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The Political Space of Chancery Lane, C.1760-1815

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The Political Space of Chancery Lane, C.1760-1815 The political space of Chancery Lane, c.1760-1815 Francis Calvert Boorman Institute of Historical Research, School of Advanced Study, University of London 1 The following work is solely that of the candidate, signed: My thanks go to my supervisor, Miles Taylor, to the librarians and archivists from all the institutions mentioned in this work, to the many historians who have made comments, suggestions or provided references and to my dad, who read more drafts than he deserved to. Abstract This is a study of Chancery Lane from the accession of George III in 1760 until the end of the Napoleonic wars in 1815, a time of explosive growth in London and rapid change to the society, economy and politics of Britain. The aim of this thesis is to explain the relationship between space and political activity in part of London, connecting local and national issues and adding to our understanding of the political geography of the capital. The locality around Chancery Lane is an important focus for study because it is an area of transition between the oft-studied centres of Westminster and the City, spanning the border between the two and falling into an exceptional number of different parochial jurisdictions. It is an area that has received little attention from historians, although it reveals much about the political dynamics of the metropolis. Chancery Lane was an interstice within the city, a position which profoundly influenced community politics and daily life. Using a broad range of source material, including newspapers, parochial records, histories, maps and guides of London, satires, poetry, prints and the records of Lincoln's Inn, this thesis examines political culture, built environment, policing, crime, prostitution, social policy and political associations in the area around Chancery Lane. Chancery Lane was at the heart of 'legal London' and lawyers played an important role in local politics. This thesis furthers our relatively poor understanding of the social and political history of lawyers, and in particular the ways in which their developing professional status shaped their interaction with the local community. Chancery Lane was liminal in the standard bipolar conceptualisation of London and it is discussed how local people responded to the challenges that presented, in terms of their preoccupation with respectability, independence and urban improvement. 2 Contents Introduction 6 1. Political life 38 2. Topography 63 3. Lawyers 94 4. Policing and crime 137 5. Women and social policy 169 6. Associations 189 Conclusion 237 Bibliography 245 3 Place of publication is London unless otherwise stated. Spellings in all quoted material have been left as they were in the original. Abbreviations: BL British Library BM British Museum LMA London Metropolitan Archives WAL Westminster Archives, London LIA Lincoln’s Inn Archives 4 Figure 1: Detail from Carrington Bowles, Bowles’ Reduced new pocket plan of the cities of London and Westminster, with the borough of Southwark, exhibiting the new buildings to the year 1775 (1775). Courtesy of mapco.net. Page 6. Figure 2: St James’ Park, Chancery Lane and St Paul’s added to a detail from Richard Horwood, Plan of the cities of London and Westminster the Borough of Southwark and parts adjoining shewing every house (1792). The border of the City is in faint red and runs through the southern end of Chancery Lane. Page 14. Figure 3: William Capon, Fleet Street, near Temple Bar (1799), Crace XIX.14. Courtesy of www.britishmuseum.org. Page 18. Figure 4: The parishes around Chancery Lane added to a detail from Richard Horwood, Plan of the cities of London and Westminster the Borough of Southwark and parts adjoining shewing every house (1792). Page 23. Figure 5: Table showing percentage of overall votes going to each candidate in the elections of March 1768, December 1768 and July 1802 in Middlesex, Chancery Lane and Lincoln’s Inn calculated from London Metropolitan Archives, MR/P/P/1768/001, Contemporary transcripts of original poll books and Copy of the poll for the election of two knights of the Shire to serve in Parliament for the County of Middlesex (1803). Page 47. Figure 6: ‘Domestic architecture’ from John Thomas Smith, Ancient topography of London: containing not only views of buildings ... but some account of places and customs either unknown, or overlooked by the London historians (1815). Page 72. Figure 7: ‘Chancery Lane’ from John Peller Malcolm, Anecdotes of the manners and customs of London during the eighteenth century , volume 1 (1810). Page 87. Figure 8: Piercy Roberts, Temptation for lawyers (1803?), BM Satires 10198. Courtesy of www.britishmuseum.org. Page 101. Figure 9: George Cruikshank, A Chancery case (1818), BM Satires 13122. Courtesy of www.britishmuseum.org. Page 102. Figure 10: Frontispiece from Anon., The Rolliad, in two parts , (1795). Image courtesy of Eighteenth Century Collections Online. Page 109. Figure 11: William Dent, Law promotion (1788), BM Satires 7332. Courtesy of www.britishmuseum.org. Page 111. Figure 12: Table showing signatories to the resolution of the Liberty of the Rolls 1792 anti- sedition committee, along with vestry and workhouse committee involvement and address/occupation where available. Page 203. 5 Introduction Figure 1: Detail from Carrington Bowles, Bowles’ Reduced new pocket plan of the cities of London and Westminster, with the borough of Southwark, exhibiting the new buildings to the year 1775 (1775). Courtesy of mapco.net. The magazine of literary and antiquarian ephemera, Notes and Queries , moved its office from Took’s Court, just to the east of Chancery Lane, to Bream’s Buildings which fronts onto the Lane itself, in 1892. The occasion presented an opportunity to write a short history of the area, and the old thoroughfare of Chancery Lane was summarised thus: ‘[c]onnecting as it does two of the main arteries leading from the western suburbs into the City, and cutting 6 through the very heart of the area occupied by the inns of court, and by persons whose daily occupation lies in and around those institutions, its importance must be self-evident’. 1 The characteristics picked out as definitive for the standing of Chancery Lane’s history were its position within the broader landscape of London and its strong association with the legal profession. Its importance may seem self-evident, but it is not an area of London that is very well understood. Chancery Lane was in a borderland between the cities of Westminster and London, both of which have received a lot of attention from historians, particularly of the long eighteenth century. 2 The clash between their unique political cultures helped to shape the metropolis as a whole and yet the political community in Chancery Lane was not directly controlled by either. The area has been described as ‘legal London’, but a history of the legal profession could not, on its own, do justice to the bustling and chaotic urban environment which characterised life outside the Inns of Court and various offices situated here. Chancery Lane needs to be understood within the context of a fast-changing London, its identity the product of its relationships with the adjacent areas of Westminster and the City. A case study of this area is significant because its position in London gives us a new understanding of the importance of local conditions and specific geographical location in describing and explaining the political patchwork of the capital. Studying Chancery Lane provides a very different perspective to that of Sheppard’s Local government in St Marylebone , probably the most comprehensive study of a local area in London in the eighteenth century. 3 Sheppard’s work is defined by the border between city and country and the ways in which the local community negotiated its changing relationship with London, in light of the urbanisation of what started as a very rural parish. Chancery Lane had long been within a built-up area and was negotiating its place on an existing political and economic borderline. Sheppard details the importance of the landholdings of aristocratic families in Marylebone, while the very different institutions of the legal profession were paramount to 1 George Clinch, ‘Took's Court and its neighbourhood, old Chancery Lane’, Notes and Queries , 1 (1892), p.261. 2 Particularly work by Charles E. Harvey, Edmund M. Green and Penelope Jane Corfield, The Westminster historical database: voters, social structure and electoral behaviour (Bristol, 1998) and subsequent articles by the same. Recent studies include Jeremy Boulton and Leonard D. Schwarz, ‘"The comforts of a private fireside": the workhouse, the elderly and the poor law in Georgian Westminster: St Martin-in-the-fields, 1725- 1824’ in Joanne McEwan and Pamela Sharpe (eds.), Accommodating poverty: the housing and living arrangements of the English poor, c.1600-1850 (Basingstoke, 2011) and Heather Shore, ‘"The Reckoning": disorderly women, informing constables and the Westminster justices, 1727-33’, Social History , 34, 4 (2009), pp.409-27. The City figures strongly in George Rudé, Wilkes and Liberty (1983), but for more recent examples see for instance Mark Latham, ‘From oligarchy to a 'rate payer's democracy': the evolution of the Corporation of London, 1680s–1750s’, Urban History , 39, 2 (2012), pp.225-245 and Drew D. Gray, Crime, prosecution and social relations: the summary courts of the City of London in the late eighteenth century (Basingstoke, 2009). 3 F. H. W. Sheppard, Local government in St Marylebone, 1688-1835 (1958). 7 Chancery Lane’s development. The present study runs from the accession of George III in 1760 until the end of the Napoleonic wars in 1815, a key time in defining Britain as a nation. 4 It is a period in which the explosion of building in London, the emergence of working class political movements and the increasing influence of political associations provide a constellation of reasons to look at London politics beyond Westminster and the City.
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