2018-Access-Control-Book-IPVM
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IPVM TABLE OF CONTENTS Life & Safety................................................................................................................... 4 The Codes Behind Access Control.......................................................................... 5 Access Control IBC International Rules.................................................................. 8 Building Occupancy Codes and Access Control....................................................12 Free Online NFPA, IBC, and ADA Codes and Standards....................................... 19 Disability Laws, ADA and Access Control............................................................. 22 Standard for Access Control (UL 294).................................................................. 28 Fail Safe vs. Fail Secure.........................................................................................32 AHJ / Authority Having Jurisdiction......................................................................38 Banned: Classroom Barricade Locks.................................................................... 43 Doors & Locks...............................................................................................................46 Door Fundamentals For Electronic Access Control..............................................47 Specifying Door Locks...........................................................................................57 Maglock Selection................................................................................................ 65 Selecting the Right Electric Strike.........................................................................76 Selecting the Right Type of Electric Lock..............................................................83 Request to Exit..................................................................................................... 89 Exit Devices...........................................................................................................95 Door Closers Access Control.............................................................................. 102 Automatic Door Operators For Access...............................................................111 Door Position Switches.......................................................................................117 Lock Status Monitoring...................................................................................... 124 Multipoint Lock Access Control..........................................................................131 Glass Doors and Access Control......................................................................... 139 Credentials & Reads................................................................................................... 151 HID vs NXP Credentials.......................................................................................152 Prox vs. iClass Explained.....................................................................................158 Access Credential Form Factor...........................................................................165 Copyright IPVM 1 Vulnerability Directory For Access Control Cards.............................................. 169 Selecting Access Control Readers...................................................................... 177 Multi-Factor Authentication Primer...................................................................188 Biometrics Pros and Cons For Electronic Access Control...................................193 Fake Fingerprints - Liveness Detection Solutions.............................................. 201 Mobile Credentials (BLE / NFC / Apps)...............................................................205 Worst Readers Ever: Keypads............................................................................ 212 Hotel Access Control.......................................................................................... 217 Controllers & Management Software........................................................................225 Access Control Door Controllers........................................................................ 226 Access Controller Software................................................................................ 235 Axis vs HID vs Mercury Access Controllers.........................................................246 Wiegand vs OSDP............................................................................................... 252 Access Control Management Software..............................................................257 Network & Cable........................................................................................................ 263 Access Control Cabling....................................................................................... 264 Wireless Access Control Panels..........................................................................271 WiFi & Wireless Access Lock.............................................................................. 276 PoE Powered Access Control..............................................................................282 System Design & Special Conditions.......................................................................... 290 Access Control Specification.............................................................................. 291 Mustering........................................................................................................... 309 Tailgating - Access Control................................................................................. 313 The Passback Problem........................................................................................321 Delayed Egress Access Control...........................................................................326 Propped Doors Access Control...........................................................................332 Visitor Management Systems Examined............................................................338 Time & Attendance............................................................................................ 344 Access Control Job Walk.....................................................................................350 Hazardous & Explosion Proof Access Control.................................................... 359 "Future-Proofing" Access Control...................................................................... 367 Copyright IPVM 2 Copyright IPVM 3 Life & Safety Copyright IPVM 4 The Codes Behind Access Control In Electronic Access Control, there is one basic rule: Life safety above all else. While simple, this rule often appears to be at odds with the purpose of the system; keeping an area secure. When combined with the huge number of building opening possibilities, the basic rules quickly grow complex. Addressing the potential variations is the job of Codes, or 'design guidelines' adopted as law. The Major References While a substantial number of codes are in use worldwide, most local authorities and municipal codes draw intent from a select two or three references. For access control, those references are: NFPA101: The official 'Life Safety Code' is the most widely used source to protect people based on building construction, protection, and occupancy ratings. NFPA72: Created for for Fire Alarms, this code is sometimes cited in electronic access control because of the special integration required between the door locks and the fire alarm system. IBC: The International Building Code, as published by the International Code Council, is the essential guidebook for designing and engineering safe buildings. If not observed directly as the authority, then whatever resulting codes that do have authority take guidance from the source. Because they are the highest default authorities, if no other codes are cited they become the defacto regulations governing access control in the US. Not Everyone Agrees Because many other codes, especially locally exempted or municipal codes, are ratified for use by AHJs, the first priority of an access control designer is to establish which authority to observe for a given project. While checking Jurisdictional Copyright IPVM 5 Adoption is a critical first step, confirming the full scope of rules for access with the AHJ is the most important measure to take. However, even if verbiage differs, the intent is the same: life safety must be preserved. In no circumstances, whether in normal operation, emergency condition, or even equipment malfunction, can a door prevent an occupant from escaping the premises. In most cases, free egress is preserved by the mechanical hardware configuration, but it cannot be hindered by the addition of electronic access. For every lock, there must be a mechanical or physical override. Because of this, exit devices and Request to Exit hardware are essential devices for most access systems. Specific codes and regulations depend on 'occupancy rating' and what is permissible for one type may be illegal in another. In many cases 'one size does not fit all', and each project and system may vary depending on the facility's occupancy use classification. Because occupancy classifications determine how codes define access, the end result to the uninformed designer or installer can appear to be akin to 'hitting a moving target'. For example, a maglock controlled exit may be permissible in one building type, but forbidden in another. Emergency Exits may be able to access controlled in one occupancy, but not in other.