traitement effectué par les récepteurs AGPS et HSGPS est également abordée dans cette thèse. Plus particulièrement, une technique permettant d’estimer la contribution utilisateur sur le Doppler total affectant la porteuse du signal reçu est proposée.Ses performancessonttestéessurdesdonnéesréellescollectées enenvironnementurbain. Il est démontré que cette contributionpeut être estimée dans la plupart des cas avec précisionquelle que soit la dynamique de l’utilisateur,réduisant de fait la complexité de l’étage d’acquisitiondes signaux GPS. De meilleures performances sont néanmoins atteintes dans le cas particulier de la navigationpédestre. Enfin, l’amélioration de la disponibilité et de la précision de la solution de position en environnement urbain et à l’intérieur de bâtiments est étudiée. Plusieurs schémas d’hybridation ayant pour but de combiner les différents modules GPS (AGPS, HSGPS) et les systèmes de navigationinertielle basés sur les capteurs bas coûts sont analysés.Une approche différente de celle traditionnellement suivie est proposée dans le cadre de la navigation en voiture pour coupler de façon serrée les modules GPS et le
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