What challenges did Elizabeth face from by 1570?

Aim: To understand how the danger levels rose rapidly for England as events in Europe developed Europe in 1570 There was a growth in in Scotland, , The and parts of the HRE.

These issues in Europe meant what was happening in England was less of their concern giving Elizabeth relative peace for the first 10 years. Religious war broke out in France in 1562 (3 years after Elizabeth’s Settlement) Why might this worry Elizabeth? She helped French Protestants, hoping to get back, this backfired when the French Protestants made peace. Elizabeth signed the Treaty of Troyes, giving up Calais forever Who might it have upset that she got involved supporting the Protestants? King Philip II of Anglo Spanish Relations will worsen significantly from now on, ending with the in 1588. Try to keep in the back of your mind from now on how Elizabeth’s and Philip’s actions might contribute to this…

Philip II was angry Elizabeth helped Scottish & French Protestants He banned English cloth to the Netherlands as he had conquered them. Why was this CRITICAL to England? Elizabeth responded by stopping trade with the , affecting both countries economies The Trade Embargo ended after 1 year because she was worried Spain would join forces with France and because it was destroying the economy Philip II had taken control of The Netherlands earlier in the . There are rumours the Protestants in the Netherlands are going to rebel. The Netherlands are also very close…

What should Elizabeth do? What was Philip and Elizabeth’s relationship like?

England and Spain had traditionally been allies mostly due to the fact both countries historically were enemies of France.

With Henry VIII marrying Catherine of , this strengthened Anglo Spanish relations

Mary I (Bloody Mary) Elizabeth’s sister married Philip again uniting the two countries

Philip wanted to marry Elizabeth following Mary’s death, she refused – maybe the beginnings of a break down of relations… Using the information below, write a letter to Elizabeth explaining the situation in Europe, include potential dangers as well as how the danger wasn’t so bad

• The Pope was God’s man on earth and so what he says (to Catholics). He influenced all other Catholic rulers as well as normal Catholics around Europe, including England. • Spain were busy dealing with the Netherlands and so initially weren't interested in supporting Catholics in England • France were also dealing with their own religious civil war so too weren’t too bothered about England • Protestantism was growing around Europe, even in strong Catholic countries, so the Catholic powers were determined to stop it spreading, uniting these countries. • Even King Philip II of Spain would rather have had Elizabeth over Mary Queen of Scots – Why? • Some Catholics wanted Elizabeth ‘excommunicated’ by the Pope The 1560’s-70’s The Genoese Loan 1568

Scale - 1. No tension – 8. Severe tension

As we go through these events, summarise the information in the boxes and colour up your scale for the level of tension for relations between Elizabeth and Philip… The Dutch Revolt: Overview Why should Elizabeth be worried about this Dutch Revolt?

• Alba had a massive army with a mission against Protestantism, within striking distance of England • Elizabeth didn’t want to become Europe’s leading Protestant monarch, she was trying to avoid war and openly condemned the Dutch rebels. • Dutch rebels fled to sea and became known as ‘Sea Beggars’, they attacked Spanish ships in the . Elizabeth The Dutch Revolt 1560’s-70’s allowed them to shelter in England, angering Philip.

Fill in this box What can you see in this engraving to tell us what happened during the in the Netherlands?

The Spanish Donkey

WARNING How might the Spanish Inquisition have made Elizabeth feel? What should Elizabeth do?

Spain is a great Catholic power. It wants to destroy Protestantism. We MUST stop this from happening!

I understand but I cannot afford a war against Spain – or worse, against Spain and France together

As Privy Councillors what do you think? What should Elizabeth do?

Alba’s army is a real threat to England. And thousands of Protestants are being killed. We must help Dutch Protestants.

I agree, but I do not want to be seen as Europe’s leading Protestant monarch. Getting involved in a religious war in the Netherlands could lead to a religious civil war in England, and we can’t afford it!

As Privy Councillors what do you think? What should Elizabeth do?

What is England going to do then, Your ?

I shall try to make things as difficult as possible for Spain in the Netherlands without getting involved directly

As Privy Councillors what do you think? The Genoese Loan: 1568

• Dutch Sea Beggars forced Spanish ships to take refuge in English ports • These ships had gold on which was destined for the Netherlands to pay Alba • Elizabeth took the gold – How might REMEMBER: this make Philip II feel? Is she Elizabeth was trying to crazy? make Spain’s task as difficult as possible in The The Genoese Loan 1568 Netherlands, hoping they’d just leave and let the Dutch govern themselves. INDIRECT ACTION How dangerous was the Dutch issue for Elizabeth?

The Privy Council were pressuring her to deal with Alba Elizabeth is very aware of the dangers posed by Spain’s counter mission in The Netherlands

A war fought over religion could lead to Civil War in England More importantly, she feared France & Spain joining forces

It seemed Europe was now at war Catholics Vs. Protestants Elizabeth has no money or resources for fighting

She feared further fighting with France

Elizabeth had to avoid war at all costs

Using your notes and information above (and pp29-30) write a follow up letter telling the Queen how the situation in Europe is developing and explaining the growing threat • Mary, Queen of Scots was Elizabeth’s cousin • She had a legitimate claim to the throne of England • She was Catholic and so might become a figure head for Catholic plots to replace Elizabeth • Mary has a son, so heir to the throne (although he’s Protestant) Why might this be a worry for Elizabeth?

1568 - Mary, Queen of Scots arrives RECAP: Westmorland and Northumberland led a rebellion in the north of England They took Durham Cathedral and celebrated a full public Catholic mass. Part of its aim was to marry Mary, Queen of Scots to Duke of Norfolk then replace Elizabeth making England Catholic Many other northern Catholics joined the rebellion as it marched south Elizabeth dealt with the rebels extremely with very public and brutal executions –

What event happened just 1 year later, perhaps proving Elizabeth’s worries correct?...

1569: Northern Rebellion