Table of Cases

A v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2004] UKHL 56 ...166 A v Secretary of State for the Home department? [2005] UKHL 71 ...287 Al-Skeini v Secretary of State for Defence [2007] UKHL 26 ...177 Department for Education and Skills v Information Commissioner and Evening Standard, EA/2006/0006 ...196 Ghaidan v Godin-Mendoza [2004] UKHL 30 ...160 Jackson and Others v Attorney General [2005] UKHL 56 ...25 Portuguese Republic v Commission (C-88/03) [2006] CMLR 45 (the ‘Azores case’) ...42 R v Serious Fraud Office and BAE Systems [2008] EWHC 714 ...286 (Admin) ...287 YL v Birmingham City Council [2007] UKHL 27 ...165

301 Table of Legislation

UK and Scottish Acts Prevention of Terrorism Act 2005 ...165 ... Access to Health Records Act 1990 ...190 Regency Act 1937 144 ... Access to Medical Reports Act Regency Act 1953 144 1988 ...190 Representation of the People Act 1832 ... Access to Personal Files Act 1987 ...190 (Great Reform Act) 2 ... ...145 147 ... Act of Union 1707 ...150 289 ... ...3, 159 Statute of Westminster 1931 148 Assembly (Powers) Act 1919 (Enabling Act) ...155 Church of Scotland Act 1921 ...155 International Treaties and Civil List Act 1952 ...149 Conventions ... Civil List Act 1972 149 Anglo-Irish Agreement 1985 ...58, 59 ... Civil List Act 1975 149 European Charter for Regional or Constitutional Reform Act 2005 Minority Languages 1992 ...70 ... (CRA) 18, 110, 111, 113, 117, 118 European Convention on Human Rights ... Equality Act 2006 166–7 1950 ...110, 159, 161, 169–70 ... European Communities Act 1972 287 European Outline Convention on Freedom of Information (Scotland) Act Transfrontier Co-operation between ... 2002 190, 196 Territorial Communities or Authorities Freedom of Information Act 1980 ...68–9 ... 2000 178, 179, 180, 188, 185, 293 Framework Convention for the ... Government of Wales Act 2006 5, Protection of National Minorities 7, 30 1995 ...70 Honours (Prevention of Abuses) Act Ohrid Framework Agreement ... 1925 197 2001 ...69, 70, 71 Human Rights Act 1998 (HRA) ...5, 109, 112, 159–61, 160 (fig 10.1), 164–6, 168, 174, 300 European Union Legislation Local Government (Access to Information) Act 1985 ...190 European Union Charter of Local Government Act 2000 ...8 Fundamental Rights 2000 ...110 1215 ...159 Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on Official Secrets Act 1911 ...190 European Union and the Treaty Official Secrets Act 1989 ...190 establishing the European Community Political Parties, Elections and (Treaty of Lisbon) 2007 ...110 Referendums Act 2000 (PPERA) ...250, Treaty on the European Union 251, 256, 266 (Maastricht Treaty) 1992 ...177

302 Bibliography

Access to Information Review Task Force (2002) Access to Information: Making It Work for Canadians (Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada). Ackerman, J. (2000) ‘The new separation of powers’, Harvard Law Review, 113 (3), 633–729. Alexander, W. (2007) ‘A New Agenda for Scotland’, Speech at the University of Edinburgh, 30 November. Available at: http://wendy.intraspin.com/2007/11/30/ a-new-agenda-for-scotland-2/(accessed 2 May 2008). Alibhai-Brown, Y. (2007) ‘I feel British, but I don’t want enforced patriotism’, Independent, 29 January. Alston, P. and Weiler, J. H. H. (1998) ‘An “ever closer union” in need of a human rights policy’, European Journal of International Law, 9 (4), 658–724. Altrincham, Lord (ed.) (1958) Is the Monarchy Perfect? (London: Calder). Ashdown, P. (2000) The Ashdown Diaries. Volume I: 1988–1997 (London: Penguin). Ashton, B. (2007) Keynote speech to FOI Live 2007, Victoria Park Plaza, 24 May. Attorney-General of Australia (1999–2007) Freedom of Information Act 1982 Annual Reports 1998–2007 (Canberra: Attorney General’s Department). Audit Bureau of Circulations Electronic (2008) (passim) Consumer – news and current affairs database. Available at: http://www.abce.org.uk/cgi-bin/gen5?runprog=abce/ abce& type=main&breadcrumbonly=y&df=y&p=&menuid=Blair (accessed 13 April 2008). Aughey, A. (2007) The Politics of Englishness (Manchester: Manchester University Press). Australian Law Reform Commission (1995) Open Government: A Review of the Federal Freedom of Information Act 1982 (Canberra: Australian Law Reform Commission). Bagehot (2007) ‘Jock v Posh’, The Economist, 28 June. Bale, T. (2006) ‘PR man? Cameron’s conservatives and the symbolic politics of electoral reform’, The Political Quarterly, 77 (1), 28–34. Banisar, D. (2006) Freedom of Information Around the World 2006: A Global Survey of Access to Government Information Laws (London: Privacy International). Bara, J. (2006) ‘The 2005 manifestos: A sense of Dej´ aVu` ?’, Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 16 (3), 265–81. Barber, M. (2007) Instruction to Deliver: Tony Blair, the Public Services, and the Challenge of Delivery (London: Politico’s). Baston, L. (2005) The UK General Election of 5 May 2005: Report and Analysis (London: Electoral Reform Society). Baston, L. (2006) The Great Local Vote Swindle: The Local Government Elections on 4 May 2006 (London: Electoral Reform Society). BBC (n.d.) ‘Born Abroad. An Immigration Map of Britain’. Available at: http://news. bbc.co.uk/1/shared/spl/hi/uk/05/born abroad/around britain/html/overview.stm (accessed 1 May 2008) BBC (2006) ‘Cameron “Could Scrap” Rights Act’, 25 June. Available at: http://news. bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk politics/5114102.stm (accessed 29 April 2008).

303 304 Bibliography

BBC (2007) ‘Reid Urges Human Rights Shake Up’, 12 May. Available at: http://news. bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk politics/6648849.stm (accessed 29 April 2008). Bechhofer, F. and McCrone, D. (2007) ‘Being British: A crisis of identity?’, The Political Quarterly, 78 (2), 251–60. Beetham, D., Byrne, I., Ngan, P. and Weir, S. (2002) Democracy under Blair. A Democratic Audit of the (London: Politico’s). Beetham, D., Blick, A., Margetts, H. and Weir, S. (2008) Power and Participation in Modern Britain (London: Democratic Audit). Bell, W. (2005) ‘What do we mean by futures studies?’, in Slaughter, R. (ed.) New Thinking for a New Millenium (London: Routledge). Bellamy, R. (2007a) Political Constitutionalism. A Republican Defence of the Constitution- ality of Democracy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Bellamy, R. (2007b) Political Constitutionalism, UCL School of Public Policy working paper (London: Department of Political Science/School of Public Policy, UCL). Benn, T. (1998) HC Debs (1997–1998), col. 1054, 5 November. Bennie, L., Brand, J. and Mitchell, J. (1997) How Scotland Votes (Manchester: Manch- ester University Press). Benoit, K. (2007) ‘Electoral laws as political consequences: Explaining the origins and change of electoral institutions’, Annual Review of Political Science, 10 (1), 363–90. Bentley, T. and Wilsdon, J. (eds) (2002) Monarchies: What are Kings and Queens For? (London: Demos). Bew, P., Patterson, H. and Teague, P. (1997) Between War and Peace: The Political Future of (London: Lawrence & Wishart). Bieber, F. (2005) ‘Partial implementation, partial success: The case of Macedonia’, in O’Flynn, I. and Russell, D. (eds) Power Sharing: New Challenges for Divided Societies (London: Pluto Press). Birkinshaw, P. (2005) ‘Government and information: The limits of law’s empire’, Amicus Curiae, 62 (November/December), 3–11. Birnbaum, N. (1955) ‘Monarchs and sociologists: A reply to Professor Shils and Mr Young’, Sociological Review, 3 (1), 5–23. Blackburn, R. (2006) King and Country: Monarchy and the Future King Charles (London: Politico’s). Blair, A. (2007) ‘Our Nation’s Future Public Life’, Speech to Reuters Institute, 12 June. Blake, R. (1985) The Conservative Party from Peel to Thatcher (London: Methuen). Blau, A. (2002) Seats-Votes Relationships in British General Elections, 1955–1997. Univer- sity of Oxford, DPhil thesis. Blau, A. (2004a) ‘A quadruple whammy for first-past-the-post’, Electoral Studies,23(3), 431–53. Blau, A. (2004b) ‘Fairness and electoral reform’, British Journal of Politics and Interna- tional Relations, 6 (2), 165–81. Blau, A. (2005) ‘The new three-party politics?’, Paper given to the University of Essex, Elections, Public Opinion and Parties annual conference, 9–11 September. Blau, A. (2008a) ‘The effective number of parties at four scales: Votes, seats, legislative power and cabinet power’, Party Politics, 14 (2), 167–87. Blau, A. (2008b) ‘Electoral reform in the UK: A veto player analysis’, in Blais, A. (ed.) To Keep or To Change First Past the Post? The Politics of Electoral Reform (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Blount, G. K. (2002) ‘Not quite an insider: A Scottish perspective on a future coronation’, Political Theology, 4 (1), 45–69. Bibliography 305

Bogdanor, V. (1981) The People and the Party System: The Referendum and Electoral Reform in British Politics (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Bogdanor, V. (1995) The Monarchy and the Constitution (Oxford: Clarendon). Bogdanor, V. (1999) ‘Devolution and the British constitution’, in Butler, D., Bogdanor, V. and Summers, R. (eds) The Law, Politics and the Constitution (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Bogdanor, V. (2003) ‘The civil service’, in Bogdanor, V. (ed.) The British Constitution in the Twentieth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Bogdanor, V. (2004) ‘The constitution and the party system in the twentieth century’. Parliamentary Affairs, 57 (4), 717–33. Bogdanor, V. (2007) ‘The quiet revolution’, The House Magazine,2March. Bowcott, O. (2007) ‘I wouldn’t have taken his word for anything’, interview with Seamus Mallon, Guardian Unlimited,14March. Bradfield, R., Wright, G., Burt, G., Cairns, G. and van der Heijden, K. (2005) ‘The ori- gins and evolution of scenario techniques in long range business planning’, Futures, 37 (8), 795–812. Bradley, A. (2003) ‘Judicial independence under attack’, Public Law (Autumn), 397–407. Bradley, I. (2002a) God Save the Queen: The Spiritual Dimension of Monarchy (London, Darton: Longman and Todd). Bradley, I. (2002b) ‘The shape of the next coronation: Some tentative thoughts’, Political Theology, 4 (1), 25–43. Brazier, A. and Kalitowski, S. (eds) (2008) No Overall Control?: The Impact of a Hung Parliament on British Politics (London: Hansard Society). Brazier, R. (1982) ‘Choosing a Prime Minister’, Public Law (Autumn), 395–417. Brazier, R. (1999) Constitutional Practice: The Foundations of British Government, 3rd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Brazier, R. (2003) ‘The Monarchy’, in Bogdanor V. (ed.) The British Constitution in the Twentieth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press for British Academy). British Irish Council (2007) Communique16July´ . Available at: www1.british- irishcouncil.org/documents/belfast summit.asp (accessed 14 April 2007). Brown, G. (1992) ‘Constitutional change and the future of Britain’, Charter88 Sovereignty lecture, 9 March. Available at: http://www.unlockdemocracy.org.uk/ charter88archive/pubs/sovlecs/brown.html (accessed 2 May 2008). Brown, G. (2006) ‘The future of Britishness’, Speech to the Fabian ‘Future of British- ness’ conference 14 January. Available at: http://www.fabian-society.org.uk/press office/display.asp?id=520&type=news&cat=43 (accessed 2 May 2008). Brown, G. (2007a) Constitutional Reform statement to House of Commons, HC Debs (2006–2007), cols. 815–20, 3 July. Brown, G. (2007b) Speech on liberty to the University of Westminster, 25 October. Available at: http://www.number-10.gov.uk/output/Page13630.asp (accessed 2 April 2008). Brown, G. (2007c) HC Debs (2006–2007), col. 36, 22 October. Brubaker, R. (2002) ‘Ethnicity without groups’, Archives Europeeens´ de Sociologie, 43 (2), 163–89. Bulpitt, J. (1983) Territory and Power in the United Kingdom: An Interpretation (Manch- ester: Manchester University Press). Burch, M., Harding, A. and Rees, J. (2007) English Regions Monitoring Report, September 2007 (London: Constitution Unit). 306 Bibliography

Burnham, J. and Pyper, R. (2008) Britain’s Modernised Civil Service (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan). Butler, D. (1963) The Electoral System in Britain Since 1918, 2nd edn (Oxford: Clarendon Press). Cabinet Office (1999) The Future Management of Crown Copyright, Cm 4300 (London: The Stationery Office). Cabinet Office (2001) A Futurist’s Toolbox. Methodologies in Futures Work (London: Cabinet Office) Cabinet Office (2006) Capability Reviews: The Findings of the First Four Reviews (London: The Stationery Office). Cameron, D. (2006) ‘Balancing Freedom and Security: A Modern British Bill of Rights’, Speech to Centre for Policy Studies, 26 June. Available at: http://www. guardian.co.uk/politics/2006/jun/26/conservatives.constitution (accessed 29 April 2008). Cameron, D. (2007a) ‘I Support the Union for What it can Achieve in the Future’, Speech at Gretna Green, 19 April. Available at: http://www.conservatives.com/ popups/print.cfm?obj id=136389&type=print. (accessed 29 April 2008). Cameron, D. (2007b) ‘Stronger Together’, Speech at Dynamic Earth, Edinburgh, 10 December. Available at: http://www.conservatives.com/tile.do?def=news.story. page&obj id=141137&speeches=1 (accessed 29 April 2008). Cameron, D. (2007c) Speech to Google Zeitgeist Conference, 12 October. Avail- able at: http://www.conservatives.com/tile.do?def=news.story.page&obj id=139711 (accessed 11 March 2008). Cameron, D. (2007d) HC Debs (2006–2007), cols. 22–24, 22 October. Cameron, D. (2008) Speech at the London School of Economics and Political Science, 26 February. Available at: http://www.conservatives.com/tile.do?def=news.story.page &obj id=142588 (accessed 11 March 2008). Cameron, D. and Spelman, C. (2006) The Permissive State: How to Achieve Local Social Responsibility (London: Conservative Party). Campaign for Freedom of Information (2008) ‘Disclosure logs’ post on UK Freedom of Information Blog. Available at: http://foia.blogspot.com/2008/01/disclosure-logs- written-answers-to-pqs.html (accessed 31 March 2008). Campbell, C. and Wilson, G. K. (1995) The End of Whitehall: Death of a Paradigm? (Oxford: Blackwell). Carr, W. (2002) ‘This intimate ritual: The coronation service’, Political Theology, 4(1), 11–24. Cartner-Morley, J. (2002) ‘Tantrums and tiaras: How the monarchy accessorised fash- ion’ in Bentley, T. and Wilsdon, J. (eds) Monarchies: What are Kings and Queens for? (London: Demos). Cities Task Force (2007) Cities Renaissance: Creating Local Leadership. Submission to the Shadow Cabinet, http://www.conservatives.com/pdf/CityLeadership.pdf (accessed 25 April 2008). Chapman, R. A. (2004) The Civil Service Commission 1855–1991: A Bureau Biography (London: Routledge). Clarke, K. (2008) Uncorrected evidence taken before House of Commons Justice Committee, 19 February. Available at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ cm200708/cmselect/cmjust/uc75-iii/uc7502.htm (accessed 2 May 2008). Clayton, R. (2004) ‘Judicial deference and “democratic dialogue”: The legitimacy of judicial intervention under the Human Rights Act 1998’, Public Law (Spring), 33–47. Clift, B. and Fisher, J. (2004) ‘Comparative party finance reform: The cases of France and Britain’, Party Politics, 10 (6), 677–99. Bibliography 307

Coates, S. (2007) ‘Brown’s plans for voting reforms shelved over fears of confusion’, Times, 20 August. Cole, A., Jones, J. B. and Storer, A. (2003) ‘Inside the national assembly for Wales: The Welsh civil service under devolution’, The Political Quarterly, 74, 223–32. Colley, L. (1992) Britons: Forging the Nation 1707–1837 (New Haven: Yale University Press). Committee on Standards in Public Life (1998) Fifth Report: The Funding of Political Parties in the United Kingdom, Cm 4057 (London: The Stationery Office). Committee on Standards in Public Life (2007) Review of the Electoral Commission, Eleventh Report, Cm 7006 (London: The Stationery Office). Committee on the Administration of Justice (2007) Just News, June. Available at: http://www.caj.org.uk/enewsletter/june2007/p3 justnews.pdf(accessed 4 July 2007). Committee on the Civil Service (1967) The Report of the Committee on the Civil Service, Cm 3638 [Fulton Report] (London: The Stationery Office). Condor, S. (2002) ‘Summary of Project Findings: Migrants and National Panel Study England’, Nations and Regions Research Programme. Available at: http://www. institute-of-governance.org/forum/Leverhulme/summaries/mig nat summary.html (accessed 2 May 2008). Conservative Democracy Task Force (2007a) An End to Sofa Government: Better Working of Prime Minister and Cabinet (London: Conservative Party). Conservative Democracy Task Force (2007b) Power to the People: Rebuilding Parliament (London: Conservative Party). Conservative Democracy Task force (2008) Answering the Question: Devolution, the and the Future of the Union? (London: Conservative Party). Constitutional Affairs Committee (2006) Party Funding, HC 163 (London: The Sta- tionery Office). Consulting and Audit Canada (2002) Review of the Costs Associated with Administer- ing Access to Information and Privacy (ATIP) Legislation (Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada). Co-operation Ireland (2007) Seizing the Moment: Proposals for a New Era in North-South Co-operation (Belfast and Dublin: Co-operation Ireland). Council of Europe (1980) European Outline Convention on Transfrontier Co-operation Between Territorial Communities or Authorities (Strasbourg: Council of Europe). Avail- able at: http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/Treaties/Html/106.htm. Council of Europe (1992) European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages (Strasbourg: Council of Europe). Available at: http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/en/ Treaties/Html/148.htm. Council of Europe (1995) Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minori- ties (Strasbourg: Council of Europe). Available at: http://conventions.coe.int/treaty/ en/Treaties/Html/157.htm. Council of Europe (2001) Framework Agreement [Ohrid Agreement] (Strasbourg: Coun- cil of Europe). Available at: http://www.coe.int/t/e/legal affairs/legal co-operation/ police and internal security/OHRID%20Agreement%2013august2001.asp. Council of Europe (2003) Access to Official Documents. Recommendation Rec (2002) 2 (Strasbourg: Council of Europe). Cowley, P. (2002) Revolts and Rebellions: Parliamentary Voting Under Blair (London: Politico’s). Cowley, P. (2005) The Rebels: How Blair Mislaid his Majority (London: Politico’s). Cowley, P. (2008) ‘It’s the trajectory, stupid’, in Brazier, A. and Kalitowski, S. (eds) No Overall Control? The Impact of a ‘Hung Parliament’ on British Politics (London: Hansard Society). 308 Bibliography

Craig, D. (2006) Plundering the Public Sector: How New Labour Are Letting Consultants Run off with £70bn of Our Money (London: Constable). Crossman, R. (1972) HC Debs (1971–1972), col. 500, 19 January. Curtice, J. (2001) ‘Hopes dashed and fears assuaged? What the public makes of it so far’, in Trench, A. (ed.) The State of the Nations 2001 (Exeter: Imprint Academic). Curtice, J. (2005) ‘Public opinion and the future of devolution’, in Trench, A. (ed.) The Dynamics of Devolution: The State of the Nations 2005 (Exeter: Imprint Academic). Curtice, J. (2006a) ‘What the people say – if anything’, in Hazell, R. (ed.) The English Question (Manchester: Manchester University Press). Curtice, J. (2006b) ‘A stronger or weaker Union? Public reactions to asymmetric devolution in the United Kingdom’, Publius, 36 (1), 95–113. Curtice, J. (2008) Where Stands the Union Now? Lessons from the 2007 Scottish Parliament Election (London: IPPR). Curtice, J. and Heath, A. (2000) ‘Is the English lion about to roar? National identity after devolution’, in Jowell, R. et al. (eds) British Social Attitudes, 17th Report: Focusing on Diversity (London: Sage). d’Ancona, M. (2007a) ‘What the courtiers saw: The inside story of the great royal fightback’, Spectator, 18 August. d’Ancona, M. (2007b) ‘A royal recovery’, BBC Radio 4, Tuesday 21 August. Deacon R. M. (2002) The Governance of Wales: The Welsh Office and the Policy Process, 1964–1999 (Cardiff: Welsh Academic Press). Denemark, D. (2003) ‘Electoral change, inertia and campaigns in New Zealand. The first modern FPP campaign in 1987 and the first MMP campaign in 1996’, Party Politics, 9 (5), 601–18. Denham, J. (2005) ‘Without change, progressives will fight each other’. Independent, 19 May. Denver, D. and Hands, G. (1997) Modern Constituency Electioneering (London: Frank Cass). Department for Communities and Local Government (2007) Strong and Prosperous Communities: The Local Government White Paper, Cm 6939 (London: The Stationery Office). Department for Constitutional Affairs (2006a) Freedom of Information Annual Report 2005. Operation of the FOI Act in Central Government (London: Department for Constitutional Affairs). Department for Constitutional Affairs (2006b) Review of the Implementation of the Human Rights Act (London: Department for Constitutional Affairs). Department for Constitutional Affairs (2007a) The Human Rights Act: The DCA and Home Office Reviews. Government Response to the Joint Committee on Human Rights, Cm 7011 (London: The Stationery Office). Department for Constitutional Affairs (2007b) The Future of Citizenship (London: Department for Constitutional Affairs). Department of Constitutional Affairs (2007c) The Human Rights Act: The DCA and Home Office Reviews, Cm 7011 (London: The Stationery Office). Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (2004) The Future of the UK Food Chain (London: Department for the Environment, Food and Rural Affairs). Department for Transport (2007) Scenario Planning Toolkit (London: Department for Transport). Bibliography 309

Department for Work and Pensions (2006) Incapacity Benefit Caseload (Thousands): Time Series by Government Office Region (London: Department for Work and Pen- sions). Available at: http://83.244.183.180/100pc/ib/ccdate/ccgor/a carate r ccdate c ccgor.html (accessed 1 May 2008). Department of Finance and Personnel (2007) ‘Northern Ireland population rises to just under 1.75 million’, News release, 31 July (Belfast: Northern Ireland Executive). Department of Social Development Northern Ireland (2006) Incapacity Benefit and Severe Disablement Allowance, November 2006 (Belfast: Department of Social Devel- opment Northern Ireland). Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre (2007) The DCDC Global Strategic Trends Programme. 2007–2036 (Swindon: Development, Concepts and Doctrine Centre). Devolution and Constitutional Change Programme (2003) The English Regions Debate: What Do the English Want? Briefing No. 3, July. Dixon, M. and Paxton, W. (2005) ‘The state of the nation: An audit of social injustice in the UK’, in Pearce, N. and Paxton, W. (eds) Social Justice: Building a Fairer Britain (London: Politico’s). Downs, A. (1957) An Economic Theory of Democracy (New York: Harper and Row). Dunleavy, P. (1999) ‘Electoral representation and accountability: The legacy of empire’, in Holliday, I., Gamble, A. and Parry, G. (eds) Fundamentals in British Politics (New York: St Martin’s Press). Dunleavy, P. (2005) ‘Facing up to multi-party politics: How partisan dealignment and PR voting have fundamentally changed Britain’s party system’, Parliamentary Affairs, 58 (3), 503–32. Dunleavy, P. (2006) ‘The Westminster model and the distinctiveness of British politics’, in Dunleavy, P., Heffernan, R., Cowley, P. and Hay, C. (eds) Developments in British Politics 8 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan). Dunleavy, P. and Boucek, F. (2003) ‘Constructing the number of parties’, Party Politics, 9 (3), 291–315. Dunleavy, P. and Margetts, H. (2001) ‘From majoritarian to pluralist democracy? Electoral reform in Britain since 1997’, Journal of Theoretical Politics, 13 (3), 295–319. Dunleavy, P. and Margetts, H. (2005) ‘The impact of UK electoral systems’, Parliamen- tary Affairs, 58 (4), 854–70. Duverger, M. (1964) Political Parties, 3rd edn (London: Methuen). Duverger, M. (1986) ‘Which is the best electoral system?’, in Lijphart, A. and Grofman, B. (eds) Choosing an Electoral System: Issues and Alternatives (New York: Praeger Publishers). Electoral Commission (2004a) The Funding of Political Parties (London: Electoral Commission). Electoral Commission (2004b) The Northern Ireland Assembly Elections 2003 – the Offi- cial Report on the Northern Ireland Assembly Elections 26 November 2003 (London: Electoral Commission). Electoral Commission (2005) Election 2005: Northern Ireland – the Combined UK Parliamentary and Local Government Elections (London: Electoral Commission). Electoral Commission (2007) Corporate Plan 2007–2008 to 2011–2012 (London: Elec- toral Commission). English Constitutional Convention (2006) New Ipsos MORI Poll: The Demand for an English Parliament. Available at: http://www.englishconstitutionalconvention.com/ 41percent.php(accessed 25 April 2008). Evans, M. (2003) Constitution-Making and the Labour Party (Basingstoke: Palgrave). 310 Bibliography

Ewing, K. (1999) ‘The Human Rights Act and parliamentary democracy’, Modern Law Review, 62 (1), 79–99. Ewing, K. (2002a) Trade Unions, the Labour Party and Political Funding (London: The Catalyst Forum). Ewing, K. (2002b) ‘The unbalanced constitution’, in Campbell, T., Ewing, K. and Tomkins, A. (eds) Sceptical Essays on Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Ewing, K. (2007) The Cost of Democracy: Party Funding in Modern British Politics (London: Hart). Falconer, Lord (2006) Speech to ESRC Devolution and Constitutional Change Pro- gramme, Queen Elizabeth II Conference Centre, London, 10 March. Available at: http://www.dca.gov.uk/speeches/2006/sp060310.htm. Farrell, D. (2001) Electoral Systems: A Comparative Introduction (Basingstoke: Palgrave). Feldman, D. (2002) Civil Liberties in England and Wales, 2nd edn (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Feldman, D. (2005) ‘None, one or several? Perspectives on the UK’s constitution(s)’, Cambridge Law Journal, 64 (2), 329–51. Feldman, D. (2006) ‘Human rights, terrorism and risk: The roles of politicians and judges’, Public Law (Summer), 364–84. Fenton, S. (2007) ‘Indifference towards national identity: What young adults think about being English and British’, Nations and Nationalism, 13 (2), 321–39. Ferriter, D. (2004) The Transformation of Ireland 1900–2000 (London: Profile Books). Fisher, J. (2000) ‘Economic evaluation or electoral necessity? Evaluating the system of voluntary income to political parties’, The British Journal of Politics & International Relations, 2 (2), 179–204. Fisher, J. (2002a) ‘Next step: State funding for the parties?’, Political Quarterly, 73 (4), 392–9. Fisher, J. (2002b) ‘Political parties: Organisational change and intra party democracy’, in Fisher, J., Denver, D. and Benyon, J. (eds) Central Debates in British Politics (Harlow: Longman). Fisher, J. (2005) ‘Campaign finance’, in Geddes, A. and Tonge, J. (eds) Britain Decides (Basingstoke: MacMillan). Fisher, J. (2006) ‘Research on proposals for the funding of political parties in the context of the Electoral Commission’s existing responsibilities for the regulation of donations to political parties’ Report Produced for the Committee on Standards in Public Life. Available at: http://www.public-standards.gov.uk/upload/assets/www. public standards.gov.uk/fisher report.pdf (accessed 2 May 2008). Fisher, J. (2007) ‘Hayden Phillips: The continuation of British exceptionalism?’, Paper presented at the annual conference of the Political Studies Association, University of Bath. Fisher, J. and Denver, D. (2008) ‘From foot-slogging to call centres and direct mail: A framework for analysing the development of district-level campaigning’, European Journal of Political Research. Fisher, J., Denver, D. and Hands, G. (2006a) ‘Party membership and campaign activity in Britain: The impact of electoral performance’. Party Politics 12 (4) 505–19. Fisher, J., Denver, D. and Hands, G. (2006b) ‘The relative electoral impact of central party co-ordination and size of party membership at constituency level’, Electoral Studies, 25 (4), 664–76. Fisher, S. and Curtice, J. (2006) ‘Tactical unwind? Changes in party preference struc- ture and tactical voting in Britain between 2001 and 2005’, Journal of Elections, Public Opinion and Parties, 16 (1), 55–76. Bibliography 311

Flaherty, D. (2001) ‘Managing response times under Canadian access to information legislation’, Report 25 of Access to Information Review Task Force (2002) Access to Information: Making It Work for Canadians (Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada). Flinders, M. (2005) ‘Majoritarian democracy in Britain: New labour and the constitu- tion’, West European Politics, 28 (1), 61–93. Flinders, M. and Curry, D. (2008) ‘Bi-Constitutionality: Unravelling New Labour’s constitutional orientations’, Parliamentary Affairs, 61 (1), 99–121. Foley, M. (1999) The Politics of the British Constitution (Manchester: Manchester University Press). Forman, N. (2002) Constitutional Change in the United Kingdom (London: Routledge). Fredman, S. (2008) Human Rights Transformed: Positive Rights and Positive Duties (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Frontier Economics (2006) Independent Review of the Freedom of Information Act (London: Frontier Economics Ltd). Fry, G. K. (1995) Policy and Management in the British Civil Service (London: Prentice Hall). Gallagher, T. (2003) The Balkans after the Cold War: From Tyranny to Tragedy (London: Routledge). Gay, O. (2005a) ‘Parliament’s relationship with constitutional watchdogs: Time for coherence’, in Giddings, P. (ed.) The Future of Parliament: Issues for a New Century (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan). Gay, O. (2005b) ‘Modernisation: Making the Commons fit for the 21st Century’, in Baldwin, D. J. (ed.) Parliament in the 21st Century (London: Politico’s). Gay, O. and Leopold, P. (eds) (2004) Conduct Unbecoming: The Regulation of Parliamen- tary Behaviour (London: Politico’s). Gay, O. and Winetrobe, B. K. (2003) Officers of Parliament: Transforming the Role (London: Constitution Unit). Gearty, C. (2004) Principles of Human Rights Adjudication (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Gershon, S. P. (2004) Releasing Resources to the Front Line: Independent Review of Public Sector Efficiency (London: HM Treasury). Glover, M., Holsen, S., MacDonald, C., Rahman, M. and Simpson, D. (2006) Freedom of Information: History, Experience and Records and Information Management Implica- tions in the USA, Canada and the United Kingdom (Pittsburgh, PA: ARMA International Educational Foundation). Godet, M. (2000) ‘The art of scenarios and strategic planning: Tools and pitfalls’, Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 65 (1), 3–22. Goldsmith, Lord (2008) Citizenship: Our Common Bond (London: Ministry of Justice). Goot, M. (1999) ‘Whose mandate? Policy promises, strong bicameralism and polled opinion’, Australian Journal of Political Science, 34 (3), 327–52. Gordon, D. (2005) ‘Is Ulster’s public sector gravy train derailed?’ Belfast Telegraph, 30 November. Graham, Sir A. (2007) Evidence to Public Administration Select Committee, 15 May. Available at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/cmselect/ cmpubadm/121/7051501.htm (accessed 2 May 2008). Greer, S. L. (2003) ‘Policy divergence: Will it change something in Greenock?’, in Hazell, R. (ed.) The State of the Nations 2003: The Third Year of Devolution in the United Kingdom (Exeter: Imprint Academic Press). Greer, S (2006) The European Convention on Human Rights: Achievements, Problems and Prospects (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). 312 Bibliography

Greer, S. L. and Jarman, H. (2007a) The Department of Health and the Civil Service: From Whitehall to Department of Delivery to Where? (London: Nuffield Trust). Greer, S. L. and Jarman, H. (2007b) ‘What Whitehall?’, Paper presented at the Ameri- can Political Science Association 2007 Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, 1 September. Greer, S. L. and Jarman, H. (2008) ‘Policy styles and devolution’, in Trench, A. (ed.) The State of the Nations 2008: Into the Third Term of Devolution in the United Kingdom (Exeter: Imprint Academic). Griffith, J. A. G. (1979) ‘The political constitution’, Modern Law Review, 42 (1), 1–21. Griffith, J. A. G. (2000) ‘The brave new world of Sir John Laws’, Modern Law Review,63 (2), 159–76. Hadfield, B. (2005) ‘Devolution, Westminster and the english question’, Public Law (Summer), 286–305. Hague, W. (1999) ‘Strengthening the Union after Devolution’, Speech to the Centre for Policy Studies, 15 July. Hague, W. (2000) A Conservative View of the Constitution (London: Centre for Policy Studies). Hain, P. (2004) ‘Reconnecting People and Politics through the Alternative Vote’, Speech at House of Commons, Make Votes Count event, 16 March. Available at: http://www.makemyvotecount.org.uk/opus7561.html (accessed 14 April 2008). Hall, P. (1992) Royal Fortune: Tax, Money and the Monarchy (London: Bloomsbury). Hamilton, W. (1975) My Queen and I (London: Quartet). Hannan, D. (2007) ‘We’re British, Gordon, not panicky foreigners’, Daily Telegraph, 18 July. Harding, A. (2001) Is There a ‘Missing’ Middle in English Governance? (London: New Local Government Network). Hazell, R. (ed.) (1999) Constitutional Futures: A History of the Next Ten Years (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Hazell, R. (2000) An Unstable Union: Devolution and the English Question (London: Constitution Unit). Hazell, R. (2001) ‘The English question: Can Westminster be a proxy for an English Parliament?’, Public Law (Summer), 268–80. Hazell, R. (2003) ‘Conclusion: The devolution scorecard as the devolved assemblies head for the polls’, in Hazell (ed.) The State of the Nations 2003: The Third Year of Devolution in the United Kingdom (Exeter: Imprint Academic Press). Hazell, R. (2005) ‘Westminster as a three-in-one legislature’, in Hazell, R. and Rawlings, R. (eds) Devolution, Law Making and the Constitution (Exeter: Imprint Academic). Hazell, R. (2006a) Wave upon Wave: The Continuing Dynamism of Constitutional Reform (London: Constitution Unit). Hazell, R. (2006b) ‘Conclusion: What are the answers to the English Question?’, in Hazell, R. (ed.) The English Question (Manchester: Manchester University Press). Hazell, R. (ed.) (2006c) The English Question (Manchester: Manchester University Press). Hazell, R. (2007a) ‘Gordon’s go’, Prospect, 135, June. Hazell, R. (2007b) Towards a New Constitutional Settlement: An Agenda for Gordon Brown’s First 100 Days and Beyond (London: Constitution Unit). Hazell, R. (2007c) ‘The continuing dynamism of constitutional reform’, Parliamentary Affairs, 60 (1), 3–25. Hazell, R. (2007d) ‘FOI disclosure of Treasury’s 1997 advice about tax treatment of div- idends’. Available at: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution-unit/media/articles/2007/ 1604.htm (accessed 2 May 2008). HC Debs (1999–2000) 353, cols. 161–170, 4 July 2000. Bibliography 313

HC Debs (2006–2007) Written Ministerial Statement, col. 15WS, 20 April. Heald, D. (2003) Funding the Northern Ireland Assembly: Addressing the Options (Belfast: Northern Ireland Economic Council). Heald, D. and McLeod, A. (2002) ‘Beyond Barnett? Funding devolution’, in Adams, J. and Robinson, P. (eds) Devolution in Practice: Public Policy Differences Within the UK (London: IPPR). Heald, D. and McLeod, A. (2005) ‘Embeddedness of UK devolution finance within the public expenditure system’, Regional Studies, 39 (4), 495–518. Heath, A. and Roberts, J. (2008) British Identity: Its Sources and Possible Implications for Civic Attitudes and Behaviour (London: Ministry of Justice). Heath, A., Brook, L., Park, A. and Taylor, B. (1999) ‘British national sentiment’, British Journal of Political Science, 29 (2), 155–75. Heath, A., Martin J. and Elgenius G. (2007) ‘Who do we think we are? The decline of traditional social identities’, in Park, A. et al. (eds) British Social Attitudes: The 23rd Report – Perspectives on a Changing Society (London: Sage). Heath, D. (2007) ‘British Bill of Rights Should be Part of a Written Constitution’, 19 November. Available at: http://libdems.org.uk/news/story.html?id=13497&nav Page=news.html (accessed 29 April 2008). Heffer, S. (2007a) ‘Here’s a wheeze to help out the Tories’, Daily Telegraph,2May. Heffer, S. (2007b) ‘The Scots destroyed the union – so vote SNP’, Daily Telegraph, 17 January. Heffer, S. (2007c) ‘The union of England and Scotland is over’, Daily Telegraph, 14 November. Hennessy, M. (2007) ‘Back to the drawing board’, Irish Times, 14 July. Hennessy, P. (1989) Whitehall (London: Fontana). Hennessy, P. and Kite, M. (2006) ‘Britain wants UK break up, poll shows’, Sunday Telegraph, 26 November. Hiebert, J. (2006a) ‘Parliamentary bills of rights: An alternative model?’, Modern Law Review, 69 (1), 7–28. Hiebert, J. (2006b) ‘Parliament and the Human Rights Act: Can the JCHR help facilitate a culture of rights?’, International Journal of Constitutional Law, 4 (1), 1–38. HM Treasury (2007a) ‘Analysis of Public expenditure by Country and Region’ in HM Treasury Public Expenditure Statistical Analyses 2007, Cm7091 (London: The Stationery Office). HM Treasury (2007b) Meeting the Aspirations of the British People: 2007 Pre-Budget Report and Comprehensive Spending Review, Cm7227 (London: The Stationery Office). HM Treasury, Department for Business and Regulatory Reform, and Department for Communities and Local Government (2007) Review of Sub-National Economic Development and Regeneration (London: The Stationery Office). Hoare, Q. and Nowell Smith, G. (eds) (1971) Selections from the Prison Notebooks of Antonio Gramsci (London: Lawrence & Wishart). Holbach, R., Stemmler, M. and Holsen, S. (2007) Freedom of Information in 2006– 2007: The FOI Practitioner’s Perspective. Delegate Survey Report from the Fifth Annual Information Conference for the Public Sector: FOI Live 2007 (London: Constitution Unit). Home Office (1997) Rights Brought Home: The Human Rights Bill, Cm 3782 (London: The Stationery Office). Hopkin, J. (2004) ‘The problem with party finance: Theoretical perspectives on the funding of political parties’, Party Politics, 10 (6), 627–51. 314 Bibliography

Horton, T., Pinto-Duschinsky, D. and Studdert, J. (2007) Facing Out (London: Fabian Society). House of Commons Constitutional Affairs Select Committee (2006) Freedom of Information – One Year On, HC 991 (London: The Stationary Office). House of Commons Constitutional Affairs Select Committee (2007) Freedom of Information: Government’s Proposals for Reform, HC 415 (London: The Stationery Office). House of Commons Modernisation Committee (2006) The Legislative Process, HC 1097 (London: The Stationery Office). House of Commons (1999) The Procedural Consequences of Devolution, HC 185 (London: The Stationery Office). House of Commons Procedure Committee (2007) Public Petitions and Early Day Motions Committee’s First Report, HC 513 (London: The Stationery Office). House of Commons Procedure Committee (2008) e-Petitions, HC 136 (London: The Stationery Office). Howe, G. (2007) ‘Why elected peers would be an expensive mistake’, Times, 5 January. House of Lords (2003) Devolution: Inter-Institutional Relations in the United Kingdom Constitution, HL 28 (London: The Stationery Office). House of Lords Constitution Committee (2004) The Regulatory State: Ensuring Its Accountability, HL 68 (London: The Stationery Office). House of Lords Constitution Committee (2007a) Relations Between the Executive, the Judiciary and Parliament Report with Evidence, HL 151 (London: The Stationery Office). House of Lords Constitution Committee (2007b) Freedom of Information (Amendment) Bill, HL 127 (London: The Stationery Office). House of Lords Constitution Committee (2008) European Union (Amendment) Bill and Lisbon Treaty: Implications for the UK Constitution, HL 84 (London: The Stationery Office). Inayatullah, S. (2005) ‘Sweet memories of the future’, Futures 37, 401–6. Independent Commission on Policing for Northern Ireland (1999) A New Beginning: Policing in Northern Ireland (Belfast: Northern Ireland Office). Information Commissioner’s Office (2006) Report on Information Commissioner’s Office Annual Track 2006 – Individuals. July 2006 Final Version, prepared by SMSR Ltd. Available at: http://www.ico.gov.uk/upload/documents/library/corporate/research and reports/2006 annual tracking report individuals final.pdf. (accessed 20 March 2008). Information Commissioner’s Office (2007) Report on Information Commissioner’s Office Annual Track 2007 – Individuals. September 2007 Version 3, prepared by SMSR Ltd. Available at: http://www.ico.gov.uk/upload/documents/library/corporate/research and reports/ico annual track 2007 individuals report.pdf (accessed 20 March 2008). Irvine, Lord (2003) ‘The impact of the human rights act: Parliament, the courts and the Executive’, Public Law (Summer), 308–25. Isserlis, A. (1975) ‘Regional devolution and national government’, in Craven, E. (ed.) Regional Devolution and Social Policy (London: Macmillan for the Centre of Studies in Social Policy). Jacobson, J. (1997) ‘Perceptions of Britishness’, Nations and Nationalism, 3 (2), 181–99. Jamieson, A. (2007) ‘SNP’s new role for Scotland on world stage’, Scotsman, 7 August. Jarman, N. (2006) Working at the Interface: Good Practice in Reducing Tension and Violence (Belfast: Institute for Conflict Research). Bibliography 315

Jeffery, C. and Wincott, D. (2006) ‘Devolution in the United Kingdom: Statehood and citizenship in transition’, Publius, 36 (1), 3–18. Jenkins, R. (1971) Debate on Select Committee Report, HC Debs (1971–1972), col. 385, 14 December. Jenkins Commission (1998) The Report of the Independent Commission on the Voting System, Cm 4090 (London: The Stationery Office) Johnson, N. (2000) ‘Then and now: The British constitution’, Political Studies,48(2), 118–31. Johnson, N. (2004) Reshaping the British Constitution: Essays in Political Interpretation (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan). Joint Committee on Human Rights (2002) The Case for a Human Rights Commission: Interim Report, HL 160/HC 1142 (London: The Stationery Office). Joint Committee on Human Rights (2003) The Case for a Human Rights Commission, HL 67-I and II, HC 489-I and II (London: The Stationery Office). Joint Committee on Human Rights (2005a) Prevention of Terrorism Bill: Preliminary Report, HL61/HC389 (London: The Stationery Office). Joint Committee on Human Rights (2005b) Prevention of Terrorism Bill 10th Report, Session 2004–2005, HL68/HC334 (London: The Stationery Office). Jones, T. H. and Williams, J. M. (2004) ‘Wales as a jurisdiction’, Public Law (Spring), 78–101. Jordan, G. and Maloney, W. (1997) The Protest Business: Mobilizing Campaign Groups (Manchester: Manchester University Press). Jowell R. et al. (eds) (1997) 14th British Social Attitudes Survey (Aldershot: Ashgate). Jowell, R., Witherspoon, S. and Brook, L. (1988) British Social Attitudes – The 5th Report (London: Gower). Judiciary of England and Wales (2008) The Lord Chief Justice’s Review of the Administra- tion of Justice in the Courts, HC 448 (London: The Stationery Office). JUSTICE (2007) A Bill of Rights for Britain: Informing the Debate (London: Justice). Katz, R. (2005) ‘Why are there so many (or so few) electoral reforms?’, in Gallagher, M. and Mitchell, P. (eds) The Politics of Electoral Systems (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Katz, R. and Mair, P. (1995) ‘Changing models of party organisation and party democracy: The emergence of the cartel party’, Party Politics, 1 (1), 5–28. Kavanagh, D. and Butler, D. The British General Election of 2005 (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan). Keating, M. (1998) ‘What’s wrong with asymmetrical government?’, Regional and Federal Studies, 8 (1), 195–218. Kellas, J. G. (1989) The Scottish Political System, 4th edn (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Kelly, R. and Byrne, L. (2007) A Common Place (London: Fabian Society). Kelso, A. (2007) ‘The House of Commons Modernisation Committee: Who needs it?’, British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 9 (1), 138–57. Kennon, A. (2000) The House of Commons: Reform or Modernisation? (London: Consti- tution Unit). Kenway et al. (2006) Monitoring Poverty and Social Exclusion in Northern Ireland 2006 (York: Joseph Rowntree Foundation). King, A. (1976) ‘Modes of executive legislative relations: , France and West Germany’, Legislative Studies Quarterly, 1 (1), 11–36. King, A. (2001) Does the United Kingdom Still Have a Constitution? (London: Sweet and Maxwell). 316 Bibliography

King, A. (2007) The British Constitution (Oxford: Oxford University Press). King, S. (2003) Regulating the Behaviour of Ministers, Special Advisers and Civil Servants (London: Constitution Unit). Kinnock, N. (2005) Speech at Makes Votes Count fringe meeting of Labour party conference, Brighton. Kirchheimer, O. (1966) ‘The transformation of West European party systems’, in LaPalombara, J. and Weiner, M. (eds) Political Parties and Political Development (Princeton: Princeton University Press). Klug, F. (2000) Values for a Godless Age: The History of the Human Rights Act and Its Political and Legal Consequences (London: Penguin). Klug, F. (2007) ‘A bill of rights: Do we need one or do we already have one?’, Public Law (Winter), 701–19. Kramer, L. D. (2004) The People Themselves: Popular Constitutionalism and Judicial Review (New York: Oxford University Press). Laakso, M. and Taagepera, R. (1979) ‘ “Effective” number of parties: A measure with application to West Europe’, Comparative Political Studies, 12 (1), 3–27. Laffin, M., Shaw, E. and Taylor, G. (2007) ‘The parties and intergovernmental rela- tions’, in Trench, A (ed.) Devolution and Power in the United Kingdom (Manchester: Manchester University Press). Lang, T. (n.d.) An overview of four futures methodologies, http://www.futures.hawaii. edu/j7/LANG.html (accessed 25 January 2007). Laws, J. (1993) ‘Is the high court the guardian of fundamental constitutional rights?’, Commonwealth Law Bulletin, 18 (4), 1385. Laws, J. (1995) ‘Law and democracy’, Public Law (Spring), 72–93. Le Sueur, A. (1996) ‘The judicial review debate: From partnership to friction’, Government and Opposition, 31 (1), 8–26. Leader of the House of Commons (2007a) The Governance of Britain-Petitions: The Government’s Response to the Procedure. Committee’s First Report, Session 2006–07, Cm 7193 (London: The Stationery Office). Leader of the House of Commons (2007b) The House of Lords: Reform, Cm 7027 (London: The Stationery Office). Leader of the House of Commons (2008) e-Petitions. Written Ministerial Statement, HC Debs (2007–2008), col. 96WS, 22 July. Levitt, T. (2007) HC Debs (2006–2007), col. 1475, 6 March. Liason Committee (2003) Annual Report for 2002, HC 558 (London: The Stationary Office. Liberal Democrats (2007) For the People, By the People (London: Liberal Democrats). Lijphart, A. (1999) Patterns of Democracy: Government Forms and Performance in Thirty- Six Countries (London: Yale University Press). Lister, S. (2007) ‘Shocking extent of apartheid in Ulster; divided by 57 peace lines’, Belfast Telegraph, 26 April. Lloyd, J. (2004) What the Media Are Doing to Our Politics (London: Constable). Lodge, G. and Rogers, B. (2006) Whitehall’s Black Box: Accountability and Performance in the Senior Civil Service (London: Institute for Public Policy Research). Lodge, G. and Schmuecker, K. (2006) ‘The end of the union?’, Public Policy Research, 14 (2), 90–6. Lord, I. (1998) Speech at the Campaign for Freedom of Information Awards, 28 April 1998. Available at: http://www.cfoi.org.uk/irvineawards.html (accessed 17 March 2008). Bibliography 317

Lundberg, T. (2006) ‘Second-class representatives? Mixed-member proportional repre- sentation in Britain’, Parliamentary Affairs, 59 (1), 60–77. Lyons, M. (2004) Well Placed to Deliver? Shaping the Pattern of Government Service. Independent Review of Public Sector Relocation (London: The Stationery Office). Lyons, M. (2007) Inquiry into Local Government, Place-Shaping: A Shared Ambition for the Future of Local Government. Final Report (London: The Stationery Office). Macadam, H. (2006) ‘Reign on ma’am’, The Sun, Monday 24 April 2006. MacCormick, N. (1999) Questioning Sovereignty: Law, State and Nation in the European Commonwealth (Oxford: OUP). Mactaggart, F., Mulgan, G. and Ali, R. (2006) Parties for the Public Good (London: The Young Foundation). Mair, P. and van Biezen, I. (2001) ‘Party membership in twenty European democracies, 1980–2000’, Party Politics, 7 (1), 5–21. Maley, M. (2002) ‘Ministerial advisers and the royal commission on Australian government administration’, Australian Journal of Public Administration, 61, 103–7. Massie, A. (2007) ‘The final Highland fling?’, Daily Telegraph, 14 April. Mather, G. (2006) ‘Dave would do it by the book’, Public, 40. Mattson, I. and Strøm, K. (2004) ‘Committee effects on legislation’, in Doring, H. and Hallerberg, M. (eds) Patterns of Parliamentary Behaviour (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing). McCrone, D. (1992) Understanding Scotland: The Sociology of a Stateless Nation (London: Routledge). McDonagh, M. (2006) ‘FOI: The Irish Experience’, Paper presented at University of Alberta, Access and Privacy Conference, Edmonton, Canada, 8 June. McDonald, A. (1998) ‘Archives and open government’, in McDonald, A. and Terrill, G. (eds) Open Government (Basingstoke and London: Macmillan). McDonald, A. (2006) ‘What hope for freedom of information in the UK?’, in Hood, C. and Heald, D. (eds) Transparency: The Key to Better Governance? (Oxford: Oxford University Press for the British Academy). McEwen, N. (2002) ‘State welfare nationalism: The territorial impact of welfare state development in Scotland’, Regional and Federal Studies, 12 (1), 66–90. McLean, I. and McMillan, A. (2003) ‘The distribution of public expenditure across the UK regions’, Fiscal Studies, 24 (1), 45–71. McLean, I. and McMillan A. (2005) State of the Union: Unionism and the Alternatives in the United Kingdom Since 1707 (Oxford: Oxford University Press). McWhirter, I. (2007) ‘End of the UK could be closer than Brown thinks’, The Herald, 14 May. Miller, W. L. (1998) ‘The periphery and its paradoxes’, West European Politics,21(1), 103–29. Ministry of Justice (2007a) Freedom of Information Act 2000: Second Annual Report on the Operation of the FOI Act in Central Government (London: Ministry of Justice). Ministry of Justice (2007b) Government Response to the Constitutional Affairs Select Com- mittee Report – Freedom of Information: Government’s Proposals for Reform, Cm 7187 (London: Ministry of Justice). Ministry of Justice (2007c) The Governance of Britain, Cm 7170 (London: The Stationery Office). Ministry of Justice (2008a) The Governance of Britain – Constitutional Renewal,Cm 7342-1 (London: The Stationery Office). 318 Bibliography

Ministry of Justice (2008b) An Elected Second Chamber: Further Reform of the House of Lords, Cm 7438 (London: The Stationery Office). Mitchell, J. (2003) Governing Scotland (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan). Mitchell, J. and Leicester, G. (1999) ‘Scotland, Britain and Europe: Diplomacy and devolution’, Scottish Council Foundation Occasional Paper 12 (Edinburgh: Scottish Council Foundation). Moran, M. (2003) The British Regulatory State (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Morgan, M. (1975) The House of Lords and the Labour Government (Oxford: Oxford University Press). MORI (2003) British Public Opinion Newsletter (Belton: Roper). Morris, J. (1999) Wales: Epic Views of a Small Country (London: Allen Lane). Morrison, J. (2001) Reforming Britain: New Labour, New Constitution? (London: Pearson Education). Mount, F. (1993) The British Constitution Now (London: Mandarin). Mulaj, K. (2005) ‘On Bosnia’s borders and ethnic cleansing: Internal and external factors’, Nationalism and Ethnic Politics, 11 (1), 1–24. Munro, C. (2000) ‘More daylight, less magic: The Australian referendum on the monarchy’, Public Law (Spring), 3–6. Murkens, J., Jones, P. and Keating, M. (2002) Scottish Independence: A Practical Guide (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press). Nairn, T. (2007) ‘Union on the rocks?’, New Left Review, 43, (January–February), 117–32. Nassmacher, K.-H. (1993) ‘Comparing party and campaign finance in Western democ- racies,’ in Gunlicks, A. B. (ed.) Campaign and Party Finance in North America and Western Europe (Boulder: Westview Press). National Archives (2001) E-Government Policy Framework for Electronic Records Manage- ment (London: The Stationery Office). National Audit Office (2006) Central Government’s Use of Consultants (London: The Stationery Office). National Audit Office (2007) Government on the Internet: Progress in Delivering Informa- tion and Services Online (London: The Stationery Office). National Development Plan (2007) National Development Plan 2007–2013. Transform- ing Ireland. A Better Quality of Life for All (Dublin: The Stationery Office). Norris, P. (1996) ‘Legislative recruitment’, in LeDuc, L., Niemi, R. G. and P. Norris (eds) Comparing Democracies: Elections and Voting in Comparative Perspective (London: Sage). Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey (2000) Available at: www.ark.ac.uk/nilt/2000/ Political Attitudes/MINSF.html (accessed 18 April 2008). Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey (passim) Available at: www.ark.ac.uk/nilt (accessed 18 April 2008). Northern Ireland Office (1998) The Belfast Agreement. An Agreement Reached at the Multi- Party Talks on Northern Ireland, Cm 3883 (London: The Stationery Office). Available at: www.nio.gov.uk/agreement.pdf (accessed 28 April 2008). Norton Commission (2000) Commission to Strengthen Parliament (London: Conserva- tive Party). Norton, P. (1975) Dissension in the House of Commons, 1945–1974 (Oxford: Clarendon Press). Norton, P. (1978) Conservative Dissidents: Dissent Within the Parliamentary Conservative Party 1970–1974 (London: Temple Smith). Norton, P. (1980) Dissension in the House of Commons, 1974–1979 (Oxford: Clarendon Press). Bibliography 319

Norton, P. (1998) ‘Nascent institutionalisation: Committees in the British Parliament’, in Longley, L. D. and Davidson, R. H. (eds) The New Roles of Parliamentary Committees (London: Frank Cass). Norton, P. (2004) ‘Reform of the House of Lords: A view from the parapets’, Representation, 40 (3), 185–99. O’Cinneide, C. (2004) ‘Democracy and rights: New directions in the human rights era’, Current Legal Problems, 57, 175–211. O’Cinneide, C. (2006) ‘Fumbling towards coherence: The slow evolution of equality law in England and Wales’, Northern Ireland Legal Quarterly, 57 (1), 57–101. O’Cinneide, C. (2007) ‘The Commission for Equality and Human Rights: A new commission for new and uncertain times’, Industrial Law Journal, 36 (2), 141–62. O’Cinneide, C. and Arshi, M. (2004) ‘Third-Party interventions: The public interest re-affirmed’, Public Law (Spring), 69–77. Oberschall, A. and Kendall Palmer, L. (2005) ‘The failure of moderate politics: the case of Northern Ireland’, in O’Flynn, I. and Russell, D. (eds) Power Sharing: New Challenges for Divided Societies (London: Pluto Press). Oborne, P. (2007) The Triumph of the Political Class (London: Simon and Schuster). Observer (2006) ‘Leader Gordon Brown must enter the devolution debate’ Observer, 2 July. Office for National Statistics (2005) Public Sector Employment Trends 2005 (London: Office for National Statistics). Office for National Statistics (2006a) First Release – Regional, Sub-Regional and Local Gross Value Added (London: Office for National Statistics). Office for National Statistics (2006b) Regional Trends 39 (London: Office for National Statistics). Office for National Statistics (2008) Population Trends 131 (London: Office for National Statistics). Office of Science and Technology (2006a) Drugs Futures 2025. The Scenarios (London: Office of Science and Technology). Office of Science and Technology (2006b) Intelligent Infrastructure (London: Office of Science and Technology). Office of the First Minister and Deputy First Minister (2005) A Shared Future: Policy and Strategic Framework for Good Relations in Northern Ireland (Belfast: OFMDFM). Office of the Information Commissioner of Ireland (1998–2007) Annual Reports 1998– 2007 (Dublin: Office of the Information Commissioner). Available at: http://www. oic.gov.ie/en/Publications/AnnualReports/ (accessed 2 May 2008). Oglivy, J. (2005) ‘Futures studies and the human sciences: The case for norma- tive scenarios’, in Slaughter, R. (ed.) New Thinking for a New Millenium (London: Routledge). Oliver, D. (2003) Constitutional Reform in the United Kingdom (Oxford: Oxford Univer- sity Press). Page, E. C. (2007) ‘Where have all the powers gone? The UK Top Civil Service in Com- parative Perspective’, Paper presented at the American Political Science Association 2007 Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL, 1 September. Page, E. C. and Wright, V. (2007) ‘Conclusions: The Demystification of High Bureau- cratic Office’, in Page, E. C. and Wright, V. (eds) From the Active to the Enabling State: The Changing Role of Top Officials in European Nations (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan). Palmer, G. (1987) Unbridled Power: An Interpretation of New Zealand’s Constitution and Government, 2nd edn (Auckland: Oxford University Press). 320 Bibliography

Palmer, G. and Palmer, M. (2004) Bridled Power: New Zealand’s Constitution and Government, 4th edn (Melbourne: Oxford University Press). Paris Principles (1993) Principles relating to the status and functioning of national institutions for protection and promotion of human rights, UN General Assembly Resolution A/RES/48/134, 20 December 1993. Parry, R. (2001) ‘Devolution, integration, and modernisation in the United Kingdom civil service’, Public Policy and Administration, 16, 53–67. Paterson, L. (1994) The Autonomy of Modern Scotland (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press). Paterson, L. (2002) ‘Is Britain disintegrating? Changing views of “Britain” after devolution’, Regional and Federal Studies, 12 (1), 21–42. Performance and Innovation Unit (2001a) A Futurist’s Toolbox. Methodologies in Futures Work (London: Cabinet Office). Performance and Innovation Unit (2001b) Understanding Best Practice in Strategic Futures Work (London: Cabinet Office). Phillips, H. (2007) Strengthening Democracy: Fair and Sustainable Funding of Politi- cal Parties. The Review of the Funding of Political Parties (London: The Stationery Office). Pimlott, B. (1996) The Queen: A Biography of Elizabeth II (London: HarperCollins). Police Service of Northern Ireland (2008) Security-Related Incidents 1990/91–2007/08. Available at: www.psni.police.uk/security related incidents fy to date.doc (accessed 17 March 2008). Powell, G. B. (2000) Elections as Instruments of Democracy: Majoritarian and Proportional Visions (New Haven: Yale University Press). Power Inquiry (2006) Power to the People. The Report of Power: An Independent Inquiry into Britain’s Democracy (York: Publishing Distribution). President George W. Bush (2005) Executive Order 13, 392: Improving Agency Disclosure of Information (Washington DC: The White House). Prochaska, F. W. (1995) Royal Bounty: The Making of a Welfare Monarchy (New Haven and London: Yale University Press). Prosser S. et al. (2006) ‘Making it Happen’ in Public Service: Devolution in Wales As a Case Study (Exeter: Imprint Academic). Public Administration Select Committee (2007a) Ethics and Standards: The Regulation of Conduct in Public Life, HC 121 (London: The Stationery Office). Public Administration Select Committee (2007b) First Special Report 2007–2008: Ethics and Standards: Government’s Response to Committee’s Fourth Report of 2006–2007,HC 88 (London: The Stationery Office). Public Administration Select Committee (2007c) Politics and Administration: Ministers and Civil Servants, HC 122 (London: The Stationery Office). Public Administration Select Committee (2007d) Skills for Government,HC93(London: The Stationery Office). Rawlings, R. (2003a) ‘Towards a Parliament: Three faces of the National Assembly for Wales’, Contemporary Wales, 15, 1–19. Rawlings, R. (2003b) Delineating Wales: Constitutional, Legal and Administrative Aspects of National Devolution (Cardiff: University of Wales Press). Rawlings, R. (2005) ‘Review, revenge and retreat’, Modern Law Review, 68 (3), 378. Reed, S. and Thies, M. (2001) ‘The causes of electoral reform in Japan’, in Shugart, M. S. and Wattenberg, M. (eds) Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds? (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Bibliography 321

Richard Commission (2004) Commission on the Powers and Electoral Arrangements of the National Assembly for Wales, Report of the Richard Commission (Cardiff: National Assembly for Wales). Richards, D. (2007) New Labour and the Civil Service. Reconstituting the Westminster Model (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan). Riddell, P. (2000) Parliament Under Blair (London: Politico’s). Riddell, P. (2006) The Unfulfilled Prime Minister: Tony Blair’s Quest for a Legacy (London: Politico’s). Riddell, P. (2007) ‘Why it’s time for a department of the nations’, Times,17May. Rifkind, M. (1998) ‘Scotland, Britain and Europe: A new United Kingdom for a new century’, Scottish Council Foundation, 19 June (Edinburgh: Scottish Council Foundation). Rifkind, M. (2007a) ‘Be fair, give devolution to England’, Times, 4 November. Rifkind, M. (2007b) Submission to Conservative Democracy Task Force, October 2007; interview on BBC TV Sunday AM programme, 1 April. Ritchey, T. (2005) ‘Futures studies using morphological analysis’. Available at: http://www.swemorph.com/pdf/futures.pdf (accessed 30 May 2007). Robbins, K. (1998) Great Britain: Identities, Institutions and the Idea of Britishness (Harlow: Longman). Roberts, A. (2006) Blacked Out: Government Secrecy in the Information Age (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Rojek, C. (2002) ‘Courting fame: The monarchy and celebrity culture’, in Bentley, T. and Wilsdon, J. (eds) Monarchies: What are Kings and Queens for? (London: Demos). Rose, R. (1982) Understanding the United Kingdom (London: Longman). Rose, R. (1987) Ministers and Ministries: A Functional Analysis (Oxford: Clarendon). Rothstein, B. (2005) Social Traps and the Problem of Trust (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Royal Commission on the Reform of the House of Lords (2000) A House for the Future, Cm 4534 (London: The Stationery Office). Royal Insight (n.d.) ‘Taxation’. Available at: http://www.royalinsight.gov.uk/output/ Page4969.asp (accessed 3 August 2007). Russell, M. (2005) ‘The House of Lords and reform’, in Baldwin, D. J. (ed.) Parliament in the 21st Century (London: Politico’s). Russell, M. (2007) ‘Lords reform: Principles and prospects’, Lecture in the House of Lords. Available at: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution-unit/archive/Lecture% 20in%20Lords%20November%202007.pdf (accessed 2 May 2008). Russell, M. and Lodge, G. (2006) ‘The government of England by Westminster’, in Hazell, R. (ed.) The English Question (Manchester: Manchester University Press). Russell, M. and Paun, A. ( 2007) The House Rules? International Lessons for Enhancing the Autonomy of the House of Commons (London: Constitution Unit). Russell, M. and Sciara, M. (2006a) ‘The House of Lords in 2005: A more representa- tive and more assertive chamber?’, in Rush, M. and Giddings, M. (eds) The Palgrave Review of British Politics (Basingstoke: Palgrave). Russell, M. and Sciara, M. (2006b) ‘Legitimacy and Bicameral Strength: A Case Study of the House of Lords’, Paper presented to the PSA Parliaments and Legislatures Specialist Group Conference, University of Sheffield, 16 June. Russell, M. and Sciara, M. (2007) ‘Why does the government get defeated in the House of Lords? The Lords, the party system and British politics’, British Politics, 2 (3), 299–322. 322 Bibliography

Russell, M. and Sciara, M. (2008) ‘The policy impact of defeats in the House of Lords’, British Journal of Politics and International Relations,10(4). Salmond, A. (2007) ‘Only Scottish independence can solve the English Question’, Daily Telegraph,20March. Salmond, A. (2008) ‘National Conversation with Scotland’s institutions’, Speech given in Edinburgh, 26 March. Available at: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/News/This- Week/Speeches/First-Minister/nationalconversation (accessed 2 May 2008). Sands, P. (2006) Lawless World: Making and Breaking Global Rules (London: Penguin). Sartori, G. (1994) Comparative Constitutional Engineering: An Inquiry into Structures, Incentives and Outcomes (Basingstoke: Macmillan). Scarrow, S. (2002) ‘Parties without members? Party organisation in a changing elec- toral environment’, in Dalton, R. J. and Wattenburg, M. P. (eds) Parties Without Partisans (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Scarrow, S. (2004) ‘Explaining party finance reforms: Competition and context’, Party Politics, 10 (6), 653–75. Scotsman (2007) ‘Top Scots give their views on 300 years of the Union’, Scotsman, 16 January. Scottish Executive (2007) Choosing Scotland’s Future. A National Conversation. Indepen- dence and Responsibility in the Modern World (Edinburgh: Scottish Executive). Scotland’s Futures Forum (2007) Growing Older and Wiser Together. A Futures View on Positive Ageing (Edinburgh: Scotland’s Futures Forum). Scottish Government (2007) The Independent Review of Regulation, Audit, Inspection and Complaints Handling of Public Services in Scotland [Crerar Review] (Edinburgh: The Stationery Office). (2007) Manifesto 2007. Available at: http://www.snp.org/node/ 13534 (accessed 2 May 2008). Scottish Parliament Finance Committee (2006) Inquiry into Accountability and Gover- nance, SP Paper 631 (Edinburgh: Scottish Parliament). Scottish Parliament (1999) Official Report, cols. 1633–80, 16 December. Seaward, P. and Silk, P. (2003) ‘The House of Commons’, in Bogdanor, V. (ed.) The British Constitution in the Twentieth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Sedley, S. (1995) ‘Human rights: A twenty-first century agenda’, Public Law (Autumn), 386–400. Seyd, P. and Whiteley, P. (1992) Labour’s Grass Roots (Oxford: Clarendon Press). Shah, A. (ed.) (2007) The practice of fiscal federalism: Comparative perspectives,A Global Dialogue on Federalism Volume 4 (Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen’s University Press). Shaw, E. (2001) ‘New Labour: New pathways to Parliament’, Parliamentary Affairs,54 (1), 35–53. Shell, D. and Beamish, D. (eds) (1993) The House of Lords at Work (Oxford: Clarendon Press). Shils, E. and Young, M. (1953) ‘The meaning of the coronation’, Sociological Review,1 (2), 63–81. Shirlow, P. and Murtagh, B. (2006) Belfast: Segregation, Violence and the City (London: Pluto Press). Shugart, M. S. and Wattenberg, M. (eds) (2001) Mixed-Member Electoral Systems: The Best of Both Worlds? (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Slaughter, R. (2002) ‘Where now for futures studies?’ Futures, 35 (10), 1027–40. Slaughter, R. (2005) ‘Introduction’, in Slaughter, R. (ed.) New Thinking for a New Millenium (London: Routledge). Bibliography 323

Smith, M. (1999) The Core Executive in Britain (Basingstoke: Macmillan). Spigelman, J. (2005) ‘Judicial review and the integrity branch of government’, Address to the World Jurist Association Congress, Shanghai. St Andrews Agreement (2006) Available at: www.nio.gov.uk/st andrews agreement.pdf (accessed 28 April 2008). Starkey, D. (2007) ‘King Charles, Mr Fix-it for a broken Britain’, Sunday Times, 16 December. Starkey, D. (2008) Camilla Parker-Bowles, www.channel4.com/history/microsites/M/ monarchy/biogs/camilla parker bowles.html (accessed 2 January 2008). Steel, D. (1979) ‘Introduction’, in The Liberal Manifesto 1979. Available at: http://www.psr.keele.ac.uk/area/uk/man/lib79.htm (accessed 14 April 2008). Steyn, Lord (1997) ‘The weakest and least dangerous department of government’, Public Law (Winter), 84–95. Straw, J. (2007) HC Debs (2006–2007), col. 450, 19 July. Straw, J. (2008) ‘Towards a Bill of Rights and Responsibilities’, Speech on 21 January. Available at: http://www.justice.gov.uk/news/sp210108a.htm (accessed 29 April 2008). Straw, J. and Boateng, P. (1996) Bringing Rights Home (London: Labour Party). Sunkin, M. and Payne, S. (eds) (1999) The Nature of the Crown: A Legal and Political Analysis (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Tebbit, K. (2007) House of Commons Commission: Review of Management and Services, HC 685 (London: House of Commons). The Dayton Peace Accords (1995) Available at: www.state.gov/www/regions/eur/ bosnia/bosagree.html Thomas, R. (2007) Oral Evidence taken before Public Administration Select Com- mittee, 24 July. Available at: http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200607/ cmselect/cmpubadm/984/7072401.htm (accessed 25 April 2008). Thornton, C. (2007) ‘Paisley: The price I paid to cut deal’, Belfast Telegraph, 8 June. Tomkins, A. (2002) ‘On being Sceptical about Human Rights’, in Campbell, T., Ewing, K. and Tomkins, A. (eds) Sceptical Essays on Human Rights (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Tomorrow Project (n.d.) The Tomorrow Project and the ESRC. Available at: http://www. tomorrowproject.net/pub/2 Website/The Tomorrow Project/-25.html (accessed 29 April 2008). Transparency International Australia (2006) Overview of Freedom of Information in Australia. Available at: http://www.transparency.org.au/documents/FOI Summary Information 06 10.pdf (accessed 25 March 2008). Travis, A. (2002) ‘Jubilee: Secret deals that obscure the royal finances: Crucial details kept from MPs in palace talks with Whitehall’, Guardian,30May. Travis, A. and Dodd, V. (2007) ‘Reid Warning Judges over Control Orders’, Guardian, 25 May. Treasury Board of Canada (1997–2008) Info Source Bulletins 20–31 (Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada). Available at: http://www.infosource.gc.ca/bulletin/bulletin e.asp (accessed 3 April 2008). Trench, A. (2005) ‘Intergovernmental relations within the UK: The pressures yet to come’, in Trench, A. (ed.) The Dynamics of Devolution: The State of the Nations 2005 (Exeter: Imprint Academic Press). Trench, A. (2006) ‘The Government of Wales Act 2006: The next steps in devolution for Wales’, Public Law, 687–96. 324 Bibliography

Trench, A. (ed.) (2007) Devolution and Power in the United Kingdom (Manchester: Manchester University Press). Trench, A. (2008) ‘Finding a voice for Wales: Assessing three phases of constitu- tional development in Wales’, Paper presented at ECPR Joint Sessions of Workshops, Rennes, April 2008. Tsebelis, G. (1990) Nested Games: Rational Choice in Comparative Politics. (Berkeley: University of California Press). Tsebelis, G. (2002) Veto Players: How Political Institutions Work (Princeton: Princeton University Press). Tyrie, A. (2006) Clean Politics (London: Conservative Party). United Nations Development Programme (2006) Early Warning Report (New York: UNDP). Van Bueren, G. (2002) ‘Including the excluded: The Case for an Economic, Social and Cultural Human Rights Act’, Public Law (Autumn), 456–72. van der Heijden, K. (1997) Scenarios, Strategies and the Strategy Process (Breukelen: Nijenrode University Press). van der Heijden, K. (2005) Scenarios: The Art of Strategic Conversation (Chichester: John Wiley and Sons). Voros, J. (2005) A Generic Foresight Framework. Available at: http://www.swinburne.edu. au/agse/courses/foresight/attachments/generic%20foresight%20process%20frame work%20(voros).pdf (accessed 16 May 2007). Walker, D. (2002) In Praise of Centralism. A Critique of the New Localism (London: Catalyst). Walters, R. (2003) ‘The House of Lords’, in Bogdanor, V. (ed.) The British Constitution in the Twentieth Century (Oxford: Oxford University Press). Ward, I. (2003) ‘ “Localizing the national” the rediscovery and reshaping of local campaigning in Australia’, Party Politics, 9 (5), 583–600. Warren, M. and Pearse, H. (eds) (2008) Designing Deliberative Democracy: The British Columbia Citizens’ Assembly (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press). Waters, N. (2002) ‘Privacy exemptions in FOI laws – an unnecessary barrier to accountability’, Privacy Law and Policy Reporter, 9 (1), 24. Available at: http:// kirra.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/PLPR/2002/24.html (accessed 28 March 2008). Weaver, R. K. (1986) ‘The politics of blame avoidance’, Journal of Public Policy,6, 371–98. Webb, P. (1994) ‘Party organisational change in Britain: The iron law of centraliza- tion?’, in Katz, R. S. and Mair, P. (eds) How Parties Organise (London: Sage). White, N. (2007) Free and Frank: Making the New Zealand Official Information Act 1982 Work Better (Wellington, NZ: Institute of Policy Studies). Whiteley, P., Seyd, P. and Richardson, J. (1994) True Blues (Oxford: Clarendon Press). Wilford, R. and Wilson, R. (2006) The Trouble with Northern Ireland: The Belfast Agreement and Democratic Governance (Dublin: TASC at New Island). Wilkinson, D. (1998) ‘Open government: The development of policy in the United Kingdom in the 1990s’, in McDonald, A. and Terrill, G. (eds) Open Government (Basingstoke and London: Macmillan). Wills, M. (2006) ‘Being British is different now’, Sunday Times, 15 January. Wills, M. (2008) ‘Kickstarting a debate on a British bill of rights and duties’ Constitution Unit annual lecture. Available at: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution- unit/files/events/MichaelWills Lecture05-03-2008.pdf (accessed 2 May 2008). Wilson, G. (1994) ‘The Westminster model in comparative perspective’, in Budge, I. and McKay, D. (eds) Developing Democracy (London: Sage). Bibliography 325

Wincott, D. (2006) ‘Social policy and social citizenship: Britain’s welfare states’, Publius, 36 (1), 169–88. Wintour, P. (2008) ‘Ministers back radical plan for voting reform’, Guardian,24March. Woolf, L. (2004) ‘The rule of law and a change in the constitution’, Cambridge Law Journal, 63 (2), 317–30. Wring, D., Baker, D. and Seawright, D. (2000) ‘Panelism in action: Labour’s 1999 European Parliamentary candidate selections’, Political Quarterly, 71 (2), 234–45. Wyn Jones, R. and Scully, R. (2006) ‘Devolution and electoral politics in Scotland and Wales’, Publius, 36 (1), 115–34. Wyn Jones, R. and Scully, R. (2008) Wales Devolution Monitoring Report January 2008 (London: Constitution Unit). Available at: http://www.ucl.ac.uk/constitution- unit/research/devolution/MonReps/Wales Jan08.pdf (accessed 2 May 2008). Wynne-Jones, R. (2006) ‘Christian, Muslim, Sikh and Jewish: Multi-faith coronation for Charles’, Sunday Telegraph, 24 September. Young, J. (1999) ‘The politics of the Human Rights Act’, Journal of Law and Society,26 (1), 27–37. Index

Figures are indicated by fig., notes by n., indicated in italics, enclosed in parenthesis; e.g. abdication, 142–3(fig.9.1).

9/11, 57, 163, 164 British-Irish draft agreement, 59 Britishness, 93, 94–9, 94(fig.6.3), 99–103, abdication, 142–3(fig.9.1) 104(fig.6.7) , 150, 151 Brown, G., 3–4, 133, 224, 226, 264, 269, Act of Settlement 1701, 145 293 Act of Union 1707, 150 Business Appointments Committee, Adams, Gerry, 57 198(fig.12.1) Additional Member System (AMS), 240 administrative regionalism, 79 Alexander, W., 30, 52 Cabinet Office, 128 Alternative Vote (AV), 240, 241, 242, Cameron, David, 2, 3, 4, 5, 18, 45, 102, 245–6 110, 131, 167–8, 173, 182, 224, 226, Anglo-Irish Agreement, 58, 69 252, 271, 275 Anglo-Scottish relationship, 104 campaigning, 250(fig.15.2), 253 Ashdown, P., 240 Canada, 18, 33, 48, 238 Audit Commission, 199(fig.12.1) Capability Reviews, 127 Australia cash for peerages, 200, 293 financial arrangements, 48 Catholicism, 57 and FOI, 192(fig.11.8) celebritisation, of monarchy, 144–5 media, 216 centralised constitutionalism, 17 ministers/civil servants, 137(fig.8.3) centralising/decentralising dynamics, parliamentary system, 17, 279–80 37(fig.2.2),50(fig.3.3) and republicanism, 145 Church of Scotland, 150, 155(n.2) Citizens’ Assembly, 238 Bagehot, 140 city mayors, 79 Barnett formula, 46, 47, 48–9, 55(n.2), city-regional governance, 79 63, 87 civic society, 70 Belfast Agreement, 56, 57, 59, 61, 70 Civil List, 149 bicameralism, 298 civil service Bill of Rights 1689, 3, 159 Bill of Rights and Duties, 110 changes in scope, 128–9 Blair, T., 7, 62, 129, 219(fig.13.1) codification of, 133 government, 68, 267–8 Scottish, 131 effect, 255 Senior, 127 blogging, political, 217, 220–221, 225 structural changes, 127–8 Bosnia-Hercegovina, constitution, 69, 70 Civil Service Commissioners, 134, 197, British bill of rights, 110, 161, 198(fig.12.1) 167(fig.10.3), 168–9, 175, 289 Code of Practice on Open Government, British Columbia, 238 198 see also Canada Committee on Standards in Public Life, British-Irish Council (BIC), 59 198(fig.12.1), 200, 250–1, 255

326 Index 327

Commonwealth, the, 141, 145 Department of Nations, 101 Comptroller and Auditor General depoliticisation, 292 (C&AG), 197, 198(fig.12.1) devolution Conservative Democracy Taskforce, 276 dynamism of, 8, 285 Conservative Party, 97, 103, 168, 260 England, 17, 73, 80–5 constitution future of, 299 changing, 1–3 and Home Civil Service, 129–31 political/legal, 14–15(fig.1.5), 114–15, and human rights culture, 169 172, 188(fig.11.6), 256 as national phenomenon, 31–2 reform, 4–6 Northern Ireland, 56, 67 written, 3–4 outcomes of, 36–42 constitutional and party politics, 32–3 arrangements, NI, 68 power-sharing, 58 asymmetry, 90 predictions of, 6–7(fig.1.1) changes, 287–9 and reform, 4–6 reform, 233, 285–6 and ‘steady state’ Union, 93–4 scrutiny of, 291 and UK, 289–90 watchdogs, 8, 197, 198–9(fig.12.1), and UK executive, 287 291–2 d’Hondt proportionality rule, 58 Constitutional Affairs Committee, 113 Diana, Princess of Wales, 144, 154 Constitutional Affairs Select Committee dissolution, of Parliament, 140 (CASC), 182–3, 251 donations, 251, 252, 293 constitutionalism, 17, 18, 291–2 dual polity, 101 Constitutional Reform Act 2005, Duchy of Cornwall, 151 110–11 Constitutional Renewal Bill, 112, 269 economic development, Wales, 42 Council of Europe, 70–1, 183 economic slowdown, 85 Counsellors of State, 142(fig.9.1) Education and Skills Authority, 64 counter-terrorism, 166 elected regional assemblies (ERAs), 78 Crerar Report, 199, 205 Electoral Administration Bill, 251 Crossbenchers, 271 Electoral Commission, 198(fig.12.1), Crossman, Richard, 151 250–2, 253, 255, 264 cross-voting, 235 case study, 201(fig.12.2) cube law, 235 electoral reform, 270 electoral systems, 233, 234–7, 239–42, Data Protection Act (DPA), 187 245(fig.14.4) Dayton accords, 69, 70, 71 Electronic Document and Records decentralisation, England’s government, Management Systems 73, 75(fig.5.1) (EDRMS), 183 decentralised states/systems, financial Elis-Thomas, Lord, 41 arrangements, 46–9 English Constitutional Convention, 77 democracy English , 102 consensual, 298 Englishness, 102–3 and media, 227(fig.13.3) see also Britishness new forms of, 292–3 English Question, 73, 75–6(fig.5.1), Democratic Unionist Party (DUP), 57, 77–8, 78–80 71, 72(n.3) English votes on English laws, 78, Department for Education and Skills, 82–4, 269, 289 128 e-petitioning, 222, 223, 292 Department of Health, 128 equalisation systems, 48, 52 328 Index

Equality Act 2006, 166–7 Home Civil Service, 123, 129–31 Equality and Human Rights Commission Home Office, 128 (EHRC), 166–7 Home Rule, 97 honours scandals, 197 Falconer, Lord., 94 Houghton scheme, 151 federal systems, finance, 46–7, 49(fig.3.2) House of Commons, 5, 267 federal-unitary dimension, 24(fig.1.9) House of Lords finance system, intergovernmental, 51–3 election to, 270, 288 financial arrangements legitimacy of, 284(n.3.5) decentralised/federal systems, 46–7, power of, 5, 274 47–9, 50(fig.3.3) reform of, 69, 71–2, 267, 268, 278, 298 of monarch, 149–50, 151–2 House of Lords Appointments first-past-the-post (FPTP), 266 Commission, 199(fig.12.1) forecasting techniques, 10, 21–2 House of Lords Constitution Committee, France, 17, 256 46, 58, 110, 113, 182, 197 Freedom of Information Act 2000, 178 Howe, G., 275 cost of, 184 Human Rights Act, 5, 159–61, key points, 179(fig.11.1) 160(fig.10.1), 164–5, 300 numbers of requests, 180, 185(fig.11.4) and judiciary, 109, 112, 165–6 Fulton Report, 127 repeal of, 110, 168, 174 futures studies, 20–1 Human Rights Commission, 7 human rights culture, 161, 162(fig.10.2), Germany, 48, 55(n.1), 216, 247 165, 172 Gershon Report, 129 hung parliaments, 241, 247 globalisation, 96, 163 Hurd, Douglas, 90 Goldsmith, Lord., 100 governance independence city-regional, 79 of England, 77 judiciary/court, 110–12 Scotland, 40, 288, 290 multi-level, 187 Independent Adviser on Ministerial Northern Ireland, 68 Interests, 199(fig.12.1) Governance of Britain, 133, 223–4 Independent Commission on Policing government 1999, 61 Blair, 68, 268 inequalities coalition, 233 England/Scotland/Wales, 98 decentralised, 82 social, 62, 67 elected regional, 77(fig.5.2) statistical indicators, 35(fig.2.1) recentralised, 80–2 territorial/regional, 33–6, 74, 86 Government of Wales Act (2006), 5, Information Asset Registers, 183 7, 30 Information Commissioner (ICO), 178, Graham, Sir A., 203 180, 182, 198(fig.12.1) Grants in Aid, 149 Information and Communication Gray, Paul, 134 Technologies (ICT) and FOI, 183 Greater London Authority, 5 Information Tribunal, 178, 180–2 Green Party, 253 information access to, 188(fig.11.6;7) Hague, W., 78 Europe, 183–4 Hain, P., 240 government, 179, 189(fig.11.7) Hansard, 223 see also Freedom of Information Act hereditary peers, 267 IRA, 57 Index 329

Ireland majoritarianism, 242–7, 286 north/south relationships, 64 mandate wars, 279 unification, 59, 289 mayors, city, 79–80 Irvine, Lord, 159, 178 media future changes, 225–6 Jenkins Commission, 298 new, 219–20(fig.13.2), 225 Jenkins, R., 151 Minister for the Civil Service, 134, 135 Joint Committee on Human Rights ministerial advisor, Australia, 137(fig.8.3) (JCHR), 164, 165 Ministry of Justice, 111, 112, 183 Joint Ministerial Committee, 69 Mixed-Member Proportional (MMP) journalism, political, 218 system, 240–1, 246 Judges’ Council, 111, 113 Modernisation Committee, 267 Judicial Appointment Commission monarchy (JAC), 112, 113, 199(fig.12.1) accession, 150–1 Judicial Communications Office, 113 constitutional, 140 judiciary coronation of, 152–3, 155(n.4) and Human Rights Act, 165–6 drivers of change, 143–50 perceptions of, 112–14 financial arrangements, 149–50, 151–2 power of, 286, 287, 290–1 and religion, 146–8, 147–8(fig.9.2), 152 role of, 114–19, 114(fig.7.1) and taxation, 149 JUSTICE (NGO), 167 multiculturalism, 163 Justice Select Committee (JSC), 182–3 National Conversation, 30 Kilmuir rules, 113 National Development Plan (2007), 59 Kinnock, N., 239, 260 nationalism, English, 69, 88, 97, 102–3 nationalist parties, 32 Lander¨ governments, 55(n.1) national security, 187 laws, cube/square, 235 nationhood, 32 Lega Nord, 87 nation state, 14 Liberal Democrats, 5, 234(fig.14.1), New Labour, constitutional reform, 2 235, 270 newspaper-based websites, 219–20 Liberty (NGO), 167 newspapers, 217 life peers, 274 New Zealand, 17, 195, 282 Lisbon Treaty, 110 Next Steps agencies, 129 loans for peerages, 251 Northcote-Trevelyan report, 133 lobby system, 216 Northern Ireland, 52, 60, 61(fig.4.2), 71, local government, 13, 14, 79, 216 289 London, 36 Northern Ireland Office, 72(n.5) London super-region, 86 Northern Irish Human Rights , 110–11, 112 Commission, 169 Lord Chancellor’s Department, 113 North/South Ministerial Council Lord Chief Justice of England and Wales (NSMC), 59 (LCJ), 5, 111, 113 loyalist paramilitary networks, 62 Ohrid Agreement, 69, 70, 71 Lyons, M., 79 Olympics, 2012, 100 Ombudsman, 197 McGuinness, Martin, 58 one-party dominance, 244 Mackay of Clashfern, Lord, 113 One Wales Agreement, 41, 42(n.1),52 Maclean Bill, 185–6(fig.11.3) open government, 178, 198 Magna Carta, 159 openness, 183 330 Index

Paisley, Ian, 57–8 political parties paramilitarism, Irish, 62, 71 and bill of rights, 167(fig.10.3) American support, 57 and change, 253–6 Parker Bowles, Camilla, 144 and FOI, 182 Parliament inter-war, 244 assertiveness of, 290–1 reform programmes, 3–4 constraints on change, 272–3 territorial interests, 44–5 dissolution of, 140 Political Parties, Elections and drivers of change, 269–72 Referendums Act 2000 (PPERA), 250, English, 77(fig.5.2), 84–5, 89(n.2), 103, 251, 256, 266 289, 299 politics supremacy of, 25(n.1) Northern Ireland, 71 unionist, 80–2 party, and devolution, 32–3 Parliamentary Commissioner for symbolic, 38 Administration (PCA), 197 territorial, 87 parliamentary commissioners, 198 power(s) Parliamentary and Health Service of judiciary, 109–10 Ombudsman, 198(fig.12.1) of national governments, 14 Power Inquiry, 223–4, 269 parliamentary sovereignty, 16 power sharing democracies, 69–71 Parliamentary Standards Commissioner, preferential voting, 240 198(fig.12.1) prerogative powers, 3, 146 party activism, trends in, 249–50 pressure groups, 261 party cohesion, 275 Privy Council, 150 party funding, 251, 256 Privy Purse, 149 party-funding regulations, 252–3 Professional Skills for Government, 127, party membership 129 per constituency, 250(fig.15.1) pro-Labour bias, 236 trends in, 249–50, 254 proportional representation, 224, 241, party system, 97, 224, 233, 244, 268, 270, 288, 297 245(fig.14.4), 247 proportional systems, 242, 300 Patten report, 61 Public Administration Select Committee peace walls, 59, 62 (PASC), 182–3, 203 People’s Panel, 292 draft bill, 131, 133, 134, 136 peripheralisation, 50(fig.3.3) ethics and standards petitions, 222–3, 292 recommendations, 203(fig.12.3) PFI, 129 Public Appointments Commissioner, Phillips, H., 111, 113, 224, 251–2, 253, 198(fig.12.1) 254, 255, 258, 259, 261, 262, 264 , 272 review, 252(fig.15.3), 255, 258, 259, public interest test, 178 261, 264 public participation, 292 Phillips, Lord, 111, 113 Public Standards Commission, 204 Pimlott, B., 145 policy Quebec, 39 communities, 33–4, 38 see also Canada innovation, NI, 63, 72(n.4) Queen Anne legislation, 142(fig.9.1) issues, NI, 67–8 public, 14 RAND Corporation, 20 styles, 34 Realpolitik, 68 political identity, 90 referendums, 224, 238, 288 Index 331 reform single-member plurality (SMP), 233, constitutional UK, 4–6 240, 242 electoral, 237–8, 238–9 Single Transferable Vote (STV), 241, 246 government, 268–9 Sinn Fein,´ 56, 57, 72(n.2) programmes, of political parties, 3–4 SNP (Scottish National Party), 5, 94 regency, 142(fig.9.1) sovereign, the Regency Acts, 142(fig.9.1) functions of, 141–2 Regional Assemblies, 299 powers of, 140 Regional Committees, 82 see also Royal Regional Development Agencies, 86 special advisors, 128, 131, 133 regionalism, 299 square law, 235 Regional Ministers, 79, 80 Standards Board for England, RegLeg network, 67 199(fig.12.1) regulation Standing Committee on Regional constituency campaigns, 253 Affairs, 82 ethical, 205 Statistics Board, 199(fig.12.1) party-funding, 252–3 Steyn, Lord, 25(n.1, 2), 177(n.6) self-, 212 Stormont, 62, 63 religion, 146–8 Straw, J., 111, 168 and monarchy, 152 Supreme Court, 7, 299 republicanism, 145 Supreme Governor, of the Church of Rifkind, M., 84, 94, 101, 102 England, 147 Royal prerogatives, 140–1, 146 Royal Ulster Constabulary, 61 tax Royal corporation, 42(n.2) expenditure, 149–50 functions, 141–2 revenue, 47, 48 see also sovereign sources, 52 taxation St Andrews Agreement, 59, 64, 169 Germany, 55(n.1) Salisbury convention, 274 and monarchy, 149 Salmond, A., 30, 58, 97, 288, 289 Taylor of Gosforth, Lord, 113 Scotland, 31–6, 38, 204, 288, 289, 290 territorial Scotland Act 1998, 289 differences, 33–6 Scottish Constitutional Commission, 30 futures, UK, 49–51 Scottish Human Rights Commission, 169 interests, political parties, 44–5 Scottish Oath, 150, 155(n.3) management, 54 Scottish Parliament, 39 politics, 87, 129–31 scrutiny, of executive, 290–1 relations, 43 Sedley, S., 166 terrorism, 163, 174, 175 select committees, 268, 290–1 counter-, 166 and FOI, 182–3 third-party seats, 235(fig.14.2) scenario planning, 10 trade unions, 255 matrix approach, 22–4, 23(fig.1.7), trust, 266 65(fig.4.3) and political parties, 254 Senior Civil Service, 127 and politics, 291–3 separation, key steps to, 99(fig.6.4;5) principle of, 265 separatism, 94, 97, 100 public, 197 September 11, 57, 163, 164 social, 68 Shell (company), 20–1 Tyrie, A., 258 332 Index

UK voting pre devolution, 44(fig.3.1) cross, 235 purpose of, 45–6 preferential, 240 territorial interests, 49–51 UK executive, 286, 287, 299 Wales, 31–6, 40–1, 289 scrutiny of, 290–1 Weber, Max, 61 UK Independence Party, 253 websites, political, 219, 220(fig.13.2), 225 Union, the welfare state, 45–6 West Lothian Question, 45, 94, 102 dissolution of, 77 Westminster England in, 73, 75(fig.5.1) devolved, 17 future of, 290 and media, 218 and political parties, 44–5 potential change, 80, 81(fig.5.3) purpose of, 45–6 Westminster model, 1–2, 16, 244, 286, rebalancing of, 102 293–5, 298–300 unionism, 13, 33, 94–5 Westminster Parliament, and HRA, unionists 164–5 Northern Ireland, 56, 64 Whitehall model, 123, 124, 125(fig.8.2), primordial/instrumental, 45 129–31 United States, 48, 216 Wills, M., 96, 293 UnlockDemocracy, 268–9 Woolf, Lord, 166