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Biologia E Manejo Da Planta Daninha Borreria Densiflora DC

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Biologia E Manejo Da Planta Daninha Borreria Densiflora DC Universidade de São Paulo Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz” Biologia e manejo da planta daninha Borreria densiflora DC. Bianca Assis Barbosa Martins Dissertação apresentada, para obtenção do título de Mestre em Agronomia. Área de concentração: Fitotecnia Piracicaba 2008 2 Bianca Assis Barbosa Martins Engenheiro Agrônomo Biologia e manejo da planta daninha Borreria densiflora DC. Orientador: Prof. Dr. PEDRO JACOB CHRISTOFFOLETI Dissertação apresentada para a obtenção do título de mestre em Agronomia. Área de concentração: Fitotecnia Piracicaba 2008 Dados Internacionais de Catalogação na Publicação (CIP) DIVISÃO DE BIBLIOTECA E DOCUMENTAÇÃO - ESALQ/USP Martins, Bianca Assis Barbosa Biologia e manejo da planta daninha Borreria densiflora DC. / Bianca Assis Barbosa Martins. - - Piracicaba, 2008. 169 p. : il. Dissertação (Mestrado) - - Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz, 2008. Bibliografia. 1. Biologia vegetal 2. Germinação de sementes 3. Herbicidas 4. Plantas daninhas (manejo) I. Título CDD 632.58 “Permitida a cópia total ou parcial deste documento, desde que citada a fonte – O autor” 3 Aos meus pais que tanto amo, Carlos e Regina, e a minha amada irmã, companheira e amiga Thaís DEDICO 4 “Não é o mais forte que sobrevive, nem o mais inteligente, mas o que melhor se adapta às mudanças” Charles Darwin 5 AGRADECIMENTOS - Primeiramente a Deus, Pai divino, e a Virgem Maria, Mãe divina, que estiveram comigo durante toda a minha jornada até chegar aqui; me protegendo e me dando forças e muita determinação para superar as dificuldades e alcançar todos os meus objetivos; - À minha família que tanto amo: meus pais (Carlos e Regina) e à minha irmã querida Thaís, por me darem todo o apoio, estarem sempre presentes e pelas valiosas conversas e ensinamentos ao longo da minha vida; - À Escola Superior de Agricultura "Luiz de Queiroz", Universidade de São Paulo, em especial ao Departamento de Produção Vegetal, pela oportunidade concedida para realização deste trabalho; - Ao Professor Dr. Pedro Jacob Christoffoleti pela confiança depositada em mim no início do trabalho, orientação, amizade, oportunidade e pelas contribuições ao meu conhecimento em Ciência das Plantas Daninhas; - Ao Professor Dr. Carlos Tadeu dos Santos Dias, do Departamento de Ciências Exatas da USP / ESALQ por toda a ajuda nas análises estatísticas e paciência; - Às bibliotecárias Sílvia Zinsly e Eliana Garcia por sempre ajudarem nas buscas de trabalhos científicos, pela correção do trabalho de pesquisa e pela amizade. - Aos funcionários do Departamento de Produção Vegetal da USP / ESALQ Aparecido Serrano, Luiz Ferrari, Aparecido Mendes e às secretárias Bete e Célia, pela amizade. E também à Luciane Lopes, por sempre estar presente, me auxiliando nas questões administrativas e também pela amizade. 6 - À Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), pela bolsa concedida, em nível de mestrado, sem a qual não teria sido possível a realização deste trabalho; - À minha querida avó Araci Assis Pires, pela ajuda em todos os momentos difíceis de minha vida, ao meu cunhado Alexandre, pela força e todos os momentos de descontração e à minha amada sobrinha Fernanda (Fefê), por alegrar as nossas vidas com sua sinceridade, alegria, inocência, energia e carinho. - Aos meus tios Celso, Maria Antonieta e José, por todo apoio no final da minha graduação. - Aos engenheiros agrônomos Ibene Kawaguchi, Aroldo Marochi, Antônio Galli, Dr. Marcelo Miguel e Marcelo Montezuma, da Monsanto do Brasil Ltda., por todos os valiosos ensinamentos na área da Ciência das Plantas Daninhas. - Às minhas queridas amigas irmãs: Thaís Martins, Èrica Chiarini, Thaís Costa, Ana Cláudia Rossi (Íntima), Daniela Oliveira (Sedên), Luciana Junqueira (Dó) e Indriati Nangói (Nagóia), por terem estado ao meu lado em todos os momentos difíceis, sempre me apoiando, me dando forças e por todos os momentos de descontração, diversão, risada e companheirismo. - À República TREM Q PULA, minha eterna casa, por todos os momentos, experiências e amizade desde o início da minha vida acadêmica. - À minha querida amiga e colega de mestrado Daniela Neves Ribeiro (Nevask), pela cumplicidade, por toda a força nos momentos difíceis, pelos momentos de muita risada e descontração, pelos conhecimentos trocados e companheirismo ao longo do Mestrado; 7 - Aos demais colegas engenheiros agrônomos que adquiri ao longo do meu curso de Mestrado: André Reis, Liana, Rafael Bigoto, Marcelo Gimenes, Tereza Cristina, Rafael Vivian, Lívia Weyand, Erick Espinosa, Carlos, Hector Matheis e Francisco Guilhien. - À engenheira agrônoma M.Sc. Helena Chamma, por abrir as portas do Laboratório de Análise de Sementes e por toda a ajuda e sugestões na condução de uma das partes da minha dissertação, e por toda amizade e momentos de descontração; - Aos Professores da USP / ESALQ: Dr. Vinícius Castro Souza, pela ajuda na classificação da espécie de planta daninha com a qual trabalhei; Dr. Marcílio de Almeida, pelo auxílio na metodologia de cortes transversais das lâminas foliares; Dr. Sílvio Moure Cícero, por abrir as portas do Laboratório de Análise de Imagens para a obtenção das radiografias dos frutos de Borreria densiflora DC.; Dr. Júlio Marcos Filho e Dra. Ana Dionísia Coelho Novembre, pela leitura e sugestões de correção no capítulo relacionado à germinação; Dr. Ricardo Ferraz, por me permitir trabalhar em seu laboratório e casa-de-vegetação; Dr. Ricardo Azevedo, por abrir as portas de seu laboratório para a realização de experimentos extras. - À Professora Dra. Elsa Leonor Cabral, da Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y Agrimensura – UNNE / IBONE, Argentina, pela correta classificação da espécie Borreria densiflora DC.; - À Professora Dra. Carol Mallory-Smith, da Oregon State University, EUA, pela confiança, oportunidade, orientação, amizade e, principalmente, pelo exemplo de ética e profissionalismo; - Aos queridos amigos da Oregon State University, EUA: Elena Sanchez, Maria Zapiola, Alejandro Perez-Jones e Mike Quinn, por todos os ensinamentos, momentos de diversão, e amizade. - Ao José Ortega Escalante, por todo seu amor, carinho, força e paciência. 8 SUMÁRIO RESUMO ................................................................................................................11 ABSTRACT.............................................................................................................13 1 INTRODUÇÃO .....................................................................................................15 Referências.............................................................................................................19 1 CARACTERIZAÇÃO BIOLÓGICA E TAXONÔMICA DA PLANTA DANINHA Borreria densiflora D.C............................................................................................22 Resumo...................................................................................................................22 Abstract...................................................................................................................23 1.1 Introdução .........................................................................................................24 1.2 Material e Métodos............................................................................................27 1.3 Resultados e Discussão....................................................................................29 1.3.1 Classificação da espécie................................................................................29 1.3.2. Descrição da espécie ....................................................................................34 1.3.3 Processo fotossintético de Borreria densiflora D.C. .......................................39 1.4 Conclusões.........................................................................................................40 Referências.............................................................................................................40 2 INTERAÇÃO DAS CONDIÇÕES DE LUZ E TEMPERATURA SOBRE A GERMINAÇÃO DE SEMENTES DA PLANTA DANINHA Borreria densiflora D.C. SOB CONDIÇÕES CONTROLADAS......................................................................49 Resumo...................................................................................................................49 Abstract...................................................................................................................50 2.1 Introdução .........................................................................................................51 2.2 Material e Métodos............................................................................................52 2.3 Resultados e Discussão....................................................................................56 2.3.1 Porcentagem de germinação .........................................................................56 2.3.2 Índice de Velocidade de Germinação.............................................................66 2.4 Conclusões .......................................................................................................69 Referências.............................................................................................................70 9 3 ANÁLISE DE CRESCIMENTO, DESENVOLVIMENTO E ESTRUTURAS REPRODUTIVAS DA PLANTA DANINHA Borreria densiflora D.C........................76 Resumo...................................................................................................................76 3.1 Introdução .........................................................................................................79
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