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Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-03289-7 - A Concise History of Greece: Third Edition Richard Clogg Index More information

INDEX

‘17 November’ terrorist group 187, 215, anti-Americanism 234, 239–40 and Bush’s ‘war on terror’ 240 and Cyprus 223 administrative decentralisation, under and Imia 220–3 PASOK reforms 181 terrorist attacks 234 Aegean islands, and Greek–Turkish anti-clericalism 13 tensions 171–3, 223, 228–9 Arafat, Yasser 187 and oil 173, 188–9 Aristotle, and Physiognomonica 30 Agnew, Spiro 162 arkhaiolatreia (worship of antiquity) 27 Agrapha villages 15 army Albania 107 modernisation plan (1996) 224 exodus of ethnic Greeks from 201–3 Revolution of 21 April 1967 159–60 Greek relations with, 1994 214, 215 right-wing elements in 157–8 immigrants from 204 Askoutsis, Nikolaos 132 and Mussolini’s attack on Greece Aspida (Shield) and Andreas Papandreou 118–19 158, 159 religious prohibition in 203 Athens see also Epirus Academy of 76 Alexander the Great 208 choice as capital 47, 49 Alexander, King (son of George I) demonstrations in 162, 164–5, 170–1, 89, 95 249, 253–7 Alexandros Karatheodoris Pasha 70, 83 German occupation of 121 Alfred, Prince 265 and Oraia Ellas café 52 Algava, Isaac 128–9 Athinagoras, Ecumenical Patriarch 151 Ali Pasha 20, 32, 269 austerity programme (2010) 251–2 Allende, Salvador, and Hortensia 187 results of 252–3 Alliance of the Left and of Progress 197, see also ﬁnancial crisis; troika 198 Australia, Greek emigration to 146, 192–3 Amalia of Oldenburg (wife of King Otto) and Macedonians 207 50, 53–5, 58, 274 autochthons 47, 269 Andrew, Prince (son of George I) 100–1 Averoff, Evangelos 170, 177, 190 Angelopoulos, Angelos 132 Avramopoulos, Dimitris 210–11 Ankara Convention (1930) 107 Annan plan, see Cyprus Bakirtzis, Colonel Evripidis 132 Anthimos, Patriarch of Jerusalem 13 Bakoyanni, Dora, and Kyriakos 246

310

Index 311

bailouts, see financial crisis; troika Chrysostomos, Archbishop of Smyrna Balkan alliance, and war with Ottoman 94 Empire 77–9 Church, Richard 270 conflicting territorial claims 79–81 Church settlement (1833) 49 Greek new territories 81 Churchill, Winston 119, 127, 136–7, Balkan crisis (1875–8), effects on Greece 266 65–7 establishment of regency 134 Balkan nationalism 47 percentages agreement with Stalin Balkan nuclear-free zone 187 130–1 Balkan Pacts civil war (1946–9) 141, 142–3 (1934) 107 Clerides, President of Cyprus 224, 229 (1953) 147 clientelism 226 Balkans Clinton, President Bill 210–11, 233 end of communist era in 201 and anti-Americanism 231 German invasion of (1941) 119 and Imia 220, 221 Bank of Crete, and financial scandal Coalition of the Radical Left, see 195–6 SYRIZA Benakis, Emmanouil 78 coalition government Benjamin of Lesvos 32 after June 2012 election 261, 262 Bosnian conflict 209 under Papademos 257 brigandage 48–9, 66–7 Codrington, Admiral Sir Edward 41 Britain Colonels, see military regime of Colonels and Cyprus 147, 149, 154–5, 167 communism and EDES 129–30, 131 and civil war 141, 142–3, 147 and Mussolini’s attack on Greece 119 expulsion of Yugoslavia from see also Byron; Canning; Castlereagh; Cominform 139 Churchill; Entente powers and military regime 161 Bulgaria 107 post-civil war attitude to 144, 145 attack on Serbia 85 see also United Democratic Left see also Balkans Communist Party of Greece (KKE) 104, Bulgarian Exarchate 67 280–1, 282 Bush, President George W. 240, 244 abstention from 1946 election 135 Byron, Lord 33, 38, 210–11 and Alliance of the Left and of Progress Byzantine Empire 2–3, 7 197 balance of power in 1989 196–8 Canada balance of power under George II Greek migrants in 111, 227–8 113–15 and Macedonians 207 boycott over ratification of EC treaty Canning, George 39 174 Cappadocia, Greek population in 48, 92 and Democratic Army 137–9 Castlereagh, Viscount 1 legalisation of by Karamanlis 167–8, catholics 10 235 Cavafy, Constantine 112–13 loss of seats in 2009 249 Cem, Ismail, earthquake diplomacy 232 and Papariga 213 Centre Union 168, 276–7 resistance to fascist occupation 122–3 see also Papandreou, Georgios share of vote in 2012 259, 260 Cephalonia 16 and Slav Macedonians 208 Charles, Prince of Wales 210–11 split into two parties (1967) 160 Chios 10, 15, 33, 79, 86, 270 see also EAM

312 Index

Communist Party of Greece of the and Ocalan 230 Interior 160, 197 power sharing in 149, 155 Congress of Berlin 65, 70, 104 and taksim (partition) 148, 154–5 Congress of Vienna 29, 267 Turkish invasion (1974) 151, 154–5, Constantine, Crown Prince 166 (subsequently Constantine I, King Turkish occupation of North 172, of the Hellenes) 73, 75, 89, 264 188–9 abdication of 98, 100–1, 105 UN peacekeeping force in 155 dispute with Venizelos 83 see also Grivas; Makarios III see also National Schism Cythera 16 Constantine II 169–70 confrontation with Georgios Damaskinos, Archbishop of Athens Papandreou 158–9 128–9, 134, 136–7, 266 exile under Colonels 161, 162 Daumier, Alphonse 64 Constantine XI Palaiologos 18–19 Deliyannis, Theodoros 61, 63, 264–5 Constantinople 7, 12, 20 and revolt in Crete 67–9 and the Great Idea 47 Delta, Penelope 78 Greek population in 54–5 Demertzis, Konstantinos 273 and Venizelos 91 Demirel, President Süleyman 223 see also Istanbul Democratic Army 137–9, 141, 143 construction investment after civil war Democratic Defence 168–9 145 Democratic Left (Dimokratiki Aristera) Corfu (Kerkyra) 10, 16, 87 259, 260 Italian occupation of 107 and coalition government 261, 262 Corinth canal 68 Democratic Socialist Party 276 corruption 245 Dervenakia, Battle of 40–1 and ﬁnancial crisis 256, 257 Dionysios IV Mouselimis 13 and Mount Athos 248–9 Dodecanese islands, Greek population in Couvaras, Costas 123 104 Crete 10, 15, 17, 70, 85 and Italy 107 defence of 119 Don Paciﬁco incident 53, 274 enosis 281 Dramali, Mahmud 40–1 German occupation of 121 Drosios, Georgios 76 and Goudi coup 73–5 Dukakis, Michael 5, 111, 227 muslims in 48, 99 uprisings in 65, 67–9 EAM (National Liberation Front) 122–3, Crimean War 53, 60 127, 280 Cyprus 5, 10, 67, 85, 229–30 and Papandreou government 131, accession to EU 223–4 133–4 and Greek-controlled area 244 and PEEA 130, 132 Annan plan 243–4 earthquake diplomacy 221, 232–3 British interest in 147, 149, 154–5 Ecevit, Bülent 176 and Colonels 162 Ecumenical Patriarchate 206 debt crisis in 258 Eden, Anthony 134, 136–7 and enosis 147 EDES (National Republican Greek Greek population in 104 League) 123, 127–9, 277, 283 and Makarios 271–2 and Britain 129–30, 131 murder of US ambassador 167 education, and classical past 49 muslims in 48 Egypt, Greek migration to 78

Index 313

Eisenhower, General Dwight 140 Evert, Miltiades 212 El Greco (Theotokopoulos, Domenikos) and New Democracy 213, 225 17 Evgenidis, Stephanos 82 ELAS (National People’s Liberation Ezekiel, Bishop of Melbourne 192–3 Army) 123, 127–9, 280–1, 283 attack on EDES 129–30 Fallmerayer, J. P. 2 and demobilisation 133–4 famine 121, 124–5 postwar tensions 137–9 financial crisis (2008– ) 250–1 Elgin marbles 210–11, 231, 233–4, 249 anti-German feeling 251 Elisabeth, Princess of Romania 266 asset sales 254 emigration 4, 69, 111 bailouts 251–2, 253–7, 258 in postwar period 146 defence spending 256 from Turkey 151 emigration 263 enosis (union) 147, 149, 271–2, 281 recovery from 263 Entente powers 83 results of 262 and Dardanelles campaign 85 and taxation system 251, 257, 261 and royalist government 87 see also troika and Smyrna 91–3 Fleet, General James van 140 and Venizelos 85, 91 Florakis, Kharilaos 185, 197, 199 environmental concerns, and forest fires Frederica, Queen (wife of King Paul) 247–8 138–9 EOKA (National Organisation of and Karamanlis 153, 268 Cypriot Fighters) 145 Friendly Society, see Philiki Etairia EON (National Youth Organisation) FYROM (Former Yugoslav Republic of 116, 117, 273 Macedonia) 207–9 Epirus 67, 70, 81, 85, 91 Greek relations with 213–14 and Greek–Italian war 120–1 interim accord 214 see also Albania US recognition as Republic of EPON (Unified Panhellenic Youth Macedonia 244–5 Organisation) 123 see also Macedonia Erdog˘ an, Recep Tayyip 242–3 ERT (Greek Radio and Television), Gavdos 223 closure of 261 Gavriilidis, Kostas 132 Ethniki Etairia (National Society) 69, Gennadius, Ioannis 70 72–3 George, Prince, High Commissioner of European Union Crete 69 accession of Cyprus 223–4, 244 George I, King 55–9, 83, 265–6 customs union with Turkey 215 foreign policy of 65 diplomatic relations with Macedonia George II, King 98, 100–1, 106, 113–15, 213–14 119, 138–9, 140, 266 emergency loan from 194 appointment of regent 134, 136–7 Greek membership of 174, 235, 237, and resistance groups 123, 127–9 238 Giotopoulos, Alexandros 240 changing attitude to 178 Gizikis, Lieutenant-General Phaidon Maastricht Treaty 211 163–5 and PASOK policy 186, 187 Golden Dawn (Chrysi Avgi), June 2012 Turkish accession to 233, 242–3 election 260 see also financial crisis; troika links with neo-Nazis 259 Evert, Angelos 128–9 Gorbachev, Mikhail 205

314 Index

Gorgopotamos viaduct, destruction of Hansen, Theophilos, and Christian 76 127, 280, 283 haradj (tax on Christians) 14 Goudi coup 71, 73–5, 114, 264, 277–8 Haralambopoulos, Yannis 187 Gounaris, Dimitrios 98, 100–1 Hawke, Bob 192–3 Gounaropoulos, Georgios 120 Hellenic Library 271 government bond purchase, and Hellenic Nomarchy (Elliniki financial crisis 258 Nomarkhia) 29–31 Great Crash (1929), effects on world heritage, awareness of 1–2, 27 economy 107 Hess, Peter von 41 labour unrest in Greece 115 heterochthons 47, 269 Great Idea, the (Megali Idea) 46–7, 60, resentment towards 50–1 98, 269, 273 Hitler, Adolf 118, 119 and National Schism 83–7 Holbrooke, Richard 220–3 Greek merchants, and Ottoman trade 21–3 hospodars 21, 24–5 development of national consciousness Hydra 23, 26 25–7 hyperinflation 124–5, 162 and national movement 23–5 Greek Rally 144, 275 Ibrahim Pasha 39 see also Papagos IDEA (Sacred Bond of Greek Officers) Greek–Serbian treaty (1913) 79 158 Greek–Turkish relations idionym law 106 in mid twentieth century 150–1, 162, Imia(Kardak), crisis 220–3 163, 213, 238 immigration, in twentieth century 262–3 in 2000s 242–3 Independent Greeks 259, 260 Davos agreement 189–90 infrastructure, modernisation in 2000s economic consequences of tension 240 173–4 Ioakheim, Metropolitan of Kozani 132 Greek defence spending 224 Ionian Islands (Corfu, Cephalonia, and Imia (Kardak) 220–3 Zakynthos, Cythera, Levkas, and Kosovo war 231–2 Ithaca, Paxos) and Ocalan 230 French occupation of 29 PASOK defence policy 187–9 and Venetian rule 16 territorial claims in Aegean 171–3, Ioannidis, Brigadier Dimitrios 163–5 223, 228–9 punishment of 171 see also Cyprus; earthquake Islam, conversion to 14 diplomacy; Ottoman Empire; Istanbul, 1955 anti-Greek riots in 222–3 thirty-day war Italy Grey, Sir Edward 84–5 armistice (1943) 129 Grigorios V, Patriarch of Constantinople occupation of Greece 121 11, 13, 36–7, 266–7 treaties with 107 Grivas, General Georgios, and EOKA war with 118, 120–1 147, 154–5, 272 Ithaca 16 and enosis 149 guerrillas (Makedonomakhoi) 72–3, 126 janissary levy (paidomazoma) 14 see also EDES; ELAS; resistance Jaruzelski, General 187 Guizot, François-Pierre 269 Jewish community, and Nazi extermination 206 Hadzianestis, General 98, 100–1 see also Salonica Hanke, Hans 52 John, Don, of Austria, and Lepanto 15

Index 315

John Paul II, Pope, and Great Schism Khruschev, Nikita 282 (1054) 241 Khrysanthopoulos, Photakos 39 Johnson, President Lyndon, and Cyprus Kissinger, Dr Henry 167 155 KKE, see Communist Party of Greece Joint US Military Advisory and Planning Kleanthis, Stamatis 76 Group (JUSMAG) 140 klefts 270 and resistance to Turks 15, 40–1 Kaftantzoglou, Lysandros 76 Kokkalis, Petros 3350 Kanellopoulos, Panayiotis, and National Kolettis, Ioannis, and the Great Idea 47, Radical Union 159 51, 269–70 Kapodistrias, Count Ioannis 32, 41–3, Kolokotronis, Theodoros 35, 40–1, 43, 267–8 270 assassination of 43–5 Kondylis, General Georgios 106, 113 Karakioulaphis, Anastasios 30 Konstantinovna, Olga 265 karamanlides 54–5 Kontoglou, Photis 54–5, 103, 156 Karamanlis, Konstantinos 6, 139, 184–5, Korais, Adamantios 2–3, 28, 30, 270–1 201, 209, 210–11, 217, 219, 246, Koryzis, Alexandros, and war with Italy 268–9, 275–6 119 and 1961 elections 151–2 Koskotas, George, and Bank of Crete and Greek accession to EC 149–51, ﬁnancial scandal 195–6, 211 174 Kosovo 230–1 agreement with Menderes over Cyprus Kostaki Mousouros Pasha 83 149 Kotzias, Kostas 116 metapolitefsi 166–8, 170 Koufodinas, Dimitris 240 and National Radical Union 148 Koumoundouros, Alexandros 278 New Democracy’s structure 176 Koundouriotis, Admiral Pavlos, election and Olympic Games 242 as President 106 ‘opening’ to Balkans 174–5 Koutsogiorgas, Agamemnon 211 Presidency 177, 191–3, 200 Kütchük, Fazil 149 referendum on monarchy 169–70 resignation of 153 Lagarde, Christine 260 return from exile 165 Laiki Bank 258 tensions in Aegean Islands 171–3 Lambrakis, Grigorios 153, 191 Karamanlis, Kostas, and New language, of Greek populations 48, Democracy 219, 246 54–5, 205 election of 2000 233 and population exchange 99–101 2004 election 245 purity of 2, 27–8, 49, 157, 274 resignation 249 LAOS (Laikos Orthodox Synagermos) Karatzaferis, Giorgos, and LAOS 248 248, 249, 259 Karavangelis, Germanos, Bishop of Leo the Wise, Oracles of 18–19, 20 Kastoria 72–3 Levkas (Lefkada) 16 Kastellorizo 157 Liani, Dimitra 195, 213, 217–18 katharevousa 2, 27, 49, 157, 274 Lloyd George, David 96 Keun, Bernhard 271 loans, from protecting powers 64–5 Khatzibeis, Stamatis 132 and International Financial Khatzimikhail, Theophilos 80–1 Commission 69 Khoremis family 78 see also troika Khristodoulos, Archbishop of Athens Lymberis, Admiral Khristos 220 234, 237, 241 Lyons, Sir Edmund 53

316 Index

Macedonia popularity of 161–2 and Albanian national movement 77 punishment of after overthrow 170–1 and KKE 104 US attitude to 162 refugees in 103 see also Cyprus; Ioannidis; territorial claims in 67, 72–3, 79–81 Makarezos; Papadopoulos; and Young Turk conspiracy 73–5 Pattakos see also FYROM; Republic of millet system 10 Macedonia Milosevic, Slobodan 230 Mahmud II, Sultan 20, 32, 39–41 Mitsotakis, Konstantinos, and New Makarezos, Colonel Nikolaos 159 Democracy Party 157, 169, 185, punishment of 171 190, 197, 199–200, 246 see also military regime under Colonels and 1993 election 212–13 Makarios III, Archbishop and President allocation of government posts 212 of Cyprus 147, 271–2 charges against 217 and independent Cyprus 149, 154–5 economic policy 209–11 and Ioannidis 163–5 Moldavia 25 and power-sharing 155 monarchy 43 relations with Greek military regime 1843 coup 58 162 abolition of 106 Makriyannis, General Yannis 12, 35 Bavarian inﬂuence on King Otto 50, Makronisos (prison island) 138–9 58 Mandakas, General Manolis 132 choice of successor to Otto 55 Maniadakis, Konstantinos 117 institutional infrastructure 48, 49 Markezinis, Spyros 163 problems of 46 Markos (Vaﬁadis) 137–9 referendum on 169–70 marriage reforms 181 restoration of Constantine I 95 Martis, Nikolaos 192–3 restoration of George II 113–15 Matthaios, Metropolitan of Myra 17 see also Constantine II; Great Idea; Mavromikhalis, Kyriakoulis 74 George I; George II; Otto of Mavromikhalis, Petrobey 268 Wittelsbach Mavromikhalis clan 43, 44 monotoniko, single accent system 181 Mavros, Georgios 178 Moukhtar Pasha 269 Megali Idea, see Great Idea Mourouzis, Konstantinos 36 Mehmet, Sultan 11 muslims 10, 14, 48, 81, 99 Mehmet Ali 39 and Athens mosque 241–2 Menderes, Adnan 149 in Macedonia 208 Mercouri, Melina 234 in western Thrace 104, 206–7, 237 Merkel, Angela 251, 260, 261 Mussolini, Benito, war with Greece 118 see also troika Mustafa Kemal (Atatürk) 93, 98, 232 mesa 4, 61 and Venizelos 105, 107 metapolitefsi 219, 235 victory in Asia Minor 95–7 Metaxas, Colonel Ioannis 85, 115, 160, mutinies, in Greek forces 130, 131 259, 266 Mytilini (Lesvos) 79, 80–1 and communist opposition 117–18 dictatorship of 115–17 Nahmias, Alberto/Avraam 128–9 foreign policy 118–19 Napoleon Bonaparte 29 Military League 73, 281 National Camp 175–6 military regime of Colonels 160–1 National Defence (Ethniki Amyna) 87–9 opposition to 162, 164–5 national health service 181

Index 317

National Liberation Front, see EAM Old Calendarists 205–6 national movement 19–20, 21–3 Olympic Games (2004) 242 and civil war 33–7 Omonoia 214, 215 coordination of 28–33 Operation Golden Fleece 205 and Greek merchants 23–5 Orthodox Church 236 and western institutions 37–9 conservatism of 3 National Organisation of Cypriot and office of patriarch 13 Fighters, see EOKA and paper icons 22–3 National People’s Liberation Army, see Othonaios, General 100–1 ELAS Otto of Wittelsbach, King 43, 273–4 National Progressive Centre Union 278 and army 66 National Radical Union, see Karamanlis and constitutional government 50, 51, national reconciliation policy 180 58 National Republican Greek League, see and Crimean war 53 EDES overthrow of 53–5 National Schism (Ethnikos Dikhasmos) Ottoman Empire 83–7, 95, 281 decline in eighteenth century 19–20 National Society, see Ethniki Etairia and Greek merchants 21–3 National Solidarity 123 and Phanariots 20–1 National Youth Organisation, see EON effects on Greek society 3–4, 7–10 NATO millet system 10 and Cyprus 148 office of Patriarch 13 Greek and Turkish admission to 147, revolts against 15–19 150–1 status of Greeks in 14–15 and military regime of Colonels 162 Overseas Hellenism, and ethnika PASOK’s relations with 185–6 zitimata 227–8 and Pericles plan 152 Özal, Turgut, and Davos agreement withdrawal from 178 189–90 nautical islands 23 Navarino, Battle of 39, 44 PAK (Panhellenic Liberation Movement) Naxos 10 168–9, 275 neo-martyrs 57 Paliouritis, Grigorios 27 New Democracy Party 168, 175, 179, Palmerston, Lord 53 190, 191, 193, 194, 196, Pangalos, General, military dictatorship 199–200 of 106, 109, 283 coalition in 2013 261, 262 Pangalos, Theodoros 230, 231, 233–4 defeat in 2009 249–50 Panhellenion 268 failure of reform programme Papadiamantis, Alexandros 274 245–8 Papadopoulos, Colonel Georgios 152, see also Karamanlis; Rallis, Georgios 159, 161, 162–3, 164–5, 235 Nixon, President Richard 167 punishment of 171 Notaras, Grand Duke Loukas 7 see also military regime of Colonels Papageorgopoulos, Vasilis 257 Ocalan, Abdullah, and Kurdish Papagos, General Alexandros 115, 140, Workers’ Party 230 141, 142–3, 148, 274–5 occupation, during World War II 121 and Greek Rally 144, 275 see also resistance dependence on US aid 146 Office of Strategic Services (OSS) 126 economic reconstruction 145–6 Okhi (No) 120–1, 256 majority system 144–5

318 Index

Papaheliou, Melpomene (Thyella) 126 Papoulias, Karolos 213–14, 245, 259 Papandreou, Andreas, and PASOK parliamentary democracy 157–8, 159, 161, 168–9, 175–6, modernisation of 63 177–8, 184–5, 198, 239, 246, and traditional society 51–3, 61–3 268–9, 275–6 see also patronage and 1993 election 212–13 paroikies (colonies) 23 and Bank of Crete scandal 211 party politics ‘Contract with the People’ 178–9 under George I 59 Davos agreement 189–90, 195 under Otto 50 divorce and health problems 195, PASOK (Panhellenic Socialist 217–18 Movement) 168–9, 275 economic policies of 216 and electoral law 191 elections of 1985 193–4 financial scandal 195–6 and austerity programme 194 foreign policy of 178, 185–6 era of the ‘dinosaurs’ 219 change in style 186–7 financial scandal 195–6 Davos agreement 189–90 and Macedonians 207 defence policies 187–9 opposition to Karamanlis’ 2nd term as move towards centre 177–8 President 191–3 official opposition 175–6 personal popularity 179–80 Papandreou’s popularity 179–80 reforms of 180–5 return to power in1993 (‘new’ and Sismik I 173, 188 PASOK) 213–14 visit to Cyprus 188–9 education policy 227 visit to Poland 187 and Liani 217–18 see also PASOK and NATO’s bombardment of Papandreou, Georgios 131, 136–7, 246, Serbia 231 276–7 privatisation policies 216, 226–7 1961 elections 152 and Simitis 219–20, 225–6 1963 elections 153–5 and single currency 226, 233 and Centre Union 144, 152 stability and growth programme 252 and Colonels’ military regime 161 see also Papandreou, Andreas control of army 158 patronage 59–61 demobilisation of guerrilla armies Pattakos, Brigadier Stylianos 159 133–4 punishment of 171 earthquake diplomacy 232 see also military regime under Colonels problems after return to Athens 131–3 Paul, King 138–9, 144, 148 reform programme 157 and Karamanlis 153 rejection of ‘double’ enosis for Cyprus Paxos 16 157 Peace of Carlowitz 21 Papandreou, Giorgos, and PASOK 245, People’s Party (Laikon Komma) 109, 246 111–13 and financial crisis 250, 257 plebiscite on constitution 135 Papandreou, Margaret 195 proportional representation under Papandreou dynasty 109 George II 113–15 Papanikolaou, Georgios 277 Phanariots 20–1, 24–5 Papariga, Aleka, and Communist Party philhellenism 33, 38 213 Philiki Etairia (Friendly Society), and Paparrigopoulos, Konstantinos 2 national movement 31–2, 34–5, Papathemelis, Stelios 192–3, 216 44, 267, 269

Index 319

Philip, Duke of Edinburgh 210–11 Revolutionary Struggle 240 Philip of Macedon 206, 207, 208 Rhodes 10 Philorthodox conspiracy 50 Rice, Condoleeza 240 Plastiras, General Nikolaos 98, 106, 109, Rizos Rangavis, Alexandros 70 114, 134, 264, 283 Roidis, Emmanouil 59 and National Progressive Centre rouspheti 4, 51, 61, 265 Union 143 Rozakis, Khristos 224 Political Committee of National Russia Liberation (PEEA) 130, 132 and ‘Big’ Bulgaria 65, 70 Political Spring (Politiki Anoixi) 212, and Crimean war 60 213, 217, 225 support for Greek national movement Pontic Greeks 48, 92, 204, 215 31 Popov, Gavriil 205 war with Ottoman Empire 20 population, changes in and ethnic balance 103–4 Salonica 85 after Lausanne Settlement 99–101 capture by Greek troops 86 flight from rural to urban areas 145–6 elections in 88 privatisation, of state-owned enterprises German occupation of 121 226–7 Jewish population in 81, 125, 128–9 progonoplexia (ancestor obsession) 2, 27 pro-Venizelist coup 87–9 Protestants 206 tobacco workers strike 115 Protocol of St Petersburg 39 Samaras, Antonis 259 Protopapadakis, Petros 100–1 negotiations with troika 261 Provisional Democratic Government and Political Spring 212, 213, 217 139 Samos 79 Psara 23 Sampson, Nikos 154–5, 272 Psaros, Colonel Dimitrios 130–1 Sarafis, General Stephanos 280 Pushkin, A. S. 38 Sartzetakis, Christos 191–3, 197, 199 Saunders, Brigadier Stephen 239–40 Rallis, Dimitrios 62, 74 Schilizzi, Helena 109–11 Rallis, Georgios, and New Democracy Scholarios, Georgios Gennadios, Party 177, 179, 246 patriarch of Constantinople 11 Rallis dynasty 109 Seferis, Georgios 103 refugees Serapheim, Archbishop of Athens 184–5 political affiliations of 104–6 Serbia, Greek sympathy for 209 resettlement of 101–3 NATO’s air bombardment of 230–1 Regime of the Fourth of August 1936 Sheytanoglou 15 115–17 shipping, Greek interests in 146 religious affiliation, and identity cards Siantos, Georgios 132, 280, 282 234, 236 Siemens, bribery by 249 Republic of Macedonia 244–5 Simitis, Kostas, and PASOK 217, resistance, to Second World War 219–20, 225–6, 237, 245 occupation 121–3, 127–9 and 2000 elections 233 coordination of 127–9 and Greek–Turkish relations 220–3, demobilisation of guerrilla armies 229 133–4 single European currency 226 German reprisals against 123 Sinas, Simon 76 hostilities between groups 129–30 single European currency 233, 239 see also EAM; EDES; ELAS and financial crisis 250–1, 262

320 Index

single European currency (cont.) Theodorakis, Mikis 198 strikes against 226 Theotokas, Georgios 87, 102–3, 278 Sion, David 128–9 Thessaly 67, 70 Skouphas, Nikolaos 31, 34–5 Thiersch, Friedrich 50 Skylosophos, Dionysios 15 thirty-day war (1897) 63, 64–5, 67–9, Slav Macedonian minority 207–9 265 Smyrna (Izmir) Thrace, refugees in 104 Greek landings in 91–3 Tito, President 208 Greek population in 48, 54–5 tourism, development of 146, 202–3 Treaty of Sèvres 93–5 and austerity programme 252 socialisation policy 185 Tourkokratia (Turkish rule) 3–4, 12, socialism 235–7 15–19, 60 Sophoulis, Themistoklis, and Liberal and Church 22–3, 36–7 Party 113–15, 134–5, 185 and Venice 16 Soutsos, Mikhail 24–5, 36 Treaty of Bucharest (1913) 81 sovereignty, violations of by Great Treaty of Lausanne 186, 206–7, 216 Powers 89, 95, 130 Treaty of London 39, 79 Soviet Union, exodus of ethnic Greeks Treaty of San Stephano 70 from 204, 205 Treaty of Sèvres 93–5, 99 Special Operations Executive (SOE) 127 Trebizond 10 Spetsai 23 Greek population in 54–5 St George the Younger of Ioannina 57 Trial of the Six 98–9, 100–1 Stalin, Josef 138–9 Trikoupis, Kharilaos 63, 69, 70, 71, 78, and Democratic Army 139 250, 278–9 percentages agreement 130–1, 136–7 and Corinth canal 68 and Pontic Greeks 204 Troezene, assembly of 41–3, 44 Stamatelopoulos, Nikitas 40–1 troika (EU, IMF and ECB) Stanhope, Leicester 38 conditions for assistance to Greece state employment 59, 174 252, 254, 257, 260 and ﬁnancial crisis 252, 257, 261 help for Cyprus 258 and PASOK policies 194 Truman Doctrine 137, 140 salaries in 185 Tsakaloff, Athanasios 31, 34–5 strikes by employees 194 Tsaldaris, Dino 135 see also patronage Tsaldaris, Panayis 140, 274 Stephanopoulos, George 227 and People’s Party 109, 111–13, 143 Stephanopoulos, Kostis, President 217 Tsarouchis, Yannis 156 Stergiadis, Aristeides 93 Tsatsos, Konstantinos 170, 177, 191 Stevenson, William 39 Tsipras, Alexis 259 Stournaras, Yannis 262 Tsirimokos, Ilias 132 strikes, and demonstrations against Tsokhatzopoulos, Akis 225, 257 bailout conditions 253, 254 and PASOK 218 Svolos, Alexandros 132 Tsolakoglou, General 119 SYRIZA (Coalition of the Radical Left) Tsontos, Georgios (Captain Vardas) 7335 259, 260 72–3 Tsouderos, Emmanouil 119 tax, underpayment of 251 Tsovolas, Dimitris, and Democratic see also ﬁnancial crisis Socialist Movement 216 Tériade (Efstratios Eleftheriadis) 80–1 Tuckerman, Charles 2 Tertsetis, Georgios 270 Turkey, ethnic Greeks in 206

Index 321

EU entry 233, 242–3 and Treaty of Sèvres 93–5 see also Greek–Turkish relations; war in Balkans 77–9 Ottoman Empire Venizelos, Evangelos 210–11, 228, 259 Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus Venizelos, Sophocles, and Liberal Party 188–9 143 and EU 223–4 Vladimirescu, Tudor 32 Tzannetakis, Tzannis 197 Vryzakis, Theodoros 38

UN Convention on the Law of the Sea Wallachia 25 215 war of independence 26, 39–41 uniﬁed defence doctrine 224 agreement on frontier 43 Union of the Democratic Centre 175 see also Troezene, assembly of United Democratic Left (EDA) 148 Wellington, Duke of 39 and murder of Lambrakis 153 Western European Union 212 United States, and Greek emigration 4–5, western Thrace 73, 110, 111 Bulgarian occupation of 121 universities, reforms in 181 ethnic cleansing of Greeks 208 US bases, and PASOK policy 186, 188–9 muslims in 206–7 US postwar aid 139, 141 settlement of former Soviet Greeks 205 and 1951 electoral system 144 Wilson, Andrew 172 dependence on 141, 143, 146 women, status of 123, 126, 181 see also Truman Doctrine and franchise 148 Uzbekistan, ethnic Greeks in 204 World Council of Hellenes (SAE) 227–8 World War I Varkiza agreement 134–5 dispute over Greek participation in 83–7 Vartholomaios, Ecumenical Patriarch, Greek demands at Paris peace and Serbian Christians 209 conference 91 Vatopaidi monastery 248–9 Velestinlis, Rigas 12, 28–9, 192–3, xanthon genos, legend of 17, 60 279–80 Xanthos, Emmanouil 31, 34–5 Veloukhiotis, Ares (Klaras, Thanasis) xeniteia 5, 110, 146 280–1 Xiros, Savvas 239–40 Venice, Greek community in 16 Venizelist takeover after defeat in Asia Young Turks 73–5 Minor 98–9 and forced Ottomanisation 77 settlement with Turkish republic see also Mustafa Kemal 99–101 Ypsilantis, Alexandros 25, 32–3, 36 Venizelos, Eleftherios 71, 78, 83, 99, Yugoslavia, treaties with 107 102–3, 106, 107, 108–9, 281–2 assassination attempts on 109–11 Zakhariadis, Nikos 135, 139, 282 defeat of 95 Zakynthos (Zante) 16 and economic crisis 107 Zariﬁ, Georgios 82 and Entente 89–91, 92 Zervas, Napoleon 282–3 exile in France 111, 114 Zhivkov, Todor 188 foreign policy of 107 Zikos, Mikhail 57 and Military League 74 Zographos, Christaki Efendi 82 and Paris peace conference 91 Zographos, Panayiotis 12 reform programme 75–7 Zolotas, Xenophon 185, 199 and Smyrna 91–3 Zorbas, Colonel Nikolaos 73